Tài liệu Pro Oracle Spatial for Oracle Database 11g P1 pdf

Pro Oracle Spatial for Oracle Database 11gCopyright © 2007 by Ravi Kothuri, Albert Godfrind, Euro Beinat All rights reserved.. 55 ■ CHAPTER 5 Loading, Transporting, and Validating Spatia

Ravi Kothuri, Albert Godfrind, and Euro Beinat Pro Oracle Spatial for

Pro Oracle Spatial for Oracle Database 11g

Copyright © 2007 by Ravi Kothuri, Albert Godfrind, Euro Beinat

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Contents at a Glance

About the Authors xix

About the Technical Reviewer xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

Introduction xxv

Setting Up xxxi

PART 1 ■ ■ ■ Overview ■ CHAPTER 1 Spatial Information Management 3

■ CHAPTER 2 Overview of Oracle Spatial 19

■ CHAPTER 3 Location-Enabling Your Applications 37

PART 2 ■ ■ ■ Basic Spatial ■ CHAPTER 4 The SDO_GEOMETRY Data Type 55

■ CHAPTER 5 Loading, Transporting, and Validating Spatial Data 115

■ CHAPTER 6 Geocoding 151

■ CHAPTER 7 Manipulating SDO_GEOMETRY in Application Programs 207

PART 3 ■ ■ ■ Spatial and Network Analysis ■ CHAPTER 8 Spatial Indexes and Operators 243

■ CHAPTER 9 Geometry Processing Functions 305

■ CHAPTER 10 Network Modeling 345

■ CHAPTER 11 The Routing Engine 417

PART 4 ■ ■ ■ Visualization ■ CHAPTER 12 Defining Maps Using MapViewer 437

■ CHAPTER 13 Using Maps in Your Applications 503

iii

PART 5 ■ ■ ■ Spatial in Applications

■ CHAPTER 14 Sample Applications 581

■ CHAPTER 15 Case Studies 623

■ CHAPTER 16 Tips, Common Mistakes, and Common Errors 663

PART 6 ■ ■ ■ Appendixes ■ APPENDIX A Additional Spatial Analysis Functions 689

■ APPENDIX B Linear Referencing 701

■ APPENDIX C Topology Data Model in Oracle 713

■ APPENDIX D Storing Raster Data in Oracle 725

■ APPENDIX E Three-Dimensional Modeling Using Point Clouds and TINs in Oracle 743

■ INDEX 757

About the Authors xix

About the Technical Reviewer xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

Introduction xxv

Setting Up xxxi

PART 1 ■ ■ ■ Overview ■ CHAPTER 1 Spatial Information Management 3

Using Spatial Information in Various Industries 5

Sources of Spatial Data 7

Managing and Analyzing Spatial Data 7

Storing Spatial Data in a Database 11

Spatial Analysis 14

Benefits of Oracle Spatial 15

Summary 18

References 18

■ CHAPTER 2 Overview of Oracle Spatial 19

Technology and Architecture Overview 19

Getting Started with Oracle Spatial 22

Data Model: Storing Spatial Data 22

Location-Enabling 22

Query and Analysis 24

Visualizing Spatial Data 27

Advanced Spatial Engine 29

Oracle Spatial Technology Products 30

Locator 30

Spatial Option 32

What to Expect in an Oracle Spatial Install 33

Installing Oracle Spatial in the Database 34

Upgrades 34

Understanding a Spatial Install 35

Checking the Version of a Spatial Install 36

Summary 36

v

■ CHAPTER 3 Location-Enabling Your Applications 37

Adding Location Information to Tables 38

Application-Specific Data 38

Geographic Data 42

Metadata for Spatial Tables 45

Dictionary View for Spatial Metadata 45

Populating Spatial Metadata for Your Application 49

Additional Information for Visualization and Network Analysis 50

Summary 51

PART 2 ■ ■ ■ Basic Spatial ■ CHAPTER 4 The SDO_GEOMETRY Data Type 55

Types of Spatial Geometries in Oracle 56

Points 56

Line Strings 56

Polygons and Surfaces 57

Solids 57

Collections 58

Logical Implementation of SDO_GEOMETRY 58

Spatial Data in SQL/MM and OGC 59

SDO_GEOMETRY Type, Attributes, and Values 60

SDO_GTYPE Attribute 61

SDO_SRID Attribute 63

SDO_POINT Attribute 72

SDO_ELEM_INFO and SDO_ORDINATES Attributes 74

Simple Two-Dimensional Geometry Examples 76

Point 76

Line String: Connected by Straight Lines 78

Line String: Connected by Arcs 79

Polygon: Ring (Boundary) Connected by Straight Lines 80

Polygon: Ring (Boundary) Connected by Arcs 82

Rectangle Polygon 82

Circle Polygon 83

Complex Two-Dimensional Geometry Examples 84

Constructing Complex Geometries 85

SDO_ELEM_INFO for Compound Elements 86

SDO_ELEM_INFO for Voided Polygon Element 87

Compound Line String Example 87

Compound Polygon Example 88

Polygon with a Void 89

Collections 91

Three-Dimensional Examples 95

Three-Dimensional Points, Lines, and Polygons 97

Composite Surfaces 102

Simple Solid 105

Composite Solid 110

Collections 112

Summary 114

■ CHAPTER 5 Loading, Transporting, and Validating Spatial Data 115

Inserting Data into an SDO_GEOMETRY Column 116

Loading and Converting Spatial Data 117

Loading from Text Files Using SQL*Loader 117

Transporting Spatial Data Between Oracle Databases 120

Loading from External Formats 122

Converting Between SDO_GEOMETRY and WKT/WKB 124

Converting SDO_GEOMETRY Data in GML 124

Extruding a Two-Dimensional Geometry to Three Dimensions 129

Validating Spatial Data 132

Validation Functions 132

Validation Criteria 133

Composite Solids 140

Collections 141

Debugging Spatial Data 142

REMOVE_DUPLICATE_VERTICES 142

EXTRACT 143

APPEND 146

GETNUMELEM, GETNUMVERTICES, and GETVERTICES 147

EXTRACT3D 147

Miscellaneous Functions 149

Summary 149

■ CHAPTER 6 Geocoding 151

What Is Geocoding? 151

Architecture of the Oracle Geocoder 153

Parsing the Input Address 153

Searching for the Address 154

Computing the Spatial Coordinates 154

Setting Up the Reference Data for the Geocoder 156

Parameter Tables 156

Data Tables 157

Using Geocoder Functions 158

GEOCODE_AS_GEOMETRY 158

GEOCODE 161

GEOCODE_ALL 176

Geocoding Using Structured Addresses 182

GEOCODE_ADDR 182

GEOCODE_ADDR_ALL 184

Reverse Geocoding 184

REVERSE_GEOCODE 184

Geocoding Business Data 186

Adding the Spatial Column 186

Geocoding the Addresses: The “Naive” Approach 187

Address Verification and Correction 188

Automatic Geocoding 193

The Geocoding Server 196

Architecture 196

Installation and Configuration 198

Using the Geocoder: XML Queries and Responses 200

Summary 206

■ CHAPTER 7 Manipulating SDO_GEOMETRY in Application Programs 207

Manipulating Geometries Using PL/SQL 209

VARRAY Manipulation Primer 211

Reading and Writing SDO_GEOMETRY Objects 215

Creating New Geometries 215

Extracting Information from Geometries 217

Modifying Existing Geometries 219

Manipulating Geometries in Java 223

Using the JGeometry Class 223

Using 3D Geometries: the J3D_Geometry Class 229

Extracting Elements from 3D Geometries: the ElementExtractor Class 229

Using Standard Notations: WKT, WKB, GML 232

Using ESRI Shapefiles 235

Summary 240

PART 3 ■ ■ ■ Spatial and Network Analysis

■ CHAPTER 8 Spatial Indexes and Operators 243

Spatial Indexes 245

Inserting Metadata for a Spatial Layer Prior to Indexing 246

Creating a Spatial Index 247

Spatial Indexing Concepts 247

Spatial Index Parameters 249

Spatial Operators 253

Syntax of Spatial Operators 253

Semantics of Spatial Operators 254

Evaluation of Spatial Operators 255

A Closer Look at Spatial Operators 256

SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE Operator 256

SDO_NN Operator 261

Operators for Spatial Interactions (Relationships) 268

Hints for Spatial Operators 280

Advanced Spatial Index Features 287

Function-Based Spatial Indexes 287

Local Partitioned Spatial Indexes 290

Parallel Indexing 293

Online Index Rebuilds 294

Spatial Joins 295

Three-Dimensional Analysis 298

Summary 303

■ CHAPTER 9 Geometry Processing Functions 305

Buffering Functions 307

Relationship Analysis Functions 310

SDO_DISTANCE 310

SDO_CLOSEST_POINTS 313

RELATE 315

Geometry Combination Functions 320

SDO_INTERSECTION 321

SDO_UNION 323

SDO_DIFFERENCE 323

SDO_XOR 325

Geometric Analysis Functions 326

Area, Length, and Volume Functions 326

MBR Functions 330

Miscellaneous Geometric Analysis Functions 333

Aggregate Functions 337

Aggregate MBR Function 337

Other Aggregate Functions 338

Summary 343

■ CHAPTER 10 Network Modeling 345

General Network Modeling Concepts 347

Examples of Networks 348

Oracle Network Data Model 349

Data Structures: The Network Tables 351

Node Table 352

Link Table 352

Path Table 353

Path Link Table 354

Network Metadata 354

Defining Networks 355

“Automatic” Network Definition 355

“Manual” Network Definition 357

Defining Multiple Networks on the Same Tables 359

Dropping a Network 363

Creating Spatial Indexes on Network Tables 363

Getting Information About a Network 364

Verifying Network Connectivity 365

Example Network 366

Analyzing and Managing Networks Using the Java API 370

Analyzing Networks: The NetworkManager Class 370

Limiting the Search Space: The SystemConstraint Class 384

Advanced Analysis: Network Constraints 385

Network Structures: The Network, Node, Link, and Path Classes 391

Creating Networks: The NetworkFactory Class 394

Debugging Network Structures 396

Analyzing Networks Using the PL/SQL API 397

Using a Memory Object 399

Analyzing Networks 400

Creating and Updating Networks 403

Using Network Constraints 405

The Network Editor 412

Starting the Editor 412

Using the Loaded Network 414

Example Data: The Streets of San Francisco 415

Summary 416

■ CHAPTER 11 The Routing Engine 417

Architecture 418

Installation and Configuration 420

Data Structures 422

Example Data: The Streets of San Francisco 424

Partitioning 425

Using the Router: XML Queries and Responses 427

Routing Requests 430

Routing Options 431

Pregeocoded Start and End Locations 431

Geographic Start and End Locations 432

Batch Routing 432

Summary 434

PART 4 ■ ■ ■ Visualization ■ CHAPTER 12 Defining Maps Using MapViewer 437

Why Use Maps in Location-Enabled Applications? 437

Overview of MapViewer and Oracle Maps 440

Oracle MapViewer 440

Oracle Maps 442

Getting Started 443

Load the Sample Data 444

Location-Enable the Application Data 445

Load the Geographical Data 445

Load Maps, Themes, Style, and Map Cache Definitions for MapViewer 445

Define a Data Source 446

Install Example Applications 446

Configuring MapViewer 448

Using the Administration Console 449

Configuration Parameters 452

Defining Maps 457

Using Map Builder 458

Using Styles 461

Using Themes 474

Using Maps 484

Defining Map Caches 491

The USER_SDO_CACHED_MAPS View 491

Managing Caches Using the MapViewer Console 491

Creating a New Map Cache 493

Creating Map Caches Using SQL 495

Cache Data Structures 498

Exporting Cache Definitions 498

Purging and Refreshing Cache Contents 498

Using External Data Sources 499

Summary 502

■ CHAPTER 13 Using Maps in Your Applications 503

Overview of MapViewer’s APIs 503

XML, Java, JSPs, and PL/SQL 503

JavaScript and Ajax: Oracle Maps 505

Choosing an API 506

Anatomy of a Map Request 507

What: The Information That Should Appear on the Map 507

Where: The Geographical Area to Be Covered by the Map 508

How: The Format and Size of the Resulting Map 508

Interacting with Maps 509

Controlling the Level of Detail: Zoom In and Zoom Out 509

Controlling the Area Shown on the Map: Pan and Recenter 509

Selecting Features: Identify 510

Choosing the Information to Appear on the Map: Layer Control 510

Oracle Maps: The JavaScript API 510

Displaying a Map 511

Interacting with Maps: Zooming and Panning 514

Adding Map Decorations 515

Adding Generic Decorations 515

Creating an Overview Map 516

Rectangular (Marquee) Zooming 517

Adding Dynamic Information: Theme-Based FOIs 519

Adding Individual FOIs 523

Controlling Styles 524

Capturing User Input: Tools and Selectors 525

Responding to Events 528

Using the Java API 530

Map Requests 530

Zooming and Panning 533

Theme Control 535

Style Control 540

Identification and Queries 540

Dynamic Features 543

Legends 543

Map Decorations 545

Using the Map Cache 546

Discovering Data Sources, Maps, Themes 547

Using JSP Tags 547

Using the XML API 552

Simple Map Requests 553

Adding Themes to a Base Map 555

Using Multiple Data Sources 556

Constructing a Map from Themes 557

Dynamic Themes 558

Dynamic Features 561

Legends 563

The XML Map Response 565

Using the PL/SQL API 566

Installing the API 566

A Simple Example 567

Using the Administrative API 568

Browsing Map Definitions 568

Managing the MapViewer Server 570

Restarting MapViewer 573

Web Map Service (OGC WMS) Interface 573

The GetCapabilities Request 573

The GetMap Request 575

The GetFeatureInfo Request 576

Spatial Reference Systems (SRS) Mapping 578

Summary 578

PART 5 ■ ■ ■ Spatial in Applications ■ CHAPTER 14 Sample Applications 581

Data Preparation and Setup 582

Loading the Geographical Data 582

Location-Enabling the Application Data 582

Loading Map, Theme, Style, and Map Cache Definitions for MapViewer 583

Applications Setup 583

The JavaScript Application 584

Application Walk-Through 584

Under the Hood 589

The Java (JSP) Application 603

Application Walk-Through 603

Under the Hood 610

Summary 622

■ CHAPTER 15 Case Studies 623

Overview of the Case Studies 623

Spatial Information for Managing the London Bus Network 624

BusNet 625

Spatial Data and Oracle Spatial in BusNet 626

User Interface for Spatial Data in BusNet 628

BusNet Conclusions 630

P-Info: A Mobile Application for Police Forces 631

P-Info Functionality 632

P-Info Architecture 633

Use of Oracle Spatial in P-Info 635

Measurable Added Value of P-Info 637

Risk Repository for Hazardous Substances 638

RRGS Technology 640

Use of Oracle Spatial in the RRGS 642

From Hazardous Substances to Risk Management 643

USGS National Land Cover Visualization and Analysis Tool 644

The Architecture of USGS Visualization and Analysis Tool 647

Oracle Spatial in USGS Visualization and Analysis Tool 648

Benefits of USGS Visualization and Analysis Tool 651

U.S Department of Defense MilitaryHOMEFRONT LBS 652

The Architecture of MilitaryHOMEFRONT LBS 654

Oracle Spatial in MilitaryHOMEFRONT 657

Mobile MilitaryINSTALLATIONS 660

Benefits of MilitaryHOMEFRONT LBS 662

Summary 662

■ CHAPTER 16 Tips, Common Mistakes, and Common Errors 663

Tips 663

Data Modeling and Loading 663

Performance of Spatial Operator Query 666

Performance of Other Spatial Processing Functions 670

Performance of Inserts, Deletes, and Updates 672

Best Practices for Scalability and Manageability of Spatial Indexes 673

Common Mistakes 678

Bounds, Longitude and Latitude, and Tolerance for Geodetic Data 678

NULL Values for SDO_GEOMETRY 678

Use GEOCODE or GEOCODE_ALL 678

Specify “INDEXTYPE is mdsys.spatial_index” in CREATE INDEX 678

Always Use Spatial Operators in the WHERE Clause 679

Use Spatial Functions When No Spatial Index Is Available 679

Do Not Move, Import, or Replicate MDRT Tables 680

Network Metadata 680

Map Metadata 681

Common Errors 681

ORA-13226: Interface Not Supported Without a Spatial Index 681

ORA-13203: Failed to Read USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA View 681

ORA-13365: Layer SRID Does Not Match Geometry SRID 681

ORA-13223: Duplicate Entry for <table_name, column_name> in SDO_GEOM_METADATA 682

ORA-13249, ORA-02289: Cannot Drop Sequence/Table 682

ORA-13249: Multiple Entries in sdo_index_metadata Table 682

ORA-13207: Incorrect Use of the <operator-name> Operator 682

ORA-13000: Dimension Number Is Out of Range 682

ORA-00904: Invalid Identifier 683

ORA-00939: Too Many Arguments for Function 683

ORA-13030: Invalid Dimensionality for the SDO_GEOMETRY, or ORA-13364: Layer Dimensionality Does Not Match Geometry Dimensions 684

Summary 685

PART 6 ■ ■ ■ Appendixes ■ APPENDIX A Additional Spatial Analysis Functions 689

Tiling-Based Analysis 689

TILED_BINS 689

TILED_AGGREGATES 691

Neighborhood Analysis 694

AGGREGATES_FOR_GEOMETRY 694

AGGREGATES_FOR_LAYER 695

Clustering Analysis 696

SPATIAL_CLUSTERS 696

Refining the Candidates for Site Selection 697

Geometry Simplification for Speeding Up Analysis 698

Summary 699

■ APPENDIX B Linear Referencing 701

Concepts and Definitions 702

Measure 702

Linear Referenced Segments 702

Direction 702

Shape Points 702

Offset 703

Typical Application 703

Creating Linear Referenced Geometries 705

SDO_GTYPE in LRS Geometries 705

Constructing LRS Geometries 706

Metadata 707

Spatial Indexes and Spatial Operators on LRS Geometries 707

Dynamic Segmentation Operations 707

Clip a Segment 707

Locate a Point 708

Project a Point 709

Intersecting LRS Segments with Standard Geometries 710

Validation of LRS Segments 710

Dynamic Segmentation on 3D Geometries 711

Other Operations 711

Summary 712

■ APPENDIX C Topology Data Model in Oracle 713

Sharing Boundaries 714

Benefits of the Topology Data Model 715

Storing a Topology Data Model in Oracle 715

Operating on a Topology in Oracle 718

Creating a Topology 718

Populating a Topology 719

Associating a Feature Layer with a Topology 719

Inserting, Updating, and Populating Feature Layers 720

Updating Topological Elements 721

Querying for Topological Relationships 723

Hierarchical Feature Model 723

Summary 724

■ APPENDIX D Storing Raster Data in Oracle 725

The SDO_GEORASTER Data Type 726

Storage for SDO_GEORASTER Data 728

Metadata in SDO_GEORASTER Data 731

Populating SDO_GEORASTER Columns 731

Manipulating Raster Objects 732

Generating Pyramids 733

Subsetting 734

Georeferencing 734

Attaching Bitmap Masks 736

Registering NODATA Values 737

Using Compression in GeoRaster 738

Visualizing Raster Data in Oracle MapViewer 739

Summary 741

■ APPENDIX E Three-Dimensional Modeling Using Point Clouds and TINs in Oracle 743

Storing Large Point Sets 744

The SDO_PC Data Type 744

Populating a Point Cloud 745

Querying a Point Cloud 748

Other Manipulation Functions for Point Clouds 749

Storing Triangulated Irregular Networks 749

The SDO_TIN Data Type 750

Populating a TIN 751

Querying a TIN 754

Other Manipulation Functions for TINs 755

Summary 755

■ INDEX 757

About the Authors

■RAVI KOTHURI has a PhD in computer science from the University of California,Santa Barbara, and has been an active researcher and developer in the spatialand multimedia areas for the past 15 years Currently, he serves as project leadand software architect in the spatial development team of Oracle Corporation

He has more than 20 patents on specific Oracle technology and has authorednumerous articles for database conferences and journals Other activitiesinclude teaching database courses (most recently at Boston University), pre-senting at panel meetings and conferences, and reviewing of research articlesfor spatial and database conferences Ravi enjoys music, movies, and playingwith his children

■ALBERT GODFRINDhas more than 25 years of experience in designing, oping, and deploying IT applications His interest and enthusiasm for spatialinformation and geographical information systems started at Oracle when hediscovered the spatial extensions of the Oracle database in 1998 Ever since,Albert has been “evangelizing” the use of spatial information both to GIS and

devel-IT communities across Europe, consulting with partners and customers, ing at conferences, and designing and delivering in-depth technical training

speak-Prior to joining Oracle Corporation, Albert held several positions in databaseengineering at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), where he worked onthe development of the Rdb database system

■EURO BEINAThas a PhD in economics and a master’s degree in electronicsand systems engineering He has been involved in consultancy for more than

10 years in evaluation and strategic advice in sectors ranging from IT, ment, the oil industry, and large corporations Currently, he is the managingdirector of Geodan Mobile Solutions and holds a chair on Location Services atthe Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam and at the University of Salzburg His mainskills combine geo-IT and the Internet, with an extensive competence in deci-sion analysis and strategy

govern-xix

About the Technical Reviewer

xxi

■CAREL-JAN ENGELis a member of the OakTable Network, lives in the Netherlands, and works as

a freelancer He has been working in IT since 1982, and he started to work with Oracle version 4 in

1985 Fastforms (Forms 1.3) didn’t meet the requirements of the software project he was on, and he

joined the team that was developing “better” programming tools and applications in C, based on the

HLI, now known as the OCI In 1992, he founded the Dutch software company Ease Automation,

which he headed for almost ten years Some of his projects during this time related to airports and

had an important high-availability aspect to them, which inspired him to develop several techniques

for standby databases, often pushing Oracle technology to its limits In 1998, he won the Chamber

of Commerce of Rotterdam’s Entrepreneur of the Year award In 2002, he decided to continue his

career as a freelancer He has been a regular author for several (Dutch) Oracle-related magazines

since 1998