Theo ong, nen dan tri hua h�n duqc nhung gi cho tlidng lai la tuy thu¢c vao yeu to quyet dinh: tinh than trach nhi�m cua nhung ngu6'i cong dan doi voi c¢ng dong.. Rameau, chu khong con
Trang 5ALEXIS DE TOCQ!JEVILLE � � � , VA S{JTRAM TUVE NEN DAN TRl
"JI Jard w1c $Cicncc politiqw: nouvelle ,i w1 mondc tout nouveau" ( Can c6 m¢t khoa h9c chinh tri mc:1i m�
cho m9t the gic:1i hoan toan ml1i)
A.d Toc,1ucv1/Ic:(1)
I
Tacgia cua b¢ sach do SQ "Ne'n dan trjlv1y" ( 1835/ 40)
- du'Q'C Ph;µn Toan day c6ng dich sang tieng Vi¢t - la m¢t
1 A d Tocqueville: NJn dti11 trf M_v1De la Democrarle en Amerique,
2 �p, ijp I, Leri n6i <tiu., 1835, tr 62 (nguyen ban ti�ng Phap, G F Flammarion, Paris, 1981 ) Chung toi theo each dich cua dich gia Ph;,un Toan: - democratie: nEn dan tri; -dcmocratique: dan chu
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nL1i noi tieng cua clju thu tu'ong Anh Churchill rang nen dan tri la "hinh thuc nha nu'o'c toi nhat neu khong ke m9i hlnh thuckhac!" da duqc Tocqueville dljbao tuhdn mot tram nioi nam tni6'c!
Chang cong tu quy t9c Tocqueville da phat hi�n ra
rang: nen dan tri la hinh thuc xa hoi (etat social) duy nhat
kha huu cua thoi hi�n d.J.i Neu cac nha tu' tu'ong the ky
XVIII con xem nen dan tri la mot hinh thuc cai tri hen
dan tri co d<;1i, thi Tocqueville hieu nen dan tri tni6'c het
la mot hi�n tu'qng xa hoi pho bien D�c diem khu bi�t cua
xa hoi dan chu la su' binh dang cua nhung die'u ki¢n (egalite
• des conditions) Ong hieu do la
A d Tocqueville
mot tien trinh baa dam cu'dng
vi cong dan va slj binh dang ve
Cd hoi cha m9i nguoi M¢t each logic, chu quyen cua nhan dan
va slj binh dang ve cac quyen chinh trj la thu¢c ve "lo<;1i hinh
ly tu'ong" cua mot "etat po1itique"
each tiep c�n ay, nhat la voi slj
phan bi�t giua linh vljc xa h9i va 1Inh vljc chinh trj (etat
social/ etat politique), Tocqueville c6 can cu de nh�n di�n
va xac djnh thu9c tinh "dan chu" cha c¢ng dong nao dam baa du'qc quyen tham gia cong khai, khong h<;1n che cua m9i cong dan vao cac vi tri kinh te xa h¢i va chinh ttj Nhu' the, dan tri la "khai ni�m gi6'i hq.n" de phan bi�t voi cac hinh thuc cai ttj khac trong Uch SU
Trang 9rnv \DVI ,n IRlll IIY\ • I I
Tocqueville thu¢c ve nhung ngu6'i khong tin rang ban than nen dan tri co the giai quyet duqc het mQi van
de o day, theo loi noi quen thu¢c hi�n nay, ong thay ca m�t sang Ian m�t toi, thay thach thuc, nguy Cd lan Cd hQi Theo ong, nen dan tri hua h�n duqc nhung gi cho tlidng lai la tuy thu¢c vao yeu to quyet dinh: tinh than trach nhi�m cua nhung ngu6'i cong dan doi voi c¢ng dong Tu
do, ong dJt ra hang lo4t van de dang con nong bong tinh tho'i sv:
- N en m4nh d4n thvc hi�n nen dan trt den dau?
- Lam sao hqp nhat sv tham gia cua to.in dan voi theche chinh tri d4i di�n?
- Xa h¢i hi�n d4i dung trlioc nguy Cd nao khi sv tho'
d 1 tinh phi chfnh tri Va XU hliong quay tro' Ve voi CUQC
song rieng tli ( ong gQi la "chu nghia ca nhan") ngay cang gia tang trong nhan dan?
- Lam sao can doi duqc moi quan h� giua nha nlioc
va kinh te, giua ca nhan va
xa h¢i; hay noi each khac,
giua tv do va binh dang?
Cac cau hoi day thach
thuc ay dang la moi b�n tam
hang dau cua nhieu nha ly
lu�n chinh tri hi�n nay tren
the gioi, chang h�n ndi John
Rawls, Norberto Bobbio va
J iirgen Habermas
Tocqueville con la ke
Trang 45TRO CHDY(N TRIIT HOC + 47
(xem Toan t<J,p Beaumont, V, 433) Ten g9i ay ngt:i y nhung gi, th�t kh6 ly giai Ve h�t nhan "tl.j do" trong tu hidng cua ong, ong khong khac may v6'i nhungJ Locke, Adam Smith, Benjamin Consl:ant hay J S Mill Nhung, theo ong, y chi ca nhan cung phai tudng hqp v6'i lQ'i ich
"dich thtjc" cua quoc gia, trong chung ml.jc d6, ong l.�i tan thanh Rousseau trong vi�c bien nha "bourgeois" ( hi san) ich ky thanh "citoyen" ( cong dan) hu6'ng den lQ'i ich chung M<)t m�t, la nha tl.j
do, ong thua nh�n thuyet
duy ly cua phong trao Khai
minh, nhung m�t khac I�
khong qua tin c�y vao ly
tinh con nguoi, nhat la lo�
ly tinh cong C\1 bat chinh trj
Va xa hQi phai ph\LC � cho ;;
kinh te Ong mong muon
rang: ly tinh va ban na.ng,
tin va biet, binh dang va hj
do phai duQ'c ket hQ"p I� voi
nhau Nhuv�y, neu tom tat
m9t each tho thien, c6 the
7iiii
cho rang m\LC tieu cua Tocqueville la: d�t quan ni�m hj do cua Montesquieu tren nen tang dan chu cua Rousseau va bao dam an toan cho m\LC tieu ay bang Sl.j hien minh cua Pascal<1> Ong khong c6 cao v9ng nhu Hegel, Marx hay
1 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) n6i ti�ng v6i y tuong "danh cu9c" (le pari pascalien) cua long tin vao Sl! t6n t:,ii cua Thuqng d� Tocqueville: c6 dire tin ton giao thi "con ngucri dugc nhi�u nh�t va
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� u_a la mot tin vui cho b<;1n dQc ntio'c nha, nhat la
�ho nhfing ai van yeu thich nen van h6a va van hQC Phap voi cac danh tac cham biem tinh te, sac sao
- va ca tinh quai - cua nhfing Moliere, La Bruyere,Voltaire khi Chau ong Rameau, mot ki�t tac doc daocua Denis Diderot duQ'c GS Phung Van Tuu gioi thi�u
va, Ian dau tien, dich sang tieng Vi�t Tac pham "dqc
dao" cave ha phudng di�n: so ph�n long dong cua n6;cac ngg y ham ho, da nghfa ndi cac "nhan v�t"; va anhhu6'ng m�nh me den bat ngo CUa no doi VOi CUOC thaolu�n ve "bi�n chung cua khai minh" tu dau the ky XIXcho den "tam thuc hq,u-hifn dC:Zi" ngay nay Bai viet sauday xin g6p them may y nho ve gia tri tu tu6'ng vancon ttidi mo'i CUa tac pham, Sau khi dtiQ'C may man lamot trong nhfing nguoi dau tien thuong thuc ban djchtuy�t voi nay
Trang 5658 • BUI VAN NAM SON
ngtjc ta c6 hai linh hon cung c l ', Faust) Trang moi con nguoi deu c6 chat Faust va chat Mephisto nhu la hai m�t
J.P Rameau ( 1683-1764 ),
nha so�n nh�c lon nhat cua
mtoc Phap thoi Baroque
cua thvc the nguoi Ca hai tinh chat luon la doi tr9ng
va lvc tac d9ng nguQ'c l�i trong qua trinh con nguo'i truong thanh trong bi lqch H�n tu trung gioi o day la
"Chua Tr6'i", cha phep hai cai doi cljc tlj do hanh d9ng
va giu vai tro cua y thuc quan sat, phe phan nhli la nguoi "luQ'c tr�n" truoc slj xung d9t giua "chinh de" va
"phan de" trong cac "nghich
Trang Chau ong Rameau,
"Han" va "Toi'' ( "Rameau"
va "ong triet gia") la c�p doi l�p, con "N gu6'i dan chuy�n" lam h�n tu trung gi&i Ba ma la m9t, m9t ma la ba, giong nhu "ban tinh troi chay" cua CUQC song! Nhung, Rameau ("Han") la Rameau, chu khong ( con) phai la chang Werther eo la cua Goethe luon "kh6 so" voi chinh minh, cung khong ( con) phai la "ong nghe" Faust cao ng�o luon b�n tam den vi�c "hi�n thljc h6a" ca nhan minh giua dong do'i O trQC Rameau baa: "toi chiu dljng de
dang hdn tinh tr�ng tam thu6'ng cua toi" (I) V oi nh�n xet ay, Rameau da o vao m9t tam the khac, th�m chi,
1 Cac trich dfrn la tu ban djch cua GS Phung Van Tim
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"ToN TAI"VA "DAN THAN":
SU lau dai va phuc t�p ctia n6, tlju trung la nhung each tiep nh�n va dien giai khac nhau ve di san tu tuong Hy
La V oi doi chut m�o hiem, m9t cai nhin sd luQ'c ve nguon goc tu nguyen ctia khai ni�m "nhan ban" c6 the cho thay manh moi ve cac d�c trung ban dau ctia n6 Tu
La tinh humanus ("thuc;,c ve con nguoi", "tinh nguoi",
"nhan ban", "nhan van" ) duong nhuc6 quanh�vdi tu
homo ("con nguoi") va vdi tu "humus" ("dat", "cat bt,1i")
de chi nhung "st;t v�t tran gian" tudng phan vdi than
Trang 67TRO CHUY(N TRlrT HOC • 69
linh ( tu Hebrd "adam"/" con nguoi" cfing c6 nguon goc
tu "adamah"/"dat") Tu chfi humus, ta c6 tu humanus ("tran the") va humalitas ("due khiem ton, khiem h,t)
Tu chfi homo, ta c6 tu humanitas Tho4t dau, humanitas
c6 nghia la slj nhan tu, hien dju, tlidng phan voi thu v�t hung du Vl con nguoi la yeu
duoi, la "hfiu the thieu than" va
chju dau kho, hQ can den slj
doan ket, tinh nguoi va slj
khoan dung "Due khiem h4" d
day khong huong len than linh
de cau giai th oat, cuu d(> cho
bang huong ve con nguoi, voi
nhfing hfiu h4n cua kiep nguoi
M�t khac, tuy yeu duoi hdn thu
v�t, con nguoi c6 the dung len
tren thu v�t Dieu h9 can c6 va
se tro' thanh ban tinh thu hai
cua h9, d6 chinh la van h6a "Nhan each" hay pham gia cua con nguoi chi c6 the c6 duqc khi con nguoi vlidn
len khoi the gioi tl;i nhien va thu v�t Tu sl;i dong dang voi thu v�t d trong tl;i nhien, van h6a giup nay sinh tinh
ca nhan, tinh ljch su, slj tl;i quyet va sl;i binh dang
nghia voi long nhan tu, nhan ai, vua la van h6a, giao dvc, Slj trliong thanh Va chat }uqng CUQC song
Hai d�c diem neu tren :xuyen suot Heh SU cua thuyet nhan ban, nhung luon duqc neu tro' }4i va <lien giai l4i, nhat la sau nhfing CUQC chien tranh Ion hay nhfing bien
Trang 8082 • B01 VAN NAMSdN
v�t nham t�p trung di tim "ban chat" cua chung
The nhung, Heidegger khong xem con nguoi va slj hi�n huu Cua con nguoi la mgc tieu toi h�u Cua Slj nghien cuu, trai l�i, nghien cuu ve con nguoi chi la m<;>t buoc t�p duQ't (Vorubung) de thtjc slj hieu duQ'c cai ma Heidegger g9i la "Ton t�i" Diem xuat phat la m<;>t hinh thuc nhat dinh cua Ton t�i, do la Dasein cua con nguoi, va do la diem xuat phat tat yeu va duy nhat kha huu, nhung chi la phudng ti�n ho trQ' de hieu "Ton t�i" la gi
Huong di d<;>c dao ay cua Heidegger khong con xuat phat tu slj v�t theo mo hinh truyen thong, trong do con nguoi cung duQ'c hieu nhu la" slj v�t", nhu la" d6i tliQ'ng" tren duong tim hieu Ton t�i, ma hoan toan nguQ'cl�i: can phai tien hanh mo ta, phan tich ve the each ton t�i hoan toan d�c bi�t cua con nguoi - voi nhung gl chi rieng co ndi con nguoi: y thuc, xuc cam, canh tr�ng, y huong, slj
UU tu, Slj lo au, SQ' hai , va xem tat ca nhung d�c diem ay
la chia khoa de hieu ve CUQC d6'i, ve the gioi Heidegger g9i do la "phan tich phap ve Dasein" hay "ban the h9c nen tang"
D6'i ngu6'i - tuc Dasein, hay slj hi�n huu cua con ngu6'i chung ta, nhu each noi cua Heidegger - chi thanh tlju, khi ta thljc slj na.m bat nhung kha the rieng bi�t nhat cua ta, thay vi de tan chay, tieu bien trong slj b�n r<;>n hang ngay, trong slj phgc tung hay xu tho'i m9t each VO tri, thieu suy xet, phan tinh ve tat ca nhung gi ta suy nghi
va hanh d<;>ng
Trang sljphan tich ve doi nguoi (Dasein), Heidegger
Trang 87TRO CHUY(N TRltt HOC • 89
biet "hanh xu" VOi the gioi, VOi CUQC doi Va VOi nhftng nguoi khac
Cai cho-minh chu yeu la "dv ph6ng" (projet)
Heidegger tung n6i ve cau true song doi "bi nem vao m(lt hoan canh" va "dv ph6ng" (Entwurf) nhu la d�c
diem cua Dasein V oi Sartre,
T 6n t<].i cua con nguoi la dv ph6ng ve chinh T 6n t<].i cua minh Con nguoi khong tieu bien trong cai hi�n ton,
ma luon dv ph6ng ve tu'.dng lai Con nguoi c6 nhung kha the, c6 sv Iva ch9n, c6 nang Ive tv phe phan, chu khong ddn gian tv dong nhat voi chinh minh nhu cai tl.j-minh
Martin Heidegger cua sv v�t Nho dau ma cai
cho-minh c6 duqc nang Ive
dv ph6ng? Theo Sartre, d6 la nho cai hu VO nhu' la lo
hong trong slj day d�c cua ton tq.i, giai ph6ng kha the va
sv tlj do cua con nguoi 0 day, Sartre tiep thu d¢ng tu
"hu vo h6a" ( nichten/ aneantir) cua Heidegger Khi cai cho-minh hu6'ng den tu'.dng lai bang dl;t ph6ng ( vien tu'.qng, ke hoq.ch, cho dqi, hy v9ng ) , n6 "hu VO h6a" chinh qua khu cua minh, bay gio da bi h<] thap xuong thanh cai tv-minh (vo kha the) N6i khac di, ta luon c6 nhung Iva ch9n khac Ta c6 the the nay ho�c the khac, Iva ch9n lam ho�c khong lam Kha the cua sv phu dinh, Cua vi�c "n6i khong" tq.O nen SV tV do cua ta Khong CO
Trang 9698 + BUI YAN NAM SON
bang each vuqt qua tinh chu the/ chu quan, tim thay cha d\ia trong cai gi d6 kha bi nhi�m, duqc ong gQi la "Ton t�i" "Ton t�i" tuy khong phai la than linh, khong phai la nen m6ng cua the gi6'i nhu trong ban the h9c - than h9c
qtu truyen, nhung van la cai gi gqi cho ta cam tr�ng kinh
Jean Paul Sartre
m9, quy hu6'ng N en sieu hinh h9c ve tinh chu the cai bien the gi6'i bang khai ni�m Va ml.)C dfch cua con nguoi, lam bien d�ng Ton t�i khien con nguoi lang quen Ton t�i va bi Ton t�i roi bo ( Seinsvergessenheit),
m9t tu tuo'ng c6 le hoan toan xa I� v6'i the gioi quan ljch su cua SartreC 1 >
Vi the, theo Heidegger, ban than khai ni�m "thuyet
1 Co nhi�u y ki�n tan thuong khai ni�m "Hing quen T6n 4ii/va bi T6n 4}i rm bo" (Seinsvergessenheit) cua Heidegger, nhung cung co y ki�n phe phan, xem do la XU huong thoai bQ, phan ly tinh, phan van minh, phan hi�n d�i (Dirk Mende: "La thu vJ "thuyit nhan ban" VJ cac tin d1:t cua triit h9c h{iu kj; vJ Tfm tt;zi!Brief iiber "den Humanismus "
Zu den Metaphem der spiiten Seinsphilosophie Trong Dieter Thoma ( chu bien): Heidegger Handbuch Metzler Verlag Stuttgart 2003, tr 255) ho�C thu h�p khong gian Cua Sl,l tl,l tri, Sl,l tl,l ban bf> quy l�t Cua hanh d(mg con ngum, n�u "quy l�t" (nomos) dm;rc ban than T6n 41i
"ban cho" (nhu m<)t Sif biin) (Jurgen Habermas, Diin ngon tridt h9c
vJ Hi¢n dt;zi/Der philosophische Diskurz der Modeme, Frankfurt/M
1985, tr 185) Heidegger, ngay trong La thu, da dv doan tru6c phan irng nay va canh bao vi�C rut ra nhfrng h� }� ("chi th�y Sl,l phu nh�n, tieu Cl,lC cua "chu nghla hu vo") UI tu tuong cua 6ng.
Trang 1001 02 • BUI VAN NAM SON
NGlfiiT DitN PH!T
M�t troi co khuon m�t Ph�t; m�t trang co khuon
m�t Ph�t / Ngay ngay g�p Ph�t; Thang thang g�p Ph�t! "Thong di�p tam linh" ay ve slj hoa h<Jp giua tran canh va dq,o tam den tu cung mc;>t tac gia cua The' gi6'i quanh ta moi day (NXB Da Nang, 2006), mc;>t t�p sach gom nhung bai viet ve "the Sl ( cua m9t tj giao SU chinh tri h9c lao luy�n va sac sao tu Paris Duoi ngoi but tai hoa d�c sac cua tac gia, "khoa hQc chinh tr( v6n qic ky phuc t4p da tro' nen mem m4i va day tinh nhan ban cua m9t tac pham van chudng chinh tri la nho tam nhin va tam long cua m9t nguoi tri thuc ma dinh nghia ve no da tro' nen noi tieng: "tri thuc la nguoi lam nhung vi�c chang an nh�p gi den h9" (s'occupe de ce qui ne le regarde pas", J P Sartre) "T�i sao hQ XO ro vao nhung chuy�n kh6ng lien quan gi den hQ nhu v�y? Ay la t�i vi hQ XO ro vao chinh chuy�n cua h9 Chuy�n kh6ng phai cua hQ ma hQ thay la cua h9 Cai thay do lam hQ tro thanh tri thuc"
Trang 102104 • BUI VAN NAM SON
vinh h�nh, nhu'ng l�i bu<)c minh phai co di toi, phai co nguoc len!
Tnioc het ve nhan de t�p sach Anh da dv tinh cha
no m<)t cai ten: "Nhin Trang" Nhan de hay, tho m<)ng, gqi tu'ong, nhu'ng cac nha lam sach e kho ban, vi nguoi dQC thu'ong thich "mua" m<)t cai gi "Cl,l the"! Thi chQn
"Thay Ph(l,t" v�y, vi do cung la nhan de cua m<)t bai trong t�p Anh hoan hi chap nh�n de nghi, du ai nay deu thua biet anh tran tr9ng chu nghia den muc nao: "h9c m9t cha trong sach thi thau ri5 m9t cha, nhin cha ay trong sv v(l,t
tru6'c mat de' thau ri5 them, va
ap d1;tng cha ay vao dai, song v6'i no" (Tt;ing nguai quet chua tren nui Tuy Van)
Chu con de ta "song voi" chu dau phai chi de "d9c" ! Nhu' the, "Nhln trang" hay
"Thay Ph�t" dau co gi khac nhau? M<)t hlnh anh quen thu<)c nhung tuy�t d�p trong Kinh chqt hi�n trong dau toi hie ay: "Hoa khai kien Ph�t ngQ VO sinh" Th�t 1� lung, hoa n6', hoa tan la VO thu'ong, sao 1� "ng<)" du'qc trong ay le VO sinh va cont� mat thay duqc Ph�t nua?
Sau khi yen tam trao dua con tinh than vao tay m<)t nguoi co thua long yeu sach va quy chu la nha van Phan Thi Vang Anh, Anh quay l�i toi, bao: "Nho Son viet may loi gioi thi�u cho t�p sach ! " Troi oi, sao toi dam nh�n?
