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Microsoft Word 01 Trang bia VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HUYNH PHUC NGUYEN THINH INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON DEVELOPMENT ECO INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND LESSONS FOR[.]

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

HUYNH PHUC NGUYEN THINH

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON DEVELOPMENT ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS

AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM

Field of Study : International Economy Code : 9 31 01 06

SUMMARY OF THESIS OF PHD IN ECONOMICS

HANOI - 2022

The work has been completed at:

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

SCIENCE INSTRUCTORS:

1 Ph.D Nguyen Binh Giang

2 Ph.D Le Minh Tam

Review 1: Assoc Prof Ph.D Le Xuan Ba

Review 2: Assoc Prof Ph.D Doan Ke Bon

Review 3: Ph.D Phan Tran Trung Dung

The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Judging

Committee meeting at the Academy of Social Sciences

at…… on day, month, year

Thesis can be found at the library:

National Library of Vietnam Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

For a long time, industrial parks and economic zones (IP) in Vietnam have made great contributions to rapid economic growth, but have not yet contributed to sustainable growth due to its environmental impacts The construction of industrial zones is commonly too much focused on financial efficiency with disregard to environmental efficiency and efficient use of natural resources This has been pushing Vietnam to face big problems in terms of economic development and balance between natural resources and the environment Currently, instead of developing the conventional industrial parks, many countries in the world have made efforts to develop eco-industrial parks (EIP) Scientists believe that eco-industrial parks provides an important basis for sustainable development (Sertyesilisik and Sertyesilisik, 2016) because it allows the businesses in the zone to use resources more efficiently and with less emissions

Well aware of the context that "sustainable development is the world’s encompassing trend" (Communist Party of Vietnam, 2021ª) and from the country’s demand from reality, the Communist Party of Vietnam persistently advocates "mobilize, allocate and effectively use resources, create motivation for rapid and sustainable economic development" of the country (Communist Party of Vietnam, 2021b) The Commuist Party and State are aware of the issue of sustainable development of industrial parks, but the process of policy making and policy implementation still face with considerable challenges and shortcomings In an effort to convert existing conventional industrial parks into eco-industrial parks, the Prime Minister approved the project for "Implementation of eco-industrial park initiative towards a sustainable industrial park model in Vietnam" in theDecision No 1526/QD-TTg dated August 28, 2014 with the aim of increased transfer, application and dissemination of cleaner production technologies and methods to reduce hazardous wastes, greenhouse gas emissions as well as water pollutants and proper management of the chemicals in Vietnam's industrial parks With the positive results of the Eco-Industrial Park

initiative project, the Government issued Decree No 82/2018/ND-CP dated May 22, 2018 providing the management of industrial parks and economic zones, clearly stating the definition and criteria for eco-industrial parks and assignment of responsibilities to be held by the ministries and departments for guiding the development of eco-industrial parks But in fact, there still exist many limitations in the implementation of eco-industrial park initiatives, especially there exists the challengences and barriers in terms of institutions - policies, infrastructure planning and preparation, development

of the information and technology system and especially establishment and formation of industrial symbiotic linkages between enterprises within the industrial parks Therefore, Vietnam has only conducted pilots in a few industrial zones because of little experience and inadequate application of criteria for eco-industrial parks according to international practices In October 2021, the Prime Minister decided to promulgate the National Strategy on Green Growth for the 2021-2030 period, with a vision to 2050 The strategy sets out the task: "to perfect institutions and policies on the eco-industrial parks, to increase the application of circular economy principles in the construction and management of industrial parks and economic zones" Performing this task requires a scientific and practical basis, including international practical experience on eco-industrial parks, especially in terms of institutions and policies

China and South Korea are two of the countries that are early aware

of the importance of the development of eco-industrial parks Ther are also the countries which have developed the eco-industrial park model with their own characteristics and are considered successful in certain aspects certain Therefore, it is necessary to have systematic scientific studies and collect all the experiences in the world, especially those from such countries as China and Korea to help Vietnam understand and gain experience on this issue, from which to set out specific conditions for developing the eco-industrial park model and propose the authorities issue regulations on mechanisms and policies to encourage the construction and development of eco-industrial parks in Vietnam However, such studies in Vietnam are still very

lacking, with little understanding, and studies need to be made to further provide knowledge and understanding of eco-industrial parks as which will

be shown in Chapter 1

That's why I choose the topic "International experience on

development of eco-industrial parks and lessons for Vietnam" as my

doctoral thesis

2 Research purpose and tasks

The general purpose of this thesis is to provide lessons from practical experience on the development of foreign eco-industrial parks, propose some solutions and recommendations to develop eco-industrial parks in Vietnam

To accomplish this purpose, the thesis has the following research tasks:

+ Firstly, systematically point out a number of theoretical and practical issues as a scientific basis for researching the development of existing eco-industrial parks;

+ Secondly, present, analyze and evaluate the current situation of eco-industrial park development in Korea and China; point out the successes and limitations and the main causes of such limitations, and on that basis to draw some lessons for Vietnam;

+ Third, from the reality and current demands for building and development of eco-industrial parks in Vietnam, the thesis will propose measures and recommendations to apply the above lessons learned in the practice of developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam in coming time

3 Object and range of study

3.1 Object of study

The research object of this topic is industrial parks and the industrial parks development

eco-3.2 Range of study

In terms of content, this thesis focuses on efforts to develop

eco-industrial parks on the basis of being transformed from conventional

Regarding time, the study period of this topic is from the mid-1990s

to present

In terms of space, this study researches about international practice

International means foreign countries Due to the limited capacity of the thesis, in order to be able to present it specifically, the thesis will only be limited to two Asian countries, including Korea and China

4 Methodology and Research Methods

4.1 Methodology

The thesis has an interdisciplinary approach among the public economics, environmental economics, political economy, and world economy

4.2 Reasearch Method

The thesis uses research methods such as: desk research method, inheritance, statistics, synthesis, comparison, qualitative analysis, case study, expert interview

5 New contributions of the thesis

The thesis systematizes basic theoretical and practical issues related

to the development of eco-industrial parks

Luận án trình bày, phân tích và đánh giá được thực trạng phát triển các KCNST ở Hàn Quốc và Trung Quốc, nêu các chính sách phát triển các KCNST, chỉ ra những thành công, các thách thức, các hạn chế cùng nguyên nhân chủ yếu của chúng The thesis has presented, analyzed and evaluated the current situation of development of eco-industrial parks in Korea and China, outlined the policies for the development of eco-industrial parks, pointed out successes, challenges, limitations and their main causes

On the basis of lessons learned from these two countries, the thesis proposes some key solutions for developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam

in future

6 Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis

The thesis has further provided theoretical basis for eco-industrial parks applied in the world, providing a premise for practical application in Vietnam The thesis has presented, made analysis and evaluation on the actual situation of the development of eco-industrial parks in two countries

in Asia, where the political institutions and socio-economic conditions are similar to those of Vietnam It provides a favorable condition for the lessons

to be learned, from which researchers, policy makers, managers as well as the business community and residents may refer to and apply for buiding and developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam, towards the sustainable development goal that we are aiming for in the future

7 Structure of the thesis

Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation related to the thesis topic Chapter 2: Common issues about eco-industrial park and eco-industrial park development

Chapter 3: International experience in developing eco-industrial parks Chapter 4: Solutions for building and developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam

Chapter 1 RESEARCH SITUATION OVERVIEW RELATED TO THESIS TOPIC 1.1 Theoretical studies on eco-industrial parks

Cote et al (1994) in the article ―Designing and Operating Industrial

Parks as Ecosystems‖, Dalhousie University

Lowe and Evans (1995), ―Industrial ecology and industrial

ecosystems‖, Journal of Cleaner Production

Ernest A Lowe (2001), Eco-industrial Park Hanbook for Asian

Developing Countries, Report to Asian Development Bank

Chertow (2007), ―Uncovering Industrial Symbiosis‖, Journal of

Industrial Ecology

The author Nguyen Cao Lanh (2005) published the book,

Eco-industrial parks - A model for sustainable development in Vietnam, by

Science and Technology Publishing House

1.2 Studies on China's Eco-Industrial Park

Research can be aggregated across two main trends: case studies and country studies

Some typical works related to the case study in China are as

follows:

The works ―Ecological network analysis of an industrial symbiosis

system- a case study of the Shandong Lubei eco-industrial park‖ by Zhang

et al (2015) published in the journal Ecological Modeling, focusing on analyzing the Lubei eco-industrial park in Shandong province, one of the first-generation national-level eco-industrial parks in China

Research by Yu et al (2013) published in Cleaner Production

Journal with the title ―Process analysis of eco-industrial park development–

the case of Tianjin, China‖

Article “Ecological Network analysis for carbon metabolism of

eco-industrial pars: a case study of a typical eco-industrial park in Beijing‖

published in Environmental Science and Technology by Lu et al (2015)

Typical national studies with the following works:

Research works of Chu Jianpeng (2010), Establishing

http://www.seiofbluemountain.com, on 19 July, 2010

The works ―Progress toward a Circular Economy in China: Drives

and Inhibitors of Eco-industrial Initiative‖ published in the Journal of

Industrial Ecology by two authors Mathew and Tan (2011)

Another typical project is the article ―Eco-Industrial Parks from

Strategic Niches to Development Mainstream: The Cases of China‖ by two

authors Lei Shi and Bing Yu published in the journal Sustainability No 6 in

2014 is considered a fairly comprehensive study on eco-industrial parks in China

Currently, there is not a single work of Vietnamese scholars that has researched exclusively on Chinese eco-industrial parks Only a few Vietnamese scholars, in their studies on eco-industrial parks, also mentioned a little bit about the current situation of eco-industrial park development in China

1.3 Studies on Korean eco-industrial parks

Similar to China, studying the current situation of eco-industrial park development in Korea is also interested by scholars and researchers in

two aspects of overall development and case studies

Some typical works referring to the current situation of industrial park development in Korea from an overall perspective can be listed as follows:

eco-The Article ―A critical review of Korea's Eco-industrial Park (EIP)

development strategies and some policy recommendations‖ by Keongseok

(2011)

Another typical article is the authors Park et al (2016) in the article

“A review of the National Eco-Industrial Park Development Program in

Korea: Progress and achievements in the first phase, 2005–2010” published

in Cleaner Production Journal No 114

Kim (2017) with the Article ―Greening Industrial Parks — A Case

Study on South Korea’s Eco-Industrial Park Program‖ integrated the

development of eco-industrial parks in the green industrial zone development strategy in Korea

In addition to the studies on the overall picture, there are also many studies analyzing the development status of some typical Korean eco- industrial parks Some typical projects can be mentioned such as:

One of the most typical works is ―Strategies for Sustainable

Development of Industrial Park in Ulsan, South Korea – From Spontaneous Evolution to Systematic Expansion of Industrial Sysbiosis‖ published in

Journal of Environmental Management, 87 (2014) by Park and his collaborators

The Artilce ―Securing a Competitive Advantage through Industrial

Sysmbiosis Development: The Case of Steam Networking Practices in Ulsan‖ by Park and Park (2014) published in the Journal of Industrial

Ecology

Similar to China, very few Vietnamese scholars have specifically and comprehensively researched eco-industrial parks in Korea

1.4 Studies on Vietnam's eco-industrial parks

Dieu, T T M (2003), Greening Food Processing Industry in

Vietnam: Putting Industrial Ecology to Work, PhD Thesis, Environmental

Policy and Environmental Technology Department, Wageningen University, The Netherlands

Phan Thu Nga (2006), Nghiên cứu xây dựng hệ thống quản lý thống

nhất môi trường KCN, Doctoral thesis under the Institute of Environment

and Natural Resources (Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City)

Tran Thi My Dieu (2007), Building an eco-industrial park model: a

case study in Linh Trung Export Processing Zone 1,

Nguyen Cao Lanh (2012), Developing industrial zones in rural

areas in the Red River Delta towards ecology, Doctoral thesis, Hanoi

University of Civil Engineering

Tran Thi My Dieu và Phan Thu Nga (2013) (co-chair), Research

and propose policies to encourage the development of eco-industrial parks

in Ho Chi Minh City and some neighboring provinces, Scientific research

project of the Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh City

Phung Chi Sy (2015), Building a system of criteria to evaluate the

transition from an existing industrial park to an eco-industrial park in Vietnam, Journal of Science and Technology Development, Volume 18,

Issue M2-2015

Le Ngoc Hien và Do Thi Thu Huyen (2015), Research and propose

a sustainable industrial park model for the Mekong Delta based on local raw materials, Journal of Science and Technology Development, Volume

18, Issue M2-2015

Nguyen Dinh Chuc, Tran Duy Dong, Nguyen Thi Thuc (2017)

“Efforts toward Sustainable Manufacturing: Cleaner Production and industrial Parks in Vietnam”

Eco-Tran Duy Dong và Nguyen Dinh Chuc (2018) “Some initial results

in piloting the conversion to eco-industrial parks in Vietnam”

Massard et al (2018) with field survey methods and analysis provided policy and legal recommendations to develop and apply a set of standards on eco-industrial parks for Vietnam

Stucki et al (2019) evaluate the pilot program for eco-industrial park development in Vietnam supported by UNIDO

Tran Duy Dong (2019), Eco-industrial park development in

Vietnam, Doctoral thesis of Academy of Social Sciences

1.5 Research gaps and contributions of the thesis

It can be seen that, through the research of developed countries in the world, the development of eco-industrial parks brings many benefits, in which production facilities in industrial zones cooperate with each other to achieve efficiency in production, business, economic development and environmental protection through efficient management of energy, water and raw materials used , reduce production costs; reduce waste generation; recovery, recycling, reuse and waste exchange; environmentally friendly waste treatment solutions These studies can be reviewed and learned, through screening for suitable conditions applicable in Vietnam Moreover, the author finds that these studies mainly focus on the factors of how to minimize the impact on the natural environment in the process of industrial development without paying attention to analyzing, evaluating and proposing policy tools to maximize economic efficiency in the construction and development of eco-industrial parks towards the goal of sustainable development Therefore, a complete and systematic study of the theoretical basis; experience of the world combined with research on the actual situation of industrial development in Vietnam, especially in-depth research

on environmental, economic and social efficiency, thereby proposing groups of solutions to develop eco-industrial parks is a completely new direction

Therefore, the topic “International experience on the development

of eco-industrial parks and lessons for Vietnam” is a new topic, with the

desire to have systematic scientific research and focus to help Vietnam understand and have experience on this issue, on that basis, provide specific conditions for building an eco-industrial park model and recommend mechanisms and policies to encourage the construction and development of eco-industrial parks in Vietnam, serving sustainable development in Vietnam

Chapter 2 SOME GENERAL ISSUES ABOUT ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK AND

ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Eco-industrial park

2.1.1 Eco-industrial park concept

Currently, there are many views on eco-industrial parks However, within the framework of the topic, based on the common foundation of the concepts of eco-industrial parks in the world, the PhD student will use the concept of eco-industrial parks as the resonance of four goals is economic efficiency, environmental efficiency, efficiency in the use of natural resources and social efficiency in the interaction between business and business, business with the community Furthermore, the analysis of eco-industrial parks will be observed from three angles: (1) Industrial ecology describes the material flow, the transformation of the material flow as well

as related technological solutions to optimize the material flow in the industrial park; (2) Industrial ecology exists among enterprises in industrial zones when there is exchange and contact between enterprises; (3) the link between enterprises, industrial park and the surrounding community in both social and ecological aspects

eco-2.1.2 Classification of eco-industrial parks

An eco-industrial park is formed by a collection of businesses that want to utilize each other's by-products (energy, water and raw materials) instead of treating them as waste These businesses work together to improve environmental, social and economic performance Eco-industrial parks are classified into three categories: Top-down, Bottom-up, Retrofitted

2.1.3 Features of the eco-industrial park

As discussed above, an eco-industrial park is essentially an industrial park, but it is built and developed at a higher level towards ecological efficiency Therefore, the eco-industrial park is inherently an

ordinary industrial park but has very distinct characteristics Specifically: (1) Eco-industrial park emphasizes reducing impact on environment and ecosystem; (2) The eco-industrial park considers the conservation of resources in the design and construction stages, and the application of reuse, recovery and recycling solutions as a development goal; (3) The eco-industrial park is systematically planned, designed and operated on the basis

of clearly defining the quantity and characteristics of raw materials and energy flow in and out of the eco-industrial park

2.1.4 The role of eco-industrial parks

The role of the eco-industrial park for socio-economic development

is considered in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects

2.1.5 Benefits from developing eco-industrial parks

For industries: (1) Profit maximization; (2) Reducing costs through

increased materials, energy utilization, waste recycling; (3) Improve the competitiveness in the industry; (4) Have the opportunity to acquire the most advanced level and technology; (5) Strengthening cooperation; (6) Easier access to finance

For the environment: (1) Minimize sources of pollution and waste;

(2) Limiting the use of natural resources; (3) The environment is cleaner, greener and more beautiful

For the government: (1) A testing ground for policies and regulations

related to environmental protection; (2) Diversify and create new industries

For the community: (1) New job opportunities; (2) Enjoy a healthy

life with less environmental pollution; (3) Bring more quality agricultural and fishery resources

2.1.6 Eco-industrial parks in relation to sustainable development

2.2 The need to develop eco-industrial parks