Hai cha con vo hinh trung d\lng den m9t trong nhung cau hoi quan tn;ing nhat va cung nhuc dau nhat cua triet h9c: cai gi kha bien, cai gi bat bien?. Ta kinh nge;K tl,t' hoi: triet h9c ba
Trang 9TRO CHUY!N TRlrT HOC + 13
Triet gia Hegel bao rang ta van co the ho hap va tieu hoa
Trang 13TRO CHUYfN TRl(T HOC + 17
CHiBANPHd
MOI LAQ!JAN PHO?
khong dong y VO'i nhau: ngLYO'i cha muon chi tiep tt,JC ban phO' th6i; ngLYO'i Con, CO OC nang d9ng, muon bo sung them may mon diem tam nU'a NhLYng, "bo sung" t&i mU'c d9 nao th) quan phO' van con la quan ph&?
Hai cha con vo hinh trung d\lng den m9t trong nhung cau hoi quan tn;ing nhat va cung nhuc dau nhat cua triet h9c: cai gi kha bien, cai gi bat bien? Cai gi lam nen ban chat cua m9t S\i v�t? Triet h9c, tu thoi co d�i, cung xuat phat tu kinh nghi�m doi thu'ong: cai cay van la cai cay du mua thu lam r\lng la Ch�t cai cay t6'i muc nao thi no van c6 the hoi sinh? Cua t�n g6c thl tuy van con b9 re nhung khong con la cai cay nua Cai cay da bi pha huy t�n "ban the" cua no
Con nguoi cung v�y Xem l�i tam anh hie tuoi tho, ta
Trang 1822 + BUIHN KAM IOH
SOCRATES VA
.NGHE THUAT DOI THOAI
A
0 ng la ngll'O'i thay cua phll'O'ng phap lam triet hQC Va
khoa h9c HO'n the, 6ng la tll'Q'ng dai lam li�t cua nhan each: nhan each cua ngll'O'i trf thll'c dfch thl!c V�y la, ngay tlf buoi b1nh minh cua triet hQC, phll'O'ng Tay da dU'Q'C thU'a hll'D'ng hai baa v�t VO gia: each lam triet hQC va each song triet hQC
Ba trong mot: lri lhuc, nha nhan quyen, lriel gia
Socrates (khoang 4 70 - 399 tntoc Cong nguyen) con nha ngheo: cha lam do g6m, m� la ba mlJ Nghe cua m� (va chac ciing cua cha nua) thu'ong du'Q'c vi v6'i phong each song cua ong: lam ngu'oi "do de" va hun due cho vi�c di tim chan
ly HQC van uyen bac va da tung la mc)t chien binh dung cam,
Trang 23TRO CHUY(N TRl(T HOC + 27
HAY HOA HONG?
ban cua triet h9c: ban chat va ban the, nhU'ng chU'a chi
da thay roi mu! M6i ngLI'ai tra lai m9t phach, ma toan la nhfrng dau oc thU'Q'ng dang ca! Ta kinh nge;K tl,t' hoi: triet h9c ban nhCi'ng chuy�n g, the va t�i sao ban mai khong
ung dung tiep tl;JC XO( t&i
Cai d� con lrong rong
Cau hoi lc}.i chfnh la cd h9i de n6 tro lc}.i v6'i chinh "ban chat" cua minh: tlj-phan tu Co nhieu chuy�n de "t1;t-phan tu� tl;t soi l.,ii chinh minh lam: Triet h9c ban chuy�n gi? Ban nhu the nao? Tc}.i sao l�i ban? Ai ban? Cac d�c diem cua tu duy triet
h9c la gi? Ta khong the di tiep neu tru'oc het khong "t\t van"
nhfing dieu ay da Hom nay, xin thu ban dieu thu nhat: triet
Trang 27TRO CHUY!N TRlfl HOC + 31
-CAN BIETVA-CAN NGHI
OQC tham di/ giO' ra chO'i cua "ngU'O'i ke chuy�n" Bui Van Nam SO'n, nhan ti�n 6ng se co d6i lai trao doi cung
"ngU'O'i ham m(>" ve nhU'ng y kien da nh�n dU'Q'C
Thtia b�n d9c quy men,
kha nhieu b�n dQC quan tam, khuyen khich, gop Y, trao doi M9t sl,t an ui cho nguoi viet, nhung cung bu()c nguoi viet co trach nhi�m thu'a ro hdn nu'.a ffil.]C dich de khong 1�m dl.]ng thi gio va slj r9ng hiQ'ng cua b�n d9c
Th�t thich thu Va biet dn bq.n Nguyen Van Ha da lam h9
Trang 31TRO CHUY!H TRlfT �OC + 35
PLATON VA VItc THUC HIEN Y TUONG
V&i Platan, y ni�m mc;inh han thl!C t9i, v1 no dinh h1nh
thl/C tc;3i Pham chat df ch thl!C Va vi�n kien CO can CU'
la baa boi cha m9i Sl/ U'ng XU' 06 la thong di�p then chat nhat ma 6ng danh cho h�u the
Dll ngon hang dijng
Cac tu nhan bi tr6i ch�t trong hang d¢ng, mat chi dtiQ'C
gioi hq.n vao vach hang truoc m�t Sau lung h9 la m9t dong lua, giua dong lua va nh6m tu nhan la nhung v�t the dtiQ'c giu'.ong cao qua lq.i de hat bong len Va.ch dong Cac tu nhan khong the thay dong lua va nhung slj v�t ay, va, theo thoi
Trang 3640 • BUI VAN NAM m
KHUNGCU'AHEP HAY CON DUONG
VVONGGIA?
Triet h9c CO the la m9t Slf mi;W hiem, nhLI'ng QC m9a
hiem khong thoi chU'a phai la d9ng ll!C chu yeu Ngll'O'i XU'a baa rang triet h9c bat dau VO'i Slf kinh ng9c Triet h9c hi�n d9i lc;ii cha rang no bat dau v&i nhfrng kinh nghi�m kho dau, nghi nga, tuy�t v9ng, sq hai
Lam the nao?
len dau Chua Giesu de che nh.;io Ngai truck khi hanh hinh Hinh anh nay cung con co nghia: sl,i vinh quang nao cfrng phai tra gia bang noi thong kh6 !
Triet hc;,c cung luon bi che nh�o: neu doi tuc;ing ala no la "tat
Trang 4044 • BUI HH HAM rnH
.-
PROTAGORAS VA
Protagoras (490 - 420 trU'&c Cong nguyen)- sinh trU'&c
Socrates 20 nam - ky hQ'p dong thU'O'ng m9i hoa giao dvc v&i c�u h9c tro Euathlus: tra trU'&c m9t nU'a h9c phf, nU'a con l�i sau khi c�u cai thanh cong trU'O'C toa Euathlus rut Cl,JC that b9i, nen khong Chiu, thanh ly h9'p dong
Nhung ong thay Protagoras van cu ki�n doi c�u phai tra,
neu toa XU c�u thang, tuc hQ'p dong da duQ'c thl,tc hi�n ! C�u h9c tro ciing khong vua: "Neu toa XU thay thua, dudng nhien toi khong phai tra, neu toa XU thay thang, thi toi }q.i thua,
Trang 45TRO CHUY!N TRlfT HOC • 49
HAY DAM BIET!
'Khau hi�u' cua Sl/ khai minh la g1? Immanuel Kant(1724 - 1804) h6 len bang tieng Latinh: "Sapere aude!", "Hay dam biet!" Phai c6 gan nhU'the m&i thoat
ra dU'Q'C vong tu ham cua dO'i thU'O'ng Phai "dam" nhU' the m&i thoat ra kh6i Sl,J' kh6ng trU'6'ng thanh VI IU'O'i
va nhat LU'O'i VI ng�i nhU'c dau va nhat VI e sq quyen
uy cua ngU'O'i khac, cua ngU'O'i di trU'&c Tre con dU'O'ng nhien la chU'a trU'6'ng thanh, nhU'ng chf nh tre con la
ke dam biet hO'n ai het!
Tre con khong ngan ng.;ti hoi "la gi ?" va "t.;ti sao ?" luon mi�ng Chung muon di ra dang sau stJ v�t, muon biet can nguyen cua m9i stJ Nguo'i Ion thuo'ng nhat hdn tre con, 'nhu'ng, tat nhien, tinh vi hon
; Khoa h9c di tim nguyen nhan va djnh lu�t Nha khoa
C h9c CQ le chi neu lq.i nhung cau h6i cua tre con mc;,t each chi
Trang 5054 + BUI VAN NAM iON
ARISTOTELE S VA
Slf Q1JAN TRJ TRI THUC
Trang ljch SU' CO kim, khong CO ai tfch luy nhieu tri thll'C
trang thO'i d9i m1nh bang Aristoteles (384-322 tr CN) Khong chi tfch luy, ong con gop phan quyet djnh trang vi�c khai sinh ra chung Tri thll'c nhieu qua d§n t&i vi�c lam saa quan tri no Ngay nay, vi�c quan trj tri thll'c cang quan tr9ng va khong chi d�t ra cha cac cong ty, xf nghi�p ma cha tLI'ng ca nhan va ca xa h9i
Van de Ion nhat cua slj quan tri tri thuc la: nhung thong tin va slj ki�n chi thljc slj huu ich khi duQ'c d�t trong toan canh cua ffiQt nh�n thuc tong hQ'p, cua nhftng nhi�m Vl,l, ffil)C tieu cua nguoi SU d1:1ng Dau phai la thoi thuQ'ng khi trong hau het cac nu'.oc, nhung "think-tank" lien tl)C ra doi, khi ngay cang nhieu nhung to chuc, xi nghi�p thanh l�p b<) ph�n chuyen mon voi d.c chuc danh moi me ve quan tri tri thuc Quan tri tri thuc da tro' thanh m<)t phuo'ng phap quan ly h�
Trang 5458 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
KE DAI NAO
CUNG CAN MOT TRAT TV
M Qt nam cat, m(>t doa hoa Va m(>t noi nU'O'C khac
xao tr(>n hay them b&t Trai 19i, doa hoa la m(>t h� thong,
VI no gom nhieu b9 ph�n V�y, bat CO'm cGng la m9t h� thong? ThU'a khong, VI no thieu d�c diem thU' hai cua doa hoa: cac b9 ph�n phai dU'Q'C ket noi thanh m9t m9ng IU'&i, theo m9t cau tnk nhat djnh nao do
H� thong la m9t cai toan b(> moi me, hoan toan khac
Trong khi d6, noi nuoc la m9t h� thong mo: n6 trao doi nang lu'.Q'ng (nhi�t) lan chat li�u (hdi nu'.oc) voi moi tru'.c:fng chung quanh Khong c6 nhi�t, n6 khong bao gic:f soi Khong thoat hdi, n6 se no tung, nhu' so ph�n thu'.c:fng g�p cua nhung h�
h� thong, vi the, can c6 tu' duy h� thong!
Trang 5862 • BUI VAN NAM �ON
C6THU NGAN NAM
Cung chi tU' m9t hc;:1t mam
nho be thoi nhU'ng roi se com9t cay co tht,J ngh1n nam ho�c chi la m9t ch�u cue g9i la "vc;:1n th9" ma kh6ng qua noi m9t mua Chung khac nhau c:J tiem h,J'C dU'9'C t�p hQ'p Va trien khai: cac dieu ki�n ban dau giCi' vai tro quyet dinh Tfch luy tri thll'c va Sl/ quan tri tri thll'c cung na na nhU' the
Tro l�i voi Aristoteles (tramg 52) Sg quan tri tri thuc, theo ong, can ca hai dieu ki�n: kien thuc Cd ban lan thong tin c�p nh�t Tri thuc ly thuyet la dau vao, la Cd so cho vi�c tiep thu, phat trien nhung tri thuc moi va v�n dl;lng chung VaO Vi�C giai quyet nhung Van de cua CUQC song Khong CO tri thuc Cd ban thi m9i no h;rc ve sau se rat vat va, th�m chi VO b6, khong khac gi hoai cong cham b6n cho ffiQt hq.t mam eo u9t
Nam lo�i hinh tri thuc
I
Trang 6266 • BUI VAN NAM SON
Tu DUY VA Tu Do:
do la g1?11 da len m�mg CaU CU'U: ai biet, lam O'n cho m9t djnh nghTa ngan g9n gium! M9t hoi am: tU' duy ti/ do
la CU' t1m hieu the gi&i ma khong can theo quy tac nao het!
Co h6i l<J.i: Sao ky v�y? Tri loi: Ky gi dau? Phai tim hieu
da roi moi c6 quy tac chu!
Tu duy va tl,i do, l<J.i m9t cau chuy�n cua qua trung va con ga? Tl,i n6, m9i tu duy deu tl,i do, chi c6 dieu: trong th1,tc
te, n6 thtiong bi can tro' b6'i du thu the 11,ic: than quyen, the quyen va ca th6i quen cua ban than nguoi tu duy Tu duy nao ciing bi m(>t hoan canh nhat dinh gioi h<J.n n6, nhung tti duy triet h9c - it ra ve ban tinh va y htiong - bao gio ciing
la m(>t tu' duy tl,t do, tuc vti9't kh6i nhung ngt;tc tu tinh than M�c du ttidng doi Va huu h<J.n, nhurig tu' duy triet h9c la VO gioi h�n, vtiQ't b6 rao can, nghia la, t\i do tri�t de Sue m;,inh cua y chi va sue ffiq.nh cua tu' duy de thoat kh6i mQi cuong
Trang 6670 • BUI YAN NAM m
Bien djch: SIJ lhil hay ao giac?
Vao buoi binh minh cua tu tuong Tay phudng da c6 S\i xung d9t tri�t de giua hai each nhin Voi Heraklit (520 - 450 truoc Cong nguyen)J toan b(> th\fc t�i deu khong ngung bien doi: khong CO gi vfing ben, khong CO khoi dauJ khong CO ffi'LJC tieuJ khong co s\f ngung nghi "Nguoi ta khong the tam hai Ian trong m(>t dong song" la cau noi noi tieng cua ong, vi giua
Trang 7074 • BUI HK NAM �ON
DAU NHAT THIET
CO GHE Mdl NGOI DUdC!
f) QC bai "tlf duy h� thong" (Ke d9i nao cGng can m9ttr�t tl,J', trang 58), b9n dQc Le Tran Ngang gLI'i den nglfO'i viet cau h6i rat hay: "Nglfai ta thlfO'ng dung tl.l' "16i h� thong" d� chi nhfrng trt;JC tr�C trong quan ly dU' li�U hay quan trj mc;mg Ooi v&i nhfrng van de xa h9i b6'c xuc, cac van de thUQC Ve quan trj do thj, quan trj dat nlfO'C hay quan tri c6ng ty, nglfO'i ta hay quy ket nguyen nhan: do la
do loi h� thong!
Co quan h� nao khong giua phudng phap tu duy h� thong va loi h� thong? Va phudng phap tu duy h� thong trong triet h9c c6 giup ich gi cho vi�c khac phl,1c tinh tr<}ng loi h� thong neu tren?"
Thua b,;m, khong chi c6 quan h� ma con c6 quan h� rat m�t thiet giua phudng phap tu duy h� thong va loi h� thong,
Trang 75TRO CHUYfN TRl[J HOC + 79
Ht THONG:
COi CHUNG D1JT TAY!
Khong ai co the song ben ngoai nhCi'ng h� thong Chung
day d�c, bao phu va chi phoi cu9c song cua ta, tll' h� thong sinh h9c, h� thong tl/ nhien den h� thong xa h(>i TU' duy h� thong giup ta biet tuan thu nhCi'ng quy tac h� thong, cai thi�n nhCi'ng h� thong san co, phat trien cac h� thong m&i va phong tranh nhCi'ng loi h� thong tieu bieu
Ta de mac loi h� thong, VI ban than h� thong la m(>t con dao hai IU'O'i
Tu VO van nhung h� thong, ngu'.oi ta thu'.ong phan thanh
ba lo�i: h� thong tinh, h� thong dc)ng va m�ng lu'.oi
H� thong tinh du'.Q'C nhin nhu' cai gi dan trai trong khong gian voi nguyen tac to chuc rieng bi�t Ndi san pham nhan t�o ( vi d1,1: mc;,t xi nghi�p), nguyen tac to chuc nam ben
ngoai: nha doanh nghi�p ho�ch dinh va thanh l�p no Nhung
Trang 8084 • BUI m MAM IOH
SANG MAI xoA TOC THA THUYEN TA CHOI!
Khong h�n ma g�p, trong cac cau hoi b9n d9c g&i den
cha toi nhieu b9n de C�p ba khfa C9nh khac nhau Clla cung mc;,t van de: ban chat cua ti! do, ti! do trong dai song chfnh tr!, ti! do trong ho9t dc;,ng khoa h9c, hay rc;,ng hO'n, trong dO'i song van hoa, tinh than
B.;m d9c Tran Thanh Tam "muon duQ'c ly giai them nhung quan ni�m ve tt,t do: phai chang moi quoc gia c6 mc)t kieu tt,t do cua rieng minh theo nghia don thuan ve chinh tri? Neu, nhu GS Ngo Bao Chau n6i, tt,t do tuy�t doi la moi truong can thiet nhat cho mc)t nha nghien cuu khoa h9c thi nha khoa h9c c6 co don khong? Ban chat cua tt,t do la gi v�y?"
Trang 85TRO (HUY!N TRIH HOC + 89
.j(
BAT HO� NHU NHUNG vi SAO
Than tho9i Hy Li;ip ke chuy�n Prometheus xong len trai
cao, CU'O'p IU'a ve cho loai ngU'ai LU'a khong chi giai phong con ngU'ai khoi Sl)' l�mh leo, song sft, t�10 ra m9t bU'O'C ngo�t van minh LU'a con ngl;l y la anh sang, xua tan bong t6i dang bao phu tam hon va ngoc;ii canh, kh�ng djnh Sl)' tl;I' do cua con ngU'ai Vt the, Sl! tl)' do tieu Cl)'C (Sang mai xoa toe tha thuyen ta chO'i, trang 84) - hieu nhU' Sl)' giai phong khoi nhfrng CU'O'ng che, trO' llfC cho hanh d9ng
- tuy�t nhien kh6ng co nghTa la thl,J dong, trai l9i, la CUQCdau tranh lau dai, quyet li�t cua loai ngU'ai suot bao thiennien ky
Trang 9094 + BUI VAN NAM �ON
THUOC DO CUA T{J DO
"'
0 ng chu lo banh mt co lam banh mt th�t ngon de bandU'9'C nhieu va gifr chan khach hang Khong ai chO' dqi hay doi hoi long vj tha CJ day ca NhU'ng, hang tri�u ngU'ai
"vj ky" nhU' the lc;ti tc;to nen SlJ phon Vinh Chung cha Xa h9i
06 la nguyen tac v�n hanh cua nen kinh te thj trU'ang tl!
do Nhieu ngU'ai cGng dong y v&i nguyen tac ay, nhLYng van e ngc;ti rang SL/ tl! do CO the bj lc;tm dl,mg, gay ton hc;ti den ngU'ai khac
Tu "kinh te IIJ do" den "kinh te thl truong xa hiji"
tlj do se khuyen khich hanh vi tot lanh, d9c l�p voi thi�n y chu
Trang 96TRO CHUY(N TMT HOC + 101
' E) oi v&i ngU'O'i ho9t d9ng tinh than, long say me chan
ly la long say me m9nh me nhat ( ) The nhll'ng, hay thU' h1nh dung canh tU'qng m9t vj lao trU'qng dang kfnh,
· IU'ng danh VI suot aO'i da hien m1nh cho vi�c duy nhat langhien CU'U tl)' nhien, phai quy goi the bo nhfrng bangchll'ng cua chfnh IU'O'ng tam m1nh ve chan ly ma m1nh dachll'ng minh m9t each thuyet phl)c'
B6 la may cau cua nha thien van h9c Laplace trong tuong thu�t cua ong ( 1796) ve tham lqch cua Galileo Galilei ( 1564 - 1642): S\t xung GQt tniong ky giua ctiong quyen Va
t\t do h9c thu�t
Khong muon lam "anh hung"
£)6 la nam 1634, khi Galilei buc;,c phai "quy goi" tuyen bo
Trang 101106 • BUIVANHAMm
"Sai Gan dang lun", "Mekong se chet'', "tham ho9 bun do", "lo tll'than", "thvc pham nhiem d9c", "d90 dU'c xuong cap" Chung ta dang bi bao vay b&i nhCJ'ng nguy CO' r1nh r�p M9t "xa h(>i nguy CO'" da co m�t O' m(>t dat nl.J'O'C chlfa hoan thanh Cong CUQC Cong nghi�p hoa, SO'm hO'n dlf kien va phan tfch cua nhieu nha khoa h9c, tieu bieu la Ulrich Beck (Xa h(>i nguy CO' Tren dlfang den m(>t hi�n dc;ii khac, 1986 )
Logic ciia Slf "san xual nguy ca"
Lu�n diem chinh yeu cua Ulrich Beck la: chung ta dang chung kien bucJ'c ngo�t cua xa h9i hi�n d�i, di tu xa h9i cong nghi�p co dien chuyen sang hinh thai m6'i: xa h9i ( cong nghi�p) nguy cd, gi6ng nhu xa h9i cong nghi�p da the cho xa h9i nong nghi�p trlio'c day de hinh thanh nen "hi�n d�i thu nhat': Neu nen hi�n d�i thu nhat tuan theo logic cua vi�c san
