Question Answer Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies the of a language Vocabulary Many English words consist of a single root morpheme, so when we say that most morphemes possess we imp.
Trang 1Question Answer
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies the
……… of a language
Vocabulary
Many English words consist of a single root-morpheme, so when we
say that most morphemes possess we
imply mainly the root-morphemes in such words
Lexical meaning
Historical or diachronic lexicology deals with
……… of the vocabulary and the changes it has
undergone Ex In descriptive lexicology the words « to take « ,«to
adopt « are considered to be English not to be different from such native
words as « c According to the role they play in constructing words,
morphemes are subdivided into roots and affixeshild »,» foot «,» stone
« etc But in historical lexicology they are treated as borrowed words
The development
Lexicology also ……… all kinds of semantic relations
(synonyms, antonyms etc) and semantic grouping (semantic fields)
Studies
Lexicology is ……… with words, variable word-groups,
phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words
Relation/ Getting on/ Concerned
It will at once be noticed that the root in English is very often
homonymous with the word This fact is of fundamental importance
as
arising from its general grammatical system on the one hand, and
from its phonemic system on the other
It is one of the most specific features of the English
language
A form is said to be free if it may stand alone without changing its
meaning; if not, it is a bound form, so called because
It is always bound to something else.The term morpheme is derived from Gr morphe 'form'+ eme Linguists
to or the minimum distinctive feature
have adopted the Greek suffix – eme (Cf phoneme, sememe) The
morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form
Denote the smallest unit
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the ……… of
language
Research/ Technology/ ScienceLexicology is ……… with words, variable word-groups, Concerned
Trang 2phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words
According to the role they play in constructing words, morphemes are
subdivided into roots and
affixes
into prefixes, suffixes and infixes
The latter are further
subdivided, according to their position
A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with
But unlike a word it is not autonomous
Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not
independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme
A given sound pattern
Grammar, which is inseparably bound up with Lexicology, is the study
of the grammatical ……… of language
Structure
Roots-are main morphemic vehicles of a given idea in a given language
at a given stage of its development A root may be also regarded as the
ultimate constituent element which remains
all functional and derivational affixes and does not admit any further
analysis
After the removal of
It may be easily
that the lexical meaning of the word “ boy ” and
the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme boy — in such words as
boyhood, boyish and others are very much the same
Observed
Descripitive lexicology studies the words at a synchronic aspect It is
concerned with the vocabulary of a language as they exist at the
……… time
Present
A word is a minimum free form A morpheme is said to be either bound
or free This statement should be taken with caution It means
that forming words
without adding other morphemes: that is, they are homonymous to free
forms
Some morphemes are capable of
General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with
the study of vocabulary ……… the specific features of
any particular language
Irrespective of
Trang 3Descripitive lexicology studies the words at a synchronic aspect It is
concerned with the vocabulary of a language as they exist at the
……… time
Present
A prefix is a derivational morpheme standing before the root
and , cf to hearten – to dishearten It is only
with verbs and statives that a prefix may serve to distinguish one part of
speech from another, like in earth n–unearth v, sleep n – asleep
Modifying meaning
Blending is also a new, trendy and which
“blends”, i.e joins fragments of two or more words to create a new
form The meaning is being retained Enough of the lexeme is usually
retained so that the elements are recognisable
Eye-catching process
A suffix is a
following the stem and forming a new
derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class, cf – en,
– y, – less in hearten, hearty, heartless
Derivational morpheme
The semantic realization of an English word is therefore very
specific
by the widespread occurrence of
homonymy both among root morphemes and affixes
Its dependence
on distribution isfurther enhanced
Unlike roots, affixes are always bound forms
, it will be remembered, is not confined to
their respective position, suffixes being «fixed after» and prefixes
«fixed before» the stem It also concerns their function and meaning
The difference between suffixesand prefixes
, some prefixes express the difference
between a transitive and an intransitive verb: stay v and outstay (smb) v
t With a few exceptions prefixes modify the stem for time (pre-t post-),
place (in-, ad-), negation (un-, dis-) and remain semantically rather
independent of the stem
Preceding a verbstem
may form noun plurals (the Germans);
genitive case (headmaster’s); 3rd person singular (speaks); past tense
(worked); contracted forms (we´re); comparatives and superlatives
(bigger; the biggest) or participles (speaking)
Inflectional suffixes
Trang 4If we realize that suffixes render the most general semantic component
of the word's lexical
meaning ,
the reason why suffixes are as a rule semantically fused with the stem
stands explained
By marking the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs
A compound is a unit of vocabulary which
more than one lexical stem The resulting compound functions as
a single item with specific meaning and grammar
Consists of
Some English words can change their word class
their form Thus, they can function as nouns (e.g
a Mother) or as verbs (to mother somebody) without any affixes or
inflections Such change of a word class without any derivative means
is called conversion
Without changing their form
Derivational suffixes
of the original word: they may change the word
class, specify the word or generalise it Most scholars recognise suffixes
forming nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
Effectively modify the meaning
A specific group of rhyme-motivated compounds are ablaut motivated
compounds Ablaut is a term defining
of two elements, e.g zigzag; or tick-tock
Ablaut-motivated compounds are used to imitate child-like speech or to stress
interjections
Vowel change oralternation
An English word does not necessarily contain formatives indicating to
what part of speech it belongs This holds
true i.e nouns, verbs, adjectives
Not all roots are free forms, but productive roots, i.e roots capable of
producing new words, usually are
Even with respect to inflexible parts
Trang 5fragments of two or more words
Clipping is in English language which
“economises” words Clipping “clips”, i.e shortens lexemes whilst
preserves the original meaning Basically, any part of the word may be
clipped:
A relatively newtrend
Lexicology is derivational
affixes, the other group being the domain of grammarians The
derivational affixes in fact, as well as the whole problem of
word-formation, form a boundary area between lexicology and grammar and
are therefore studied in both
Primarily concerned with
An infix is
placed with in the word, like – n – in stand The
type is not productive
An affix
Rhyme-motivated compounds are usually composed of two elements
The major motivating factor is the rhyme, e.g flower-power; or
brain-drain Formation of compounds is a very
productive process excessively used in advertising or journalese style
and, consequently in everyday speech
motivated
Rhyme- related to parts of human body, clothing or
instruments people use However, the meaning of the converted words
may vary from the meaning of the non-converted words For example,
a skirt denotes a woman’s garment that hangs from the waist
Conversion employing a vastnumber of
words sai
If we realize that suffixes render the most general semantic component
of the word's lexical
meaning ,
the reason why suffixes are as a rule semantically fused with the stem
stands explained
By mark the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs saiRhyme-motivated compounds are usually composed of two elements
The major motivating factor is the rhyme, e.g flower-power; or
brain-drain Formation of compounds is a very
productive process excessively used in advertising or journalese style
and, consequently in everyday speech
motivating
-motivate sai distinguishes between the three closely connected Referring
Trang 6Rhyme-components with meaning, that is 1) the sound-form of the linguistic
sign, 2) the concept underlying this sound form and 3) the referent, i.e
the part or aspect of reality to which the linguistic sign refers
Approach sai
A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being the
same as another thing for rhetorical effect It may
provide hidden similarities between
two ideas Where a compares two items, a metaphor directly equates
them, and does not use "like" or "as" as does a simile
Clarity or identify
The basic principle of is that words do not exist in
isolation The meanings of words are defined through the sense
relations they have with other words
A structural semantic approach
It is easily observed that the sound form of the word is
not There is no inherent connection between the sound
cluster [d/\v] and the meaning of the word dove
Identified with its meaning sai
Motivation denotes the relationship between
and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on
the other Motivation can be of three types: morphological, phonetical
and sematic
The phonemic ormorphemic composition
exist in language and are reproduced in
speech as ready-made units, whereas free word groups or combinations
are created in speech every time we need them
Set expressions
lexicography focuses on the design,
compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries, i.e
dictionaries that are devoted to a (relatively restricted) set of linguistic
and factual elements of one or more specialist subject fields, e.g
Specializedl
General lexicography
, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e
dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use
Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP
dictionary (Language for General Purpose)
Focuses on the design,
compilation
In an encyclopaedia the entry influenza discloses the causes, symptoms,
characteristics and varieties of this disease, various treatments of and
Strictly speaking
Trang 7remedies for it, ways of infection, etc Though, ,
it is with linguistic dictionaries that lexicology is closely connected and
in our further consideration
Dictionaries of alphabetic languages list words in alphabetical order
With non-alphabetic languages, it may be different The order in a
dictionary with ideographic entries such as Chinese character is often
troublesome and because each character
has different readings
Controversial
Phraseological fusions are word-groups with a completely changed
meaning but, in contrast to the unities, they are demotivated, that is,
their meaning cannot be the meanings of
the constituent parts; the metaphor, on which the shift of m.eaning was
based, has lost its clarity and is obscure
Deduced from
Phraseological unities are word-groups with a completely changed
meaning, that is, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the
meanings of its constituent parts They are or,
putting it another way, the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced
from the meanings of the constituent parts
Motivated units
Lexicography, the science, of dictionary-compiling, is closely
connected with lexicology, both dealing with the same problems — the
form, meaning, usage and origin of vocabulary units — and
making of each other’s achievements
Use
61
Metaphor : a figure of speech based on similarity (hidden comparison
between the object/ notion denoted by the
word and the object/notion in question.)
Metaphor gives freshness and vivacity to speech
General sai
62
The modern approach to the assumption that the inner form
of the word presents a structure which is called the semantic structure of
the word
Semasiology is based on
63 The branch of lexicology devoted to the study of meaning is called
semasiology Meaning is a realization of a notion or a
motion definite language system
/ By means of/
In means of
Trang 864 .distinguishes between the three closely
connected components with meaning, that is 1) the sound-form of the
linguistic sign, 2) the concept underlying this sound form and 3) the
referent, i.e the part or aspect of reality to which the linguistic sign
refers
Referential Approach
65 There are many different types of English dictionaries First of all
they may all be roughly divided into two groups — encyclopaedic and
linguistic The two groups of differ essentially
in the choice of items included and in the sort of information given
about them
Reference books
66 Phraseology is the study of set expressions called phraseological
units These "set expressions
are idiomatic and reproduced in
speech as ready- made units
Completely or partially
67 The is the meaning proper to the given
linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions
lexicology meaning sai
68 Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, but opposite in
meaning
Many words, especially those denoting concrete objects (chair, tree,
tiger) have no antonyms Usually adjectives denoting qualities,
verbs actions or state and abstract nouns have
antonyms
Denoting
69 The go, goes, went, going, gone
possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, number, but in
each form they have one and the same semantic component denoting
'the process of movement'
word-forms
70 Criteria of synonymity is interchangeability
that neither the traditional definition of synonyms nor
the new version provide for any objective criterion of similarity of
meaning
It should be pointed out
Trang 971 Nowadays there is no of the meaning, or rather a
definition all the basic features of meaning and being simultaneously
time operational
Universally accepted definition
72 Morphological motivation implies a direct connection
between
of the word and its lexical meaning
One-morpheme words, e.g., sing, tell are non-motivated The meaning of
words composed of more than one morpheme is the combined meaning
of the morphemes and the meaning of the structural pattern of the word
itself
The morpheme structure/ The morphemic structure/ The morphological structure
73 All major works on semantic theory have so far been based on
referential concepts of meaning The best known referential model of
as well as the whole problem of word-formation, form a boundary area between
lexicology and grammar and are therefore studied in both
Primarily concerned with
Because: The whole phrase is “to be concerned with ”
2/A specific group of rhyme-motivated compounds are ablaut motivated
compounds Ablaut is a term defining
of two elements, e.g zigzag; or tick-tock Ablaut-motivated
compounds are used to imitate child-like speech or to stress interjections
Chọn một câu trả lời:
a
Vowel change or alternation
Because: This phrase can maintain the parallelism
3/An English word does not necessarily contain formatives indicating to what part
of speech it belongs This holds true i.e
nouns, verbs, adjectives Not all roots are free forms, but productive roots, i.e
roots capable of producing new words, usually are
Chọn một câu trả lời:
Trang 10Even with respect to inflexible parts of speech,
The right preposition after the phrase “with respect ” is “to”
4/If we realize that suffixes render the most general semantic component of the word's lexical
meaning , the reason why suffixes are as a rule semantically fused with the stem stands explainedChọn một câu trả lời:
a
By marking the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs
Because: After a preposition, there should be a gerund
related to parts of human body, clothing or instruments people use However, the meaning of the converted words may vary from the meaning of the non-converted words For example, a skirt denotes a woman’s garment that hangs from the waist
Chọn một câu trả lời:
b
Conversion employs a vast number of words
Employs” is singularly conjugated with the subject “ conversion”
1/Many English words consist of a single root-morpheme, so when we say that most morphemes possess we imply mainly the root-morphemes in such words
Chọn một câu trả lời:
a Lexical meaning
Because :The right term in lexicology is “lexical meaning”
Trang 112/Roots-are main morphemic vehicles of a given idea in a given language at a given stage of its development A root may be also regarded as the ultimate
constituent element which remains all functional and derivational affixes and does not admit any further analysis
Chọn một câu trả lời:
b After the removal of
3/The term morpheme is derived from Gr morphe 'form'+ eme Linguists
to or the minimum distinctive feature have adoptedthe Greek suffix – eme (Cf phoneme, sememe) The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form
Chọn một câu trả lời:
b Denote the smallest unit
4/Historical or diachronic lexicology deals with ……… of the vocabulary and the changes it has undergone Ex In descriptive lexicology the words « to take « ,«to adopt « are considered to be English not to be different from such native words as « child »,» foot «,» stone « etc But in historical lexicology they are treated as borrowed words
Chọn một câu trả lời:
c The development
Because there should be a noun after a preposition
6/Lexicology is ……… with words, variable word-groups,
phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words
Chọn một câu trả lời:
b Concerned
7/Some English words can change their word class
their form Thus, they can function as nouns (e.g a Mother) or
as verbs (to mother somebody) without any affixes or inflections Such change of
a word class without any derivative means is called conversion
Chọn một câu trả lời:
b
Trang 12Without changing their form
8/An infix is
placed with in the word, like – n – in stand The type is not productive
a/ An affix
9/General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with the study
of vocabulary ……… the specific features of any particular
It is one of the most specific features of the English language
11/The semantic realization of an English word is therefore very
specific
by the widespread occurrence of homonymy both among root morphemes and affixes
a
Its dependence on distribution is further enhanced
12/Clippings, blendings and acronyms are subclasses of so called “portmanteau words”
fragments of two or more words
Which consist of
13/ Derivational suffixes
of the original word: they may change the word class,
specify the word or generalise it Most scholars recognise suffixes forming nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
Effectively modify the meaning
Trang 1314/All major works on semantic theory have so far been based on referential
concepts of meaning The best known referential model of meaning
is
The so-called "basic triangle"
15/Nowadays there is no of the meaning, or rather a definition all the basic features of meaning and being simultaneously time operational
d
Universally accepted definition
16/The branch of lexicology devoted to the study of meaning is called
semasiology Meaning is a realization of a notion or a motion definite language system
Motivated units
.18/ lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries, i.e dictionaries that are devoted to a (relatively restricted) set of linguistic and factual elements of one or more
specialist subject fields, e.g
Specialized
19/Phraseological fusions are word-groups with a completely changed meaning but, in contrast to the unities, they are demotivated, that is, their meaning cannot be the meanings of the constituent parts; the metaphor,
on which the shift of m.eaning was based, has lost its clarity and is obscure
Deduced from
20/In an encyclopaedia the entry influenza discloses the causes, symptoms,
characteristics and varieties of this disease, various treatments of and remedies for
Trang 14it, ways of infection, etc Though, , it is with linguistic dictionaries that lexicology is closely connected and in our further considerationStrictly speaking
21/Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning
Many words, especially those denoting concrete objects (chair, tree, tiger) have no antonyms Usually adjectives denoting qualities, verbs actions
or state and abstract nouns have antonyms
Denoting
22/The definition of the meaning is especially
difficult the process by which language and human consciousness serve to reflect the reality and adopt it to human needs
Due to the complexity of
23/The go, goes, went, going, gone possess
different grammatical meanings of tense, person, number, but in each form they have one and the same semantic component denoting 'the process of movement'.word-forms
24/The modern approach to the assumption that the inner form of the word presents a structure which is called the semantic structure of the word
Semasiology is based on
25/Criteria of synonymity is interchangeability
that neither the traditional definition of synonyms nor the new version provide for any objective criterion of similarity of meaning
It should be pointed out
26/ Lexicography, the science, of dictionary-compiling, is closely connected with lexicology, both dealing with the same problems — the form, meaning, usage and origin of vocabulary units — and making of each other’s
achievements
Use
27/There are many different types of English dictionaries First of all they may all
be roughly divided into two groups — encyclopaedic and linguistic The two groups of differ essentially in the choice of items included and in the sort of information given about them
Reference books
Trang 1528/ Dictionaries of alphabetic languages list words in alphabetical order With alphabetic languages, it may be different The order in a dictionary with
non-ideographic entries such as Chinese character is often troublesome
and because each character has different readings.Controversy (đáp án sai)
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the ……… of language
morpheme
Chọn một câu trả lời:
a A giving sound pattern
b A given sound model
c A given sound track
d A given sound pattern Câu trả lời đúng
Roots-are main morphemic vehicles of a given idea in a given language at a given stage of its development A root may be also regarded as the ultimate constituent element which remains ……… all functional and
derivational affixes and does not admit any further analysis
Chọn một câu trả lời:
a After the removal for
b After the removal of Câu trả lời đúng
c After the move of
d After the removing of