Nhng vn d moi trng lien quan dn ca

* NHUNG VAN D E MOl TRUONG LIEN QUAN DEN CAC HOAT DONG Hai Phorig va Quang Ninh la vung kinh te na ng dng yen bien phia h c.. SI,1 phat trien kinh te da gay ra nhurig tac dong tie u cue

Tai nguyen va M6i truirng bien T(lp III - 1 9

20 Nghie n cuu nan suat sinh h9C so dip cua thuc v~t ndi tro g

Doan BQ, Nguyen DUe CLf

2 Trung 10 (Foraminifera) tron tram tich mat day h~ dam pha

Ng yen tta« ca Ma Van Lac

22 Nhing van de moi truong lien quan den cac heat dong kinh te

Nguyen Chu n ot, Tran DUe Thanh.

23 Danh gia tac d n cua du IUQn thuoc bao v~ thuc v~t len

D o Cong Thung, Nguyen Till Thu,

Ng yen Tilt Minh Huyen

24 M(Jt so van de co ban ve h~ sinh thai dam pha Tam Gia

Trai o ac TluJnh, Nguyen Chu H6i,

Nguyen Nhql Thi

25 Tiern nang sinhhoc va hien trang n u n IQithuy san he dam

pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai (tinh Thua Thien - Hue) 220

Nguyen Nlui: Thi

26 Thuc v~t phu du (Phytoplankton) () ba cua so g Tien Yen,

Chu Vall Thuoc

2 Thanh phan loai va phan bo cua rang bien dao Truon Sa 2 3

Dam Due tu«, Nguyen Velil tu«

t.e r ut Thanh

29 Nguon loi rong dong ( mot so vung yen bien Binh-Tri-Thien 2 8

t.e ru t Thanh

30 Dan lieu ve thanh phan loai va phan b() cua co bien (1 vung

yen bien Thua Thien - Hue - vinh Da Nan 263

Ng yen Vein tie«

Ttii nguycll vi M6 i truirn hi e n, T(ip 1/1 - J 996

Vietnam sea and the west coastal zone of the Tonkin Grul], the following can

he considered to he typical for the assemblage of the Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon - Ammob aculites exiguus , Ammo t ium sa/sum, Discammina compressa , Ttocliamminu inflat a, T glob igerin ijormis , Haplaphragmoides canariensis, Jadammina polyst oma and Elphydium pocyenum

I II further detailed studies, however, there may be some additional species

to the assemblage.

*

NHUNG VAN D E MOl TRUONG LIEN QUAN DEN CAC HOAT DONG

Hai Phorig va Quang Ninh la vung kinh te na ng d()ng yen bien phia

h c Day la noi t~IP trung nhieu nganh kinh te chu chrit va trong diem cua

dflt n uoc nhu ding - hang ha i, cung nghiep (xi ma ng, co khi, tau thuyen ),

khai thac me) (than, v~t )i~u xay dun ) danh hat V~I nuoi tron thuy san,

du lich hien Ngoai ra, kin te lam nghiep 6 Quan Nin va nong nghiep

< 1Hai Phong cung cu vai t ro rat q an trong Cung vcli phat trien kinh h~,

qua trinh d() thi hon t • )O ra su thu hut va sl,1 t~p trung dan cu c') cac tha h phti do thj yen bien tuo d ie u k ien phat tr ien thuorig mai dich VII, giao thong dvbng bo V~I xay dung SI,1 phat trien kinh te da gay ra nhurig tac dong tie u

cue va d tao ra nhun sue e p doi voi rnoi truorig ma truck day chua duoc qua n Him dung muc Bai viet nay buoc dau d ua ra n urig nhan xet co ban

ve moi quan h~ giua moi truong va phat trien kinh te D() la die u rat din thiet ch vie c 1~lp ke hoach pha t tr ie n va dtlU tv sap to i

I 6 NH I EM M() ! T R V< ) N(;

l NgU(-fl gay 0 nhiern

Ngoai nguim gay () nhiern tu thuong nguon luu Vl,1C,nguo g y () nhie m

185

Ttii nl:llyen va M6i trtrirng bien T(lp III - 1996

tv cac hoat dong kinh te ven bien Hai Phung - Quang Ninh rat dang kc Hang narn, mot luong Ion chat thai ran duoc thai ra tv C{IC khu dan cu, cong nghiep va khai mo 0 H~1i Phong, luong thai ran khoung ] 50.000 m3/nam, thanh pho H~ Long ]8.000 m3/nam [2,4]

Chat thai phan nhieu do sinh hoar, gorn cac loai rac ruoi, v~t pharn phe thai tv cho bua, benh vien, xi nghiep gay hoi thdi mat ve sinh doc hai (co loai phe thai chua ca chat phong xa, hoa chrit ) Hoar dong cua tau thuyen, ngu dan tre n hien,' du khach cung thai true tiep xuong bien cac chat thai ran nhu vo chai, vo d() help, tui ni long, lam hfin die vurig nude, cac khu bai Him, nha nghi

Luong thai ran Ion nhat la tv cac hoat dong khai thac mo nhu cac khu khai thac da voi, set gach ngoi va dac biet la khu khai thac than M~lO Khe

- Hen Gai - Carn Pha Trung binh cu khai thac 1 tan than phai hoc via 5,5

- 6 tan dat da Trong nhung narn 1993-]995 moi narn thai 28 trie u tan dat del Dien tich ba i thai narn 1969 moi chi 29.920 m2 l) khu vue hb H~I Long,

nam 1985 la 80.000 m2 (tang 167%) 1993 la 120.000 m2 (tang 303%) Cac chat thai ran do Ian b(\ bien, theo dong chay phan tan ra vjnh, th(IITI chi thanh bui then gi6 phan tan va chirn lang duoi day r a t~n ria ngo~li vinh H? Long (Hang Trai, Cua V~ln ) [2]

Chat thai bui, khi tv cac nha may, khu mo cung gay •\n h huong rat Ion den moi truong ven bien dac biet tv cac nha may xi mang H a i Phong , co khi Carn Pha va khu mo than Hon Gai Khoanz'-' 42% die n. rch ven bo Quang Ninh t~p trung bui than va cac khi thai CO, CO2, C04, H2S, H2 nong d¢ cao gap 5-200 Ian mire cho phep, va ,80% cong nhan mo mac berth nghe nghiep khac nhau [2, 11] Giao thong duong h<) dong gop mot IUQng kha Ion bui khi doc, bui than, chi tv cac loai xe co gidi tre n duong Tv cac

10 nung g~lch, voi cung thai ra nhieu loai khi doc

Nude thai la nguon gay 6 nhiern quan trong nhat tv cac co s6 dan cu

va kinh te 0 Hai Phong mrii ngay c6 toi 116.000 m3 nuoc thai tv cac khu dan CU, nha may xi mang, giay, ac qui, ma dien, benh vien 20% IUQng nuoc thai ngtim xu6ng dat, 80% IUQng chat thai then song ra bien [1]

o tha nh pho Ha Long, nuoc thai dC) thi khoang 66.000 m3/ng~lY dern d6 xuong vinh Trong d6, khu Bai Chay - TU8n Cha u khoarig 20.000 m ', khu dan cu cua khu cong nghie p 20.000 m3 va cac khu phd chrj con lai

20.000 m '

Tui n K lI yen va M6i t r uirn g bien Tiip III - 1996

6 khu con nghiep me) yen bd H~I Long, nud th i IT Il ) h n narn 7 trie u tan, r ierig me) Coc 6 co 6 tr ie u tan, trong d co chua 37,55 tan NH4; 5,415

Hln Fe; 1 400 ta S04-2 Nude thai me) rat ehua (pH 2,5-5,3), gia kim loa: na ng [2]

Ngu n gay 6 nhiern quart trong nhfit HI tu hoat d ng carig va tau thuye n

y n bien Cho d n n y, Hai Phong I~Ic ng 1(1 thu hai l1 nude ta, c luong

c uye n tai han hoa 3-4 trieu ta /n m, v i khoang HOO-1 0 IUQt ta ra

vao hang narn Vrii tn c at cang t6 g h p, h ng hoa t e n t~1U va kho bai

co nhie u loai g[IY chay, no, doc h i

Kh cang Oua ng Ninh chuyen dung than V~I dau vdi tong IUQng chuyen

tai h n narn khoang 5,5 trieu ta , chiern 2/3 luorig tha d u qua c ng l nunc ta Can dau B12 narn ngay tro g Cua Luc, thuoc vinh H~l Long c IUQng teli dtlU 1,2 - 1,5 tr ieu ta /n m, I~l can nhap dau Ion nhat nude ta

hien nay Ngoai hoat d n giao thong van tai, melt luong Ion ta thuyen

nghe ca hoat d(mg d vung bie th a i ra luong da dang k Cac Vll ro ri

dau, tran d u do dam ta u, dam ta , miic can, v d{l ngarn thinh thoang van xay ra gay () nhiern eho vung nuoc [4]

Cuoi cung, cling can phai n i den nguon gay () nhiern hoa c at sir dung tron nong nghie nhu pha bon, thuo tru sau d C{IC huye n nong nghiep

Hai Phorig va vung y n bien phia ta n a rn Quang Ninh 6 Viet Narn, h n narn su dung khoang 15-20 ngan ta thudc h a hoc cho norig nghiep, trong l~()80% dun diet trir sau ho Luong pha h6a hoc (NPK) thut\ng duoc su dun la 73,5 kg/h (1990) con ('\ muc tha so voi khu v e [12]

2 Hien trang 6 nhiem moi truong nunc

- 6 n iern dau dei thuc S \1 trt) thanh van d nghiern trong d khu vue

Phan Ion cac ma pha tich d u co h m IUQn vuot 0,0 mg/I lu gioi han

ch phe p d()i voi nuoi trong thuy san 0 vurig can chinh Hai Phong, ham IU<,1 g d~1Urat cao thuo g 1,2-3,2 mg/I Khu cong nghiep v rung 0,6-1,8mg/1

6 vung bien don n m Cat Ba, h m luong d u thuong dat 0,35 rng/ c

khi 0,7 mg/1 6 khu b i tarn D c) Son thuong O,3-0,H mg/I, nhie u khi tren 1

mg/I, tharn c i c6 nhung dip da u t00 yang day hoac sa n phrim hac in tr oi barn day bai, 6 vinh H'<; Long, phC) bien ham luong 0,05-0,3 mg/l va c6 toi

1 ,9% truo g h p vU<.Hchi tie u du lich 0,3 mg/J [1,2,4, ]0]

6 nhiern d u co tinh ph ri bien, d u Ian vao eel C { I C khu darn nuo i, b rn

187

Tai nguyen vii M{ji truirng bien T(lp III - J 996

vao la su vet va ngdrn V~lO nen tram tich day, nhie u eho dat 0,3-0,6 mg/1 00 garn dat kho 6 nhiern dau da gay hai cho canh quan, sinh thai, nghe ca,

du ljch [8]

- Tre n thuc te, moi tr uong nuoc khu vue chua bi () nhiern kim loai nang (Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Hg, As ) V~I ham luong con thfip hon tieu chua cho phep nhie u Jan Tuy nhien, c1 sat C{IC khu chat thai rno than, da rhay bieu hien 0 nhiern kirn loai nang Rierig Zn c6 bieu hien 0 nhiern van rnua he

o Hai Phong, Cac hoa chat tru sau (DDT, Lindane, ) cung elm c1 ham luong rat thap, chua gay 0 nhiern nhung da co bieu hien ta p trung Cung chua xac djn h thay bie u hien () nhiern phong xa

- Qua xern xe t cac yeu t6 BODs, COD va DO cho thay ve co ban, rnoi

tr uong nude yen hien Quang Ninh va Hai Phung chua bj () nhiern v~t chat huu co Tuy nhien, co the khang dinh 0 nhiern huu co cue he) () nhieu diem yen bo d muc dt) cao Ha u het cac gia trj BODs~ COD dell nho hnn 5mg/ song nhieu noi sat cac diem dan cu yen hi) dat 15-25mg/1 Rieng dc)i voi vinh H ~ ILong, c c gia tr] BODs, COD k h cao, dat 4-5 mg/ va bieu hien

o nhiern huu co nhe Die u nay the hien c ' 1 ham luong DO kha thfip (') tan

day (khong qua Sml/I) [2]

6 nhiern coliform 13.hie n tuorig kha phd bien II khu vue, rat nhieu noi chi s6 coliform da t tren 1non MNP/1 00 ml (vuot muc cho phe p) Khoang

20% so mau II vinh H~ Long () nhiern coliform, co m{lU gap 4-6 I a n chi tieu cho phep- Coliform lien quan tdi nhiern ban do chat thai sinh hoat yen c { IC khu dan cu [2]

- Due hoa vung nude co xu hunng tang ro ret trong nhung n [ IITI gan day lam giarn chat lunng nuoc anh huc1ng den du lich, han che quang hop cua thuc vat noi va lam chet san ho Dc) duc tang f( ) ret V ~ \() mua mua c1 khu vue dong nam Cat B~I (10-30 g/rn"), vinh Ha Long (30-g7g/m3) Co nhieu nguyen nhan tang dc) due nude nhu chat pha r img thuong nguon lam tang xoi men, chat pha rung ngap man gay xoi Ic 1yen bd, dao kenh, dap d p

lam thay dcii cau true dong chay cua song do bun, n~LOvet luorig c ang (2-3

tr ie u m3/nam (~cang Ha i Phong), khai rno, hoat dong cua t~1U thuyen qua

la i [g, 10]

III X()I LO HO HAl vA SA BOI LU()NG, HE :N

1 X()i Icj

Xoi III hi) bai yen bo Hai Phong - Quang Ninh, chu yeu la cac nguyen

188

Tii i nJ.:ll y n vii M 6 i truirn g bi en T (Lp II I - 1 96

nhan tv n ie n Tu nhie n, tro g nhie u tru n hQP eu the eo lie q an d n

Chat pha ru g ngf,ip ma gny tang c o g xo i 1(1 ca c bai trie la hie n

t u n ph r i bien c1ca Hili P ho n v Qua g Ninh Ria cac hai trie c o thuorig

hi xo i 0,5-2 m/n rn, q a nhi e u n am lam mat di m o t die t ic h d n ke Ngoai

xoi IA ngan d n trieu va nude rnua k i hcii can, trie u rut dft bao mo n ha

man hi c at pha lam mat di hue tuo g c an song ho de

K hai t hac c[ t x 5 Y d Vn g Iam h fli x ()i 1(')de ke hi huY h m, t hUo ng t hay (1

khu ven d Vinh Qua g, Ba g La, D unng 1 v a Phu Lo g ( H ai P h ng ).

Moi noi, moi nga h ng chuc, h ng tram 1113cat hi lay di 6 Tra Co (Qua g

Ninh) truce day, viec khai thac sa khoan sat - ttan curig an h h ong den

xoi Ii) bai

Xoi IA b i va d k e xung yeu (1 tuyen Ba g La ( H a i Pho g) c lien 'qu n

d n mat nguon h()i tic do son Da DO, son San hi ch n dap bien thanh

h o chua nude Xoi Ie')bo A tuyen de xung yeu duorig 1 , chu yeu d quai

de (van narn 1979-] 9g1) qua nhanh so voi toc d(} boi t u c a h, 1~1I11rut

ngan trac die n ngan ho Qua trinh xoi I i ) xay ra chu yeu de tao ruc dien

din b n moi [9]. Xoi Ii) la d n tai bie p r i bie c d i ven he') Hai Phorig

- Quang Ninh, lam mat d t d i de doa de ke can dune qua tam dung

muc

2 Sa bCl

Sa h i ven hie mo rOn!? dat dai ra phia bien Nhung d(ji voi giao tho g

- ding, sa ht)i luorig h n la dang tai hie nghiern trong [4, 7]

Clng Hai Phung nhieu na rn truck day HI cang Ion nhat Viet Naill Tro g

s u t nhun g n rn 20-30 c ang chi nat vet m(')i n rn I trie m ' bun cat 1l1~1

van duy t ri du n e lu o g sa u 6-7 m ch ta va n ta r a vao De nay, khrii JUQog nao vet tren duoi 3 trieu m3 ma chi duy tri dune luong sau 4-51ll va

tau v n tan khorig ra V~ \() ca n duoc Sa h i lutmg cang co n uyen n fi n tv

nh;~n, nhung c in cac hoat d(mg kinh te del gfly sa boi nhung luo g vdi

kha'i luong Io (1d~1I1gt u tu hoac d t bie Sau day la mo t vai vi du:

- Luo ng nude son Carn tan len t ir 8-9krn3/n m vao nhung n m 196()-1961 tha nh ]2,9 k m' van narn ]99], luong bun cat ta g tu 2 tr ieu

tiinlnfliTI th nh 3,6 tr i.-u tan/n 1ll, Ngoui pha rung th orig ngunn, chinh viec

c T l o s tm g Moi nri son Va Uc voi son Luoc van narn 1934 dci lam song

189

Tal nguy e n vii M6i truirng bien T(Lp III - 1996

Thai Binh tan dan va nude, bun cat song Cau don ve song Cam gay sa hoi

- Van thoi Phap thuoc vung trieu cao su vet Hai Phong - Yen Hung

su vet hi khai hoang nong nghiep, 14.500 ha bien thanh dam nuoi v chi

- Vie c dap d~p Din h Vu (1979-19Rl) da gfty sa htli dot hit~n lubng VaG

uon cong king dan, tao lach phu, ngung ken dan den sa boi tfun tron

su phat trien cua thanh pho Hai Pho ng co rang Bai hoc ve d r Dinh Vu

that qua dat [ 4 , Y].

IV N(;' : \P Ll ) T vA NH1EM M~N

Tiii nguyen va Moi truirng bien Tap III - 1996

qua

song yen bien [6]

g a p.

" I

su dung dune

v. RltN D~NG CANH QlJAN vA HUv HOM cAc Ht: : SINH THAI vA BAT NG~P NUOC

191

Tai nguyen vii M6i truirng hi€ ' n T(lp III • J 996

hoac ngot hoa vung ng~lp nunc, t{IC dong thuong nguon (chat pha rung,

nghe o k ho yen bie n, sa n he ) chi en gi<i trj duy nhflt 1~1IO<;1ithuong ph am co

e(lng dtmg quy gia

VI KHAI THAC, I>ANH HAT QUA MUC vA nuv nrsr M()I SIN H LAM SUY GIAM N(;U()N L(H

corig CI,I V~I phuong tie ky thuat da nh hat I~ICh(IU, them V~1Od(), su ha

u in ve nguo n h.~i thuy sa n xu'fit khau co gia tri cao, vung yen bo tre') nen

192

Tui ngu ye n vii Mlii truirng bi e T(Ip III • 19Y6

khi d san luo g dan hat giarn ]3% Die u n y ch thay I11UCsuy gi3111

curig rat giarn 6 cac h n ca (vi du, Cat hai Cat Ba ) co the thtiy duoc

mot khdi luo g dan k ca d nh hilt chi co gia trj lam thuc an gia sue, vi

d i tuong danh b t con non nho, d dung 6) mat luni qua nho Ngoai mat

d d nh h t cao , cac ngu C ll dnh h t nhu x rn, day, luoi vui d d nh b t

moi dt)i tuo g, kich c<\ lam can kiet nguo girin , d doa kha na ng tai t< ; 10

tai n uyen Cung vni viec pha rung ng?p man V~I nuoi trorig quarig canh

q a muc ven hi ) dan den mat din hang sinh tha mat no: cu tr u, sinh de

va ngub cung cap dinh duong, su 0 nhie m moi truorig cung g p phh dac

luc s y giarn n uo n IQi

Ng y haiV~I kha c p h n la cac hinh thuc da nh bat va huy diet nguon

1 1iva moi sinh kha p o bie nhu rnin, thuoc me, dien cao a'p Viec dao

boi, cay xdi ran sun ho khai thac nguo IQi cung xao tro moi tr uorig song

Ngoai n uon loi torn ca giarn, mot so loa i ca kinh te co nguy CO bie

mat, nhie loai d~lc san sinh vat q y hiern nhu bao ngu, trai ngo , tom hum,

hoc hi s y giam nghiern tro g, n u n lQi d ng mat drill. D() la ket qua cua

khai thac qua rnuc, quan ly tai n uye v 1110itruong long leo va sue e

rat manh cua da n sci ta g

V II NHl f NG Ix·ilKH AN G LQI icn TRONG PHAT TRIEN KINH TE

La vung ven bien co vi the thuan 1 i,tai nguye n thie n nhie n phorig phu

va dC1dang, () Ha i Phori • Quang Ninh phat trien nhieu ngunh kinh te rnui

nho n Tu n ie n, gi1 cac huong phat trien kinh te dci xuat hie.n nhung drii

c o ngan kia nhie u h n la tranh chap giua chung ve tai nguyen v kh6 g

gian Duoi dfly HI nhung d n d i khang co ban <1khu vue,

hU(1ng de sinh vUt va n u n lQi thuy sari, lam giam san ItlC.\ng nuoi trb g

va d nh bat Giao thon can c n lam due vung nuoc (nao vet, d() bun,

tau thuyen qua Ii)i ) anh huo g d n ca ran sa n ho va d dan sinh h c