Grammar 1 What is Verb? What does the term “verb form” refer to? Make a list of verb form in English and give examples (1) Definition A verb is a part of speech denoting an acton (2) In English there.
Trang 11 What is Verb? What does the term “verb form” refer to? Make a list of verb form in English and give examples.
(1) Definition: A verb is a part of speech denoting an acton.
(2) In English there are several different kinds of verbs All Verbs except modal
auxiliary verbs have at least 3 forms:
- The simple/ base form: dance, play, move…
- The 3rd person singular present tense form: dances, moves, plays…
- The present participle and gerund form: dancing, playing…
Besides, Verbs have past tense and P2 form Some are regular or irregular : ran, danced, wrote-written…
Simple Form simple Form -s Form Past tense Form -ing Form
2 What are the differences between (1)derivational/ inflectional morphemes (2) Free/bound morphemes Give example
Derivational morphemes (HV phái
sinh) Inflectional morphemes (HV biến hình)
Both DM and IM are bound morpheme The same morpheme can be used as an DM and DM
VD: travel (v)- travelling (n/v)
- Change the part of speech of the
root or stem (make new words,
meanings or a new part of
- Doesn’t change the part of speech of the root or the stem VD: learn/learns
Trang 2- A more traditional term for DM
is affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
VD: unhappy, dislike
Hot/ hottest
- Can stand alone as independent
words
VD: Care (careful) happy (happiness)
…
- Cannot stand alone in the language and only add the meaning or grammatical function of a free morpheme VD: -ful (careful), -ness (happiness), un- (uncomfortable)…
3 What are the differences between coodination and subordination (từ nối đẳng lập và từ nối phụ thuộc)?
Used to connect words, groups of
words or clause which are the same
rank and independent on each other
VD: but, so, and
It’s cold now but my heart feels warm
Used to connect a dependent clasue with an independent clasue
VD: if, although I’m hungry now because I haven’t eaten anything this morning
4 Describe the five-rank hierarchy?
Sentences
Clauses
Phrase
Words
Morphemes
- Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language and has no grammatical
structure
- Word is the smallest free form, uttered in isolation and with semantic content
- Phrase is defined as an extension
of a part of speech The name of phrase is decided by the name of the part of speech
- Clause is group of word that contains a subject and a
Trang 3predicate It may be either a complete sentence (main clause)
or sentence-like construction within another sentence (subodinate clasue)
- Sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar It expresses a complete idea and includes a subject and a verb
5 What are the differences among Complement, Attribute, Predicative.
Complement (bổ ngữ) Attribute (định ngữ) Predicative (vị ngữ)
- It’s a sentence
element that gives
further information
about the Subject
or Object
- 2 types: Subject
complement and
Object
complement (SC
that follows a link
V such as TOBE is
predicatve)
VD: He is the chairman
(SC)
Our duty is that we must
finish the problem (SC)
They made Sam the
chairman (OC)
I saw her running down
the hill (OC)
- It refers to an ADJ coming before a N/NP in a sentence and modifies the meaning of the N/NP
- It can be express
by mean of a word,
a phrase, a clause
VD: It’s a nationwide
campain
The girl with long black hair is my friend The girl who is standing
by the window is my
friend
- It is the part of sentence, modifying the subject, and is usually headed with a verb
- Predicative ADJ is
a subject complement that follows a
linking-V or TOBE and it modifies Subject
VD: She got tired
I have been sleepy lately She was ecstatic about
her project
6 State different types of phrase in English language on the ground of part of speech and on the ground of syntactic funtions.
Trang 4(1) Noun phrase Fomular: (pre-modifier)+ Head+ (Post-modifier)
VD: All the big + car + in garage
Argument about abortion
(2) Verb phrase Fomular: (auxiliary)+ Head + (Object/complement) + (modifier)
VD: Everybody dies; Mr.Tom delivered a long speech; He stays up very late
(3) ADJ phrase Fomular: (intensifier)+ Head+ (complement)
VD: very difficult question, quite aware of the matter;
(4) ADV Phrase Formular: (intensifier)+Head
VD: carefully, very carefully
(5) Prepositional phrase Formular: Head+Object
VD: on the table, beyond the horizon…
7 List different ways of forming compound adjectives.
This is a way to form new ADJ by combining 2 or more free morphemes together
N+adj: world famous, tax free, waterproof…
N+P2: home-made, candle-lit, heart- broken…
N+P1: time-consuming, labor-saving, far-seeing…
Adj+ Adj: dark blue, light- brown…
Adj+N: round-table, square-yard…
Adj+N+ed: open-minded, warm-hearted…
Adj+P2: good-looking, loose-fiting, easy going…
Adj+P1: long-playing, hard-wearing…
ADV+ P2: well-done, fully-furnished….
…v…v
8 What situations are conditional sentences used to talk about?
Trang 5When you want to talk about a possible situation and its consequence, you use conditional clasue (if-clasue) Sentences containing IF-CLAUSE are called
conditional sentences
(1) A situation which sometimes exists or existed
If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards
If he saw me in the street, he would just say hello
(2) A situation which you know it doesn’t exist
If England had a hot climate, the attitude would be different
(3) A situation when you don’t know whether it exists or not
If he is right it would be possible once more to manage the economy in the old way
(4) A situation which may exist in the future
If I marry her, we shall meed some money to live on
****9 what is the use of past subjective mood ?
It is used in conditional and concessive clauses it is also used to express unreal condition
VD: If she had time, she would have visited me
10 Gerund and infinitives? Give examples
Gerund can have the following function
- Subject: Learning English is
easy
- Subject compliment: My
summer job is working in the
library
- Direct object: He likes running
- Object compliment: The police
considered the offense speeding
- Object of a prep in a phrase:
Paul like most sports except
Functions of To-Infinitive
- Subject: To live means to work
- Object: I like to dance
- Subject compliment: My new duty now is to study
- Attribute: The way to learn well
is to study hard
- Adjunct: To speak English well, you should marry a native
speaker
Functions of Bare-infinitive
Trang 6A gerund often functions as
uncountable N without an article or
sometimes can be used as countable N
- Used after modal V or imperative sentences
VD: you can leave whenever you want
Get lost!
- Complement
VD: That beard makes you look older
than you are
They run a bussiness
11 Compare (1)sentence & clause (2)clause & pharse ? Examples
They both have subject and predicate (vị ngữ)
- Group of words that expresses a
complete thought
- Always convey a complete
thought
- Made up of one or more clauses
- Do not act as a N, ADV or ADJ
- Sometimes convey a complete
thought
- Building unit of a sentence
- Can act as a N,ADV,ADJ
- Contains a Subject and a
predicate
- Sometimes conveys a complete
thought
- Independent clause can stand
alone
VD: Tom likes the meat
- Doesn’t contain a subject or a predicate
- Cannot convey a complete thought
- Cannot stand alone VD: After a long day
The information age…
12 What is substantivized adjective (tính từ đc danh từ hóa) and how it used?
It is a part of conversion or zero-derivation where an adj is used as a N and is often preceded by the definite article “the” and is followed by a plural V
VD: the poor, the young
Trang 713 When is the passive voice used in English?
- The writer wants to emphasize the receiver or the result of the action
- The writer wants to make a statement sound objective (It is said that…)
- The writer doesn’t want to be more polite by not mentioning the agent or
cannot/won’t identify the agent
VD: She was given some bad advice about selecting course
- When the passive is more appropriate than the active (usually in complex
sentence)
- When the agent is redundant VD: Apples are grown in Vietnam
- When the theme is given info and the agent is new info
- The writer wishes to retain the same grammatical subject in successive Clauses, even though the function of the NP changes from agent to theme
VD: Tom beat Joe, but he was beaten by John
14 Can all ADJ be used predicatively and/or attributively?
Most adj can freely occur in both the attribute and the predicative positions
However, a small number of adj are restricted to 1 position only
VD: “Main” can be used attritively only (old, little, live…)
The main idea >>attritive adj The idea is main>>predicate adj
“Afriad” can be used predicatively only (alone, alive, alert, asleep…)
I’m afriad of spider>>>predicate adj An afraid dog>>>attribute adj
15 Classify English conjunctions on the ground of their form (structural criterion) ?
- Simple conjunctions: and, but, or, since, for, before…
- Correlative conj: both…and, either or, neither…or, not only…but also, as…as…
- Participal conj (converted from participles): seeing, supposing, provided …
- Phrase conj: in case (that), as if, in order that, no sooner…than, as soon as…
Trang 816 Name different types of adverbial clause?
In complex sentences, the AC is subodinate to the main clause They answer the questions WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY?
(1) Comparision: as…as, -er than,…
(2) Concession: they’re introduce an element of contrast into a sentence They’re
introduced by conjunctions, such as: although, while, however, even if…
(3) Manner: they answer the question HOW? And are introduced by conjunctions
like: as, in the way, as if
(4) Place: answer the question WHERE? And are introduced by conj like where,
wherever, anywhere
(5) Purpose: answer the question WHAT? And are introduced by conj like so that,
in order that, in case…
(6) Reason: answer the question WHY? And are introduced by conj like as,
because, seeing…
(7) Result: describe the consequences and are introduce by for example, that after,
so+adj to answer
(8) Time: answer the question WHEN? And are introduced by conj like when,
after, as soon as…
(9) Condition (câu đk) : talk about a possible situation and its consequences
17 Describe the uses of the impersonal pronoun “it”?
- Empty subject: when “it” refers to time, the weather, temperature or distance It
is callled” empty subject” because it carries no real information
VD: It’s 3 o’clock
- Preparatory/ introductory subject: Sometimes sentences beginning with “it” continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause It’s possible to begin such sentences with an infinitive or gerund
VD: It’s pleasant to lie in the sun
- Formal object: VD: I bought a present and I gave it to my gf
Trang 918 Describe the classification of ADJ?
- Demonstrative adj (TT chỉ
đinh) this/that/these/those
- Interrogative adj (TT để hỏi)
Đứng trc N và modify N
Which doctor đi you see?
- Possesive adj ( TT sở hữu)
My/you/his…
- Quantitive adj (TT chỉ số
lượng)
Many/much; little/a little…
- Quanlititive adj (TT chỉ tính
chất)
Màu sắc, kích thước…
- Distributive adj (TT chỉ sự
phân bổ)
Each, every
- Short adj: one syllyble or has
the ending letters: y, ow,et,er,le Happy, simple, quiet, clever
- Long adj:
2 syllybles or above
Ending: -ed (bored, tired )
- Special adj
good-better- the best many-more- the most…
19 Sate the use of reciprocal pronouns (đại từ tương hỗ)?
- RP “each other”, “one another” are used to indicate that people do the same thing, feel the same way or have the same relationship
- RP functions as an object eg: They admire on another OR Prepositional
complement Eg: They keep looking at one another and smilling.
- Each/either/neither/both are also used as RP expressing different meanings
20 What is the difference between the transitive and intransitive verbs?
- Must be followed by a direct
object or sometimes indirect
object
- Can be used in the passive
VD: give, tell,carry
- Is not followed by direct objects VD: live, die, cry, smile