Tài liệu Betty Azar - Basic English Grammar 2e-chapter1 pptx

ENGLISH GRAMMAR Second Edition Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark... 57 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this water

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Second Edition

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark

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Librsry of Congrcecl Cataloging-ln-Public Data

Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1941-

Basic English grammar I Betty Schrampfer Azar 2nd ed

D cm

1ncludes indexes

ISBN 0-13-368317-6

ISBN 0-13-368424-5 (v 1) ISBN 0-13-368358-3 (v 2)

1 English language Textbooks for foreign speakers 2 English

language Grammar Problems, exercises, etc I Title

PE1128.A96 1995

CIP

Publisher: Tina B Carver

Director of Production and Manufacnuing: Aliza Gremblan

Editorial Production/Design Manager: Domini& Mosco

Editorial/Production Supervision: Janet Johnston

Editorial Assistant: ShUey Hartle

Production Coordinator: Ray Keating

Cover Coordinator: Merle Krumper

Cover Production: Molly Piks Riccardi

Cover Design: Joel Mirnick Design

Interior Design: Ros Hmon F~eese

Illustrations: Don Martinetti

01996 by Betty Schrampfer Azar

A Psarson Education Company

pearson Bducation

10 Bank Stren

White Plains, NY 10606

All rights re9e~e.d No part of this book may be

reproduced, in any form or by any means,

without permission in writing from the publisher

Printed in the United States of America

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Contents

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x

51 f Chapter 1 USING BEAND HAVE : U f l - NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR 2

NOUN +ARE + NOUN: PLURAL 4

PRONOUN + BE + NOUN 6 CONTRACTIONS WITH BE 7

NEGATIVE WITH BE 8

BE + ADJECTIVE 10

BE + A LOCATION 1 6

SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE 20

YESNO QUESTIONS WITH BE . 21 QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE 24

USING HAVE AND HAS 26 USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR 27

USING THIS AND THAT 30

USING THESE AND THOSE 31

ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND WHO + B E 32

.I?' Chapter 2 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART I ) ' 1 7 ' 1 L FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 44

USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS USUALLY OFTEN

SOMETIMES SEL.DOM R.4REL.Y N E W 46 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE 47

PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S: / Z / AND /S/ 49

SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES . 5 1

ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y 1

IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES 52 SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -SAND -ES 54

THE SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE 57

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2-10 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS 6 I

2-1 1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WITH WHERE 64 2-12 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME 66

2-13 SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO 67 2-14 USING l T T O TALK ABOUT TIME 72

2-1 5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 73

2-16 USING I T T O TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER 74 Chapter 3 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2) "

B E + J N G : THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE 84 SPELLING OF -ZNG 87

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS 89

THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 92

NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 95

SEE, LOOKAT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO 97 NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN 98

WOULD LIKE 100

WOULDLIKEvs LJKE 101 THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT 102

THERE + B E 106

THERE + B E YESNO QUESTIONS i 107

THERE + B E ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOWMANY 109

PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION 1 1 Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 127

ADJECTIVE + NOUN 129

SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS 131

NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL 134

NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS 139

NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT 141

USINGANvs A . 143

USING A/AN vs SOME 1 4 4

MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS 150

USING THE 156

USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) T O MAKE GENERALIZATIONS 160

USING SOME AND ANY 1 6 1 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE,

ANYTHING, ANYONE 163

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Chapter 5 EXPRESSING PAST TIME v

Chapter 6 USING BE: PAST TIME 171

PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE 172

PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS 173

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED 177

PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO 178

PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl 180

SPELLING OF -ED VERBS 183

SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS 186

THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS 190

THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE 192

THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS 9

MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 198

THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME,

AND WHY 203

QUESTIONS WITH WHAT 206

QUESTIONS WITH WHO 209

ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD 212

BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES 216

WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES 219

-8

EXPRESSING FUTURE TlME

FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING T O : :.L L 231

WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME 235 USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND LV (EUTURE) 238

USING TODAY, TONIGHT, AND THIS + MORNING,

AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR 239 FUTURE TIME: USING WILL 242

ASKING QUESTIONS WITH W I U 243

VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE 245

VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE 246

USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO 251

MAYIMIGHTvs WILL 253

MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs MAYBE (TWO WORDS) 255

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN 258 CLAUSES WITH IF 260

EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES 263

CONTENTS V

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Chapter 7 EXPRESSING ABILITY

USING CAN 281

USING CAN: QUESTIONS 282

USING KNOWHOW TO 284

USING COULD: PAST OF CAN 285

USING VERY AND TOO + ADJECTIVE 287

USING TOO M A N Y AND TOO MUCH + NOUN 290

USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INKNITIW 293

USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE 294

USING ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH 295

USING ENOUGH + NOUN AND MORE + NOUN 297

USING ENOUGH + INFINITIVE 299

USING BERBLB TO 301

POLITE QUESTIONS: MAYI COULD I AND CANI 302

POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD YOU AND WOULD YOU ,304 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 307

USING TWO TOO AND TO 310

MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS 311

Chapter 8 NOUNS ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

> , I - 1 MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS 325

WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 329

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ALL OF MOST OF SOME OF 334

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 336

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTJ3Y ONE OF NONE OF 337

USING EVERY 341 POSSESSIVE NOUNS 343

POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 345

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS HIS HERS, OURS, THEIRS 347

QUESTIONS WITH WHOS6 351 SUMMARY: USES OF THE APOSTROPHE 352

SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS 355

CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN +AND/OR + NOUN 357 SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES 360

SUMMARY PERSONAL PRONOUNS 363

INDIRECT OBJECTS 364

INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR 367

INDIRECT OBJECTS W m BUY, GET, MAKE . 369

INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH EXFLAlN AND INTRODUCE 370 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 375

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Chapter 9 MAKING COMPARISONS

COMPARISONS: USING THE SAME (AS) SIMILAR (TO)

AND DIFFERENT (PROM) 379

COMPARISONS: USING LIKE AND ALIKE 382

THE COMPARATIVE: USING -ER AND MORE 383

USING AS AS; USING LESS 389

USING BUT 393

USING VERBS AFTER BUT 395 THE SUPERLATNE: USING -ESTAND MOST 398

USING ONE OF + SUPERLATIVE + PLURAL NOUN 405

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 411

MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADVERBS 414

USING AS AS WITH ADVERBS 416

Chapter 10 EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS USING SHOULD 420

USING LET'S 423

USING HAVE + INFINITIVE (HAS TOIHAVE TO) 424

USING MUST 427

MODAL AUXILIARIES 430

SUMMARY CHART: MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS 431

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 434

USING WHILE WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 438 WHILE vs WHEN IN PAST TIME CLAUSES 438

SIMPLE PAST vs PAST PROGRESSIVE 4 0

USING HAVE BEEN (THE PRESENT PERFECT) 4 4 USING SINCE-CLAUSES 446

FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 448

USING NEVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 449 PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES 450

USING EVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 451

THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG 453

PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS 455

Appendix 1 THE ENGUSH ALPHABET AI Appendix 2 NUMBERS ~2

Appendlx 3 DAYS OF THE WEEK AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR A3 Appendlx 4 WAYS OF SAYING ME TIME A4 Appendix 5 IRREGULAR VERBS AS

CONTENTS W v//

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This Page Intentionally Left Blank

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1 Basic English Grammar remains a developmental skills text for students of English as a

second or foreign language Serving as both a reference and a workbook, it inaoduces students to the form, meaning, and usage of basic structures in English It provides ample opportunities for practice through extensive and varied exercises leading to

communicative activities Although it focuses on grammar, it promotes the development

of all language skills

This second edition has a greatly expanded range of contents to provide a solid core

I I of basic English grammar for lower-level or beginning students It includes numerous

new exercises with, at the end of each chapter, cumulative review exercises that include additional communicative and interactive student-centered tasks

Also available are an Answer Key, with answers only, and a Teacher's Guide, with teaching suggestions as well as the answers to the exercises

PREFACE i~

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Writing English grammar texts is a pleasure for me In this pursuit, I am helped by many

articles for regional newsletters or international journals; researchers who explore the

grammar materials who show creative and sound approaches to helping students gain

share their pedagogical insights; and publishing professionals who know how to mold and

practical needs

In sum, I am indebted to the ESL/EFL community of teachers, researchers, authors, publishers, and students

Irene Juzkiw, Stacy Hagen, Nancy Price, Lawrence Ciaar, Don Martinetti, Lizette Reyes, Stella Reilly, Marita Froimson, Joy Edwards, R.T Steltz, Sue Van Etten, Ken Kortlever, Generessa Arielle, and Chelsea Azar My gratitude goes also to the many wonderful teachers and publishers I met in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan on my trip to Asia in 1994

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C H A P T E R -

EXERCISE 1 : Learn the names of your classmates and teacher Write their names in the spaces

below

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1 - 1 NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR

NOUN + IS + NOUN

"Smgular" means "one, not two or more." ;$ 4%

In (a): Canada = a singular noun I ,,<

A frequently comes in front of singular nouns

In (b): a comes in front of the singular noun carntly A is called "an article."

A and an have the same meaning They are both articles

A is used in front of words that begin with consonants: b, c, d, f; g, h,

j, k, etc Examples: a bed, a cat, a dog, afriend, a girl

An is used in front of words that begin with a, e, i, and o.*

Examples: an animal, an ear, an island, an o f i e

*An is also sometimes used in h n t of words that begm with u See Chaa 4-7

The letters a, e, i, o, and u are called ''vowe18."

W EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences Use a n ARTICLE, a or an

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EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences Use an ARTICLE (a or an) and the words in the list

animal continent insect

1 Arabic is a l a n g ~ ~ g e 9 A bee is

2 Rome is a citv 10 South America is

3 A cat is an animal 11 A dog is

EXERCISE 4-ORAL: Complete the sentences with your own words T h i i of more than

one possible completion

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1-2 NOUN + ARE + NOUN: PLURAL

( C ) SINGULAR: a city, a country

NOUN and NOUN + ARE + NOUN

( e ) Dops and cats are animals

-

"Plural" means "two, three, or more."

Cats = a plural noun

are = a plural verb

animals = a plural noun

Plural nouns end in -8

A and an are used only with singular nouns

Some singular nouns that end in -y have a special plural form: They omit the -y and add -ies.*

Two nouns connected by and are followed by aro

In (d): Canada is a singular noun China is a singular noun They are connected by and

Together they are plural, i.e., "more than one."

*See Chan 2-6 for more information about sddinr 18 to words that end in -y

EXERCISE 5: Change the singular sentences to plural sentences

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EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences with is or are and one of the nouns in the list Use the

1 a country 6 cities 1 1 countries in Asia

2 countries 7 animals 12 a city in Europe

4 a language 9 a peninsula 14 a vegetable

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EXERCISE 8-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): What are the following things?

Example: Cows

Response: Cows are animals

1 English 8 Russian and Arabic

15 Winter and summer

16 September and October

PRONOUN + BE + NOUN PRONOUN + BE + NOUN

a m a student ( f ) We are students

are a student ( g ) You are students I

a student ( h ) They are students

( i ) Rita is in my class She is a student Pronouns refer to nouns

( i ) Tom is in my class H e is a student In (i): she (feminine) = Rita (k) Rita and Tom are in my class They are students In (j): he (masculine) = Tom

In (k): they =Rita and Tom

EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences Use a VERB: am, is, or are Use a NOUN: a student

or students

i w e arestudents

2 I

3 Rita goes to school She

4 Rita and Tom go to school They

5 You (one person)

6 You (two persons)

6 w CHAPTER I

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EXERCISE 10-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Complete the sentences with a form of be + a

studentlshrdents Indicate the subject or subjects with your hand

Example: ( ) (The t e a c h supplies the name of a student.)

Response: (Yoko) is a student (The responding student indicates Yoko.)

PRONOUN + BE + CONTRACTION When people speak, they often

I + am -+ I'm ( a ) I'm a student push two words together A

contraction = two words that she + is + she's (b) She's a student are pushed together

he + is + he's ( c ) He's a student

it + is -+ it's (d) It's a city Contractions of a subject

pronoun + be are used in both speaking and writing

YOU + are -+ you're ( e ) You'rea student

we + are + we're You're students PUNCTUATION: The mark in

they + are + they're ( f ) We're students the middle of a contraction is

(g) me.'^ smdents called an "aposnophe" (')

CORRECT: /;* u ~ & & t

USING BEAND H A M 7

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EXERCISE 1 1 : Complete the sentences Use CONTRACTIONS (pronoun + be)

1 Sam is a student I in my class

2 Jim is a student in my class

8 M y bro& is twenty-six years old married

9 M y sister is twenty-one years old single

10 Yoko andAli are students in my class

13 Kate and I live in an apartment roommates

[aren't ] CONTRACTION: f a CONTRACTION: a n + + not not = = h ' t aren't

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EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with the correct information

1

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hungry 1 = adjectives Young

happy

Adjectives often follow a form of be (am, is,

are) Adjectives describe or give information about a noun or pronoun that comes at the

beginning of a sentence.*

*The noun or pronoun that comes at the beginning of a sentence is called a "subject." See Chart 4-1

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4 EXERCISE 14: Find the ADJECTIVE in the fust sentence Then complete the second sentence

Use each adjective only one time

beautiful expensive @en clean fast poor cold happy short dangerous noisy sour

1 I'm not sad I 'II),V

2 Ice isn't hot It

3 Mr Thomas isn't rich He

4 My hair isn't long It

5 My clothes aren't dirty They

6 Flowers aren't ugly They

7 Cars aren't cheap They

8 Airplanes aren't slow They

9 Grammar isn't difficult It

10 My sister isn't short She

11 My grandparents aren't young They

12 The dormitory isn't quiet It

13 The door isn't closed It

14 Guns aren't safe They

15 Lemons aren't sweet They

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EXERCISE 15-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Use ADJECTIVES to describe things in the

classroom Suggestions are given in parentheses

Example: round, square, flat

touches or points to something m u d , for example, a ring or a circle drawn on the board.)

the board

round (a ring, a coin, a circle drawn on the board) square (a box, a desk, a figure drawn on the board) flat (a coin, a desktop)

full (a pocket, a hand) enipty (a pocket, a hand)

dry (indoors on a rainy day, an unlicked finger) dirty (a hand or a piece of paper rubbed on the floor) clean (a hand or a piece of paper not rubbed on the floor) long (a suing, a strip of paper, someone's hair)

short (a string, a strip of paper, someone's hair) heavy (a desk, a pile of books)

light (a piece of paper, a pen) loud (a knock on a door or desk top, one's speaking voice) soft (a knock on a door or desk top, one's speaking voice)

EXERCISE 16: Make sentences by using is or are and an A D J ~ C ~ ~ E from the following list

Use each adjective only one time

dry largelbig sweet

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EXERCISE 17: Complete the sentences ~ s k bJ isn't, ars, or aren't.'

USINGEEAND HAVE H 13

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The weather cold today

The sun bright today

Ice cream and candy sour They sweet

My shoes comfortable

My desk comfortable

,'"

Traffic at rush hour noisy It quiet

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EXERCISE 19-ORAL: Do any of these words describe this city?

EXERCISE 20-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Make sentences Use islisn't or arelaren't

Example: A ball \ round

Response: A ball is round

Example: Balls \ square

Response: Balls aren't square

1 A box \ square

2 A box \ round

3 The earth \ flat

4 The earth \ round

20 English grammar \ difficult

2 1 English grammar \ easy

22 This exercise \hard

23 The weather \ hot today

24 The weather \ cold today

30 Good food \ important

3 1 Good food and exercise \ important

32 The students in this class \ very intelligent

W EXERCISE 21-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Name things that the given ADJECTIVES can

describe

1 hot 6 flat 1 1 beautiful

2 square 7 little 12 expensive

3 sweet 8 important 13 cheap

4 sour 9 cold 14 free

5 large 10 funny 15 delicious

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- .: - - ,~ ~ ~ -~

(a) Maria is here

( b ) Bob was at the library

In (a): here = a location

In (b): at the libmry = a location

Be is often followed by a location

A location may be one word, as in the examples in (c)

A location may be a prepositional phrase, as in (d)

A preposition + a noun is called a "prepositional phrase."

At the library = a prepositional phrase

,

SOME COMMON PREPOSmONS

Tiêu đề	Basic English Grammar
Tác giả	Betty Schrampfer Azar
Trường học	Pearson Education
Chuyên ngành	English Grammar
Thể loại	Textbook
Năm xuất bản	1995
Thành phố	White Plains

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Số trang	54
Dung lượng	13,97 MB