thảo luân TMU classification of subordinate clause by structural

DEFINITION OF SUBORDINATE The subordinate clause is a type of clause that relies on the main clause to form a full sentence.. BY STRUCTUAL TYPE 1.1 Finite clause A typical finite claus

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BÀI THẢO LUẬN

NHÓM 5

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Nguyễn Thị Thanh Huyền

Topic 8: : Classification of subordinate clause by structural Lớp học phần: Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh nâng cao

Mã lớp học phần: 2111ENTH0621

( sửa lại khung bìa y như mẫu t gửi nhé, cả mẫu khung luôn nhé)

Bảng Đánh Gíá Nhóm 5 ( ghi bằng tiếng anh nhé)

VIÊN

Intro, definiton of subordinte, finite clause

Present Leader

TOPIC 8: CLASSIFICATION OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE BY

STRUCTURAL

( căn thẳng hết lề vào cho t nha)

A DEFINITION OF SUBORDINATE

The subordinate clause is a type of clause that relies on the main clause to form

a full sentence On its own, a subordinate clause cannot make a complex

sentence This type of clause has a Definition of a subordinate: verb and a

subject just like any other clause does are also known as a dependent clause This type of clause is used to add more information to a sentence

Examples of subordinate clauses:

- I met my friend in London, where she grew up from a young age

- Once my mother finishes work, we will go shopping

- This is Tim, who is my cousin

- ( chỗ này căn thẳng một dòng , ghi là 1 2 3.)

B BY STRUCTUAL TYPE

1.1 Finite clause

A typical finite clause consists of a finite form of the verb together with its objects and other dependents ( a verb phrase or predicate), along with its

subject (although in certain cases the subject is not expressed)

Some examples are given below:

 Kids play on computers (an independent clause)

 I know that kids play on computers (a dependent (subordinate) clause, but still finite)

Finite clauses must contain a verb which shows tense They can be main

clauses or subordinate clauses:

Is it raining? (main: present)

I spoke to Joanne last night (main: past)

We didn’t get any food because we didn’t have enough time (main: past;

subordinate: past)

Look at each of these examples Do they have present tense or past tense? Can we change the tense?

 She feels sick

 I was watching TV

In the first example, we have the present tense verb form feels We could

change to past tense: She felt sick

In the second example, the verb phrase was watching contains the past tense form was We could change to the present tense: I am watching TV

These are called finite clauses because they contain finite verbs: verbs in the present tense or past tense form

Our examples of finite clauses so far are main clauses: She feels sick and I

was watching TV stand alone as complete sentences Subordinate clauses,

which form part of a larger sentence, can also be finite:

 I know that she feels sick

 While I was watching TV, the phone rang

A finite clause typically contains a verb in the present tense or past tense

form It can be a main clause or a subordinate clause, e.g.:

 Kate broke the dish (main clause)

 They suspect that Kate broke the dish (subordinate clause)

+ Look at each of these examples Do they have present tense or past tense?

Can we change the tense?

Ex1: She feels sick

I was watching TV

In the first example, we have the present tense verb form feels We could

change to past tense: She felt sick.

In the second example, the verb phrase was watching contains the past tense

form was We could change to the present tense: I am watching TV.

These are called finite clauses because they contain finite verbs: verbs in the present tense or past tense form

Our examples of finite clauses so far are main clauses: She feels sick and I

was watching TV stand alone as complete sentences Subordinate clauses,

which form part of a larger sentence, can also be finite:

I know that she feels sick

While I was watching TV, the phone rang

This finite verb has a role as a predicate in a sentence In the application of finite, it is adjusted to the subject and tenses Subjects and tenses also depend

on the number and personality In a sentence (in English) the verb is a very

important component and is used in the present tense and past tense Finite verb

is also a limited verb and in its use, this finite verb has a relationship with its subject and tenses This finite verb can only be used in the present tense and past tense and the verb can be passive or active as well as singular or plural

verbs, person or number concord and mood

+ Sentence Types and Examples

Finite verb form based on tenses, person and number

Based on the Example Sentence Agreement

Present: Fitri drinks a coffee

Past: Fitri drank a coffee

First: I drink in the café

Second: We drink in the café

Third: He drinks in the café

Singular: Siska drinks a cup of tea

Plural: Siska and I drink a cup of tea

1.2 Nonfinite clause

 Non-finite clauses contain a verb which does not show tense We usually use

non-finite verbs only in subordinate clauses We usually understand the time referred to from the context of the main clause We often use a non-finite clause when the subject is the same as the subject in the main clause:

- I had something to eat before leaving (I had something to eat before I left.)

- After having spent six hours at the hospital, they eventually came home

 A non-finite clause is similar, except that the verb must be in a non-finite form (such as an infinitive, participle, gerund or gerundive), and it is consequently much more likely that there will be no subject expressed, i.e that the clause

will consist of a (non-finite) verb phrase on its own

Nonfinite clauses tend to express less information than matching finite

clauses Take this example:

Ex: I am happy to see you

We have here the nonfinite clause to see you Think about this clause on its own Does it tell us when the seeing happened? Or who is doing the seeing?

No, it doesn’t tell us whether the seeing is present or past (unlike the finite clauses I see you, I saw you) We can only work out the time from the main

clause verb (am)

No, it doesn’t say who is doing the seeing: there is no Subject expressed in this clause We have to work out from the main clause that it is ‘I’ (the speaker) doing the seeing (If we had He is happy to see you, it would be ‘he’ doing the seeing.)

It is very common for nonfinite clauses to have no Subject However, some

do have a Subject For example, in I am happy for you to start without me, you

is the Subject of the nonfinite subordinate clause

There are four main types of nonfinite clause, corresponding to the four types

of nonfinite verb Let’s look at an example of each type

This is a to-infinitive clause, with to followed by the infinitive verb form go

With Subject: She didn't mean to break the dish (to-infinitive clause)

Without S: To become a famous singer is her dream.

This is an -ing participle clause (also called present participle clause), with the -ing participle verb form arriving

With S: She remembers breaking the dish (-ing participle clause)

Without S : Arriving just before lunch, I looked for Harry Frampton in

the dining room

This is an -ed participle clause (also called past participle clause), with the -ed participle verb form covered

With S : They will replace the dish broken by Kate (-ed participle clause) Without S : Left to himselft, he usually gets the job done quickly.

This is infinitive without ‘to’ :

With S : He lets us use some of his land to grow vegetables.

Without S: rather than leave the children alone, I brought him to work with me

Give More Example : ko gạch đầu dong nhé

- Kids like to play on computers (an infinitival clause using - infinitive)

- Playing on computers, they whiled the day away (a participial clause, using a present participle)

- Having played on computers all day, they were pale and hungry (a participial clause using a past participle)

-Some types of non-finite clause have zero in one of the object or complement positions; the gap is usually understood to be filled by a noun from the larger clause in which the non-zero clause appears (as is the subject "gap" in most

non-finite clauses) These clauses are also called hollow non-finite clauses.[4]

 Some examples:

1.He is the man to beat (infinitival clause with zero object; the man is understood

as the object)

2.That car wants looking at straight away (gerund-participial clause with zero

preposition complement after at)

3.The building was given a new lease of life (past-participial clause with zero

indirect object)

1.3 Verbless clause.

 Verbless clause is a clause – like construction in which a verb element is

implied but not present

 Verbless clauses are clauses which contain no verb element, and often also no

subject They are regarded as clauses because they function in ways, which make them equivalent to finite and non-finite clauses, and because they can be analyzed in terms of one or more clause elements

 A verbless clause is a group of words that does not contain a verb For

example: 'good morning', 'happy birthday' Although the verb is ellisipted, the sentence fragment has a meaning since it provides specific information

For example:

Whether successful or unsuccessful, he always puts his best efforts in his work.

This sentence contains two clauses:

i Whether successful or unsuccessful

ii He always puts his best efforts in his work

The clause “ He always puts his best efforts in his work” has subject – he and the predicate – puts his best efforts in his work It make complete sentence by

itself Therefore, it is the main clause

The clause “ whether successful or unsuccessful” has no verb, also has no

subject So it is called verbless clause

Here, we can understand that “ Whether he is successful or unsuccessful, he always puts his best efforts in his work ”

However, verbless clauses are less common than non – finte ones as far as the range of circumstances they express are concerned

 With the verbless clause, we can usually infer ellipis of the verb be , the

subject, when omitted, can be treated as recoverable from the context:

For example:

Although somewhat edgy, she said she would stay.

Although in this sentence, the subject and the verb have been omitted, but the listener still understands who the speaker is referring to

It can be rephased into : Although she was somewhat edgy, she said she would stay

 However, on occasion, verbless clause can also be treated as reductions of non – finite clauses:

For example:

Too nervous to reply, he stared at the floor.

The full original sentence would be:

Being to nervous to reply, he stared at the floor

Here the verbless clause itself contain a non – finite clause, to reply.

 Verbless clause as complement to a preposition

- There no preposition that licences ONLY a verbless clause as complement

- With, Without accept non – finite and verbless clause.

- Although, if, once, while accept finite, non – fine and verbless.

i He’d been on the beach (without anyone noticing him) (non –

finite)

ii He’d been on the beach (without sunscreen on) (Verbless) iii (While I was working on the Boston) I lived with my aunt ( Finite)

iv (While working on the Boston) I lived with my aunt ( non –

finite)

v (While in Boston) I lived with my aunt ( Verbless)

 Verbless clauses functioning directly as adjuncts

Verbless clauses with a subject + predicate structure can function as adjuncts

i The meeting finally over, they all adjourned to the local cafes.

ii The passengers, many of them quite elderly, were forced to line up in the sun.

C EXERCISE

Ex1 : In the following sentences, state whether the verb given in the inverted commas is finite or non-finite.

1.The fishermen are mending their nets.( finite clause)

2.The rescuers found the boy, though injured, fully conscious.( non-finite clause)

3.Before becoming a bank robber, he was a police officer (non-finite clause)

4. We dined at a cheap restaurant last night.( finite clause)

5.Everybody left just after the ceremony.( finite clause)

Ex2: Identify the finite and non-finite verbs in the following sentences.

1.The person to make the report to at the police station was the Sergeant

(non-finite clause)

2.They expect Susan to do all the work] ( expect is finite, to do is non-finite)

3.Seeing no employment prospect, he became self-employed (non-finite clause)

4.A woman recognized as one of the hostages was found unharmed in the

building (non-finite clause)

5.We were not allowed in because we arrived late.( finite clause)