OCA Oracle Database 11g SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide P1

169 5 Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions.. 227 6 Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions.. 50 2 Data Retrieval Using the SQL SELECT Statement.. 136 Exerci

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OCA Oracle Database 11g:

SQL Fundamentals I

Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-051)

®

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John Watson (Oxford, UK) works for BPLC Management Consultants, teaching

and consulting throughout Europe and Africa He was with Oracle University for several years in South Africa, and before that worked for a number of companies, government departments, and NGOs in England and Europe He is OCP qualified in both database and Application Server administration John is the author of several books and numerous articles on technology and has 25 years of experience in IT

Roopesh Ramklass (South Africa), OCP, is an independent Oracle specialist with

over 10 years of experience in a wide variety of IT environments These include software design and development, systems analysis, courseware development, and lecturing He has worked for Oracle Support and taught at Oracle University in South Africa for several years Roopesh is experienced in managing and executing

IT development projects, including infrastructure systems provisioning, software development, and systems integration

About the Technical Editor

Bruce Swart (South Africa) works for 2Cana Solutions and has over 14 years of

experience in IT Whilst maintaining a keen interest for teaching others, he has performed several roles including developer, analyst, team leader, administrator, project manager, consultant, and lecturer He is OCP qualified in both database and developer roles He has taught at Oracle University in South Africa for several years and has also spoken at numerous local Oracle User Group conferences His passion

is helping others achieve greatness

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OCA Oracle Database 11g:

SQL Fundamentals I

Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-051)

John Watson Roopesh Ramklass

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DOI: 10.1036/0071597867

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With thanks to Silvia for making life worth living.

—JohnAmeetha, you have been wonderfully supportive and I want to

thank you for every moment that you share with me

—Roopesh

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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

1 Oracle Server Technologies and the Relational Paradigm 1

2 Data Retrieval Using the SQL SELECT Statement 51

3 Restricting and Sorting Data 103

4 Single-Row Functions 169

5 Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions 227

6 Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions 273

7 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables 309

8 Using Subqueries to Solve Problems 357

9 Using the Set Operators 381

10 Manipulating Data 403

11 Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables 449

12 Creating Other Schema Objects 487

Appendix 533

Glossary 537

Index 555

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CONTENTS

Introduction xix

1 Oracle Server Technologies and the Relational Paradigm 1

Position the Server Technologies 3

The Oracle Server Architecture 3

The Oracle Application Server 5

Oracle Enterprise Manager 7

Grid Computing 8

Exercise 1-1: Investigate Your Database and Application Environment 9

Development Tools and Languages 9

Understand Relational Structures 10

Rows and Tables 11

Data Normalization 14

Exercise 1-2: Perform an Extended Relational Analysis 20

Summarize the SQL Language 23

SQL Standards 23

SQL Commands 23

A Set-oriented Language 25

Use the Client Tools 26

SQL*Plus 26

SQL Developer 33

Create the Demonstration Schemas 37

Users and Schemas 38

The HR and OE Schemas 38

Demonstration Schema Creation 42

✓ Two-Minute Drill 45

Q&A Self Test 46

For more information about this title, click here

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Lab Question 48

Self Test Answers 49

Lab Answer 50

2 Data Retrieval Using the SQL SELECT Statement 51

List the Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements 52

Introducing the SQL SELECT Statement 52

The DESCRIBE Table Command 53

Exercise 2-1: Describing the Human Resources Schema 55

Capabilities of the SELECT Statement 57

Execute a Basic SELECT Statement 59

Syntax of the Primitive SELECT Statement 59

Rules Are Meant to be Followed 64

Exercise 2-2: Answering Our First Questions with SQL 67

SQL Expressions and Operators 70

NULL Is Nothing 81

Exercise 2-3: Experimenting with Expressions and the DUAL Table 86

Lab Question 94

Lab Answer 98

3 Restricting and Sorting Data 103

Limit the Rows Retrieved by a Query 104

The WHERE clause 104

Comparison Operators 113

Exercise 3-1: Using the LIKE Operator 124

Boolean Operators 126

Precedence Rules 132

Sort the Rows Retrieved by a Query 136

The ORDER BY Clause 136

Exercise 3-2: Sorting Data Using the ORDER BY Clause 141

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Contents xi

Ampersand Substitution 142

Substitution Variables 143

Define and Verify 149

Exercise 3-3: Using Ampersand Substitution 155

Lab Question 162

Lab Answer 166

4 Single-Row Functions 169

Describe Various Types of Functions Available in SQL 170

Defining a Function 170

Types of Functions 174

Use Character, Number, and Date Functions in SELECT Statements 177

Using Character Case Conversion Functions 177

Exercise 4-1: Using the Case Conversion Functions 181

Using Character Manipulations Functions 183

Exercise 4-2: Using the Case Manipulation Functions 194

Using Numeric Functions 196

Working with Dates 202

Using Date Functions 206

Exercise 4-3: Using the Date Functions 210

Lab Question 223

Lab Answer 225

5 Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions 227

Describe Various Types of Conversion Functions Available in SQL 228

Conversion Functions 228

Use the TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE Conversion Functions 231

Using the Conversion Functions 232

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Exercise 5-1: Converting Dates into Characters

Using the TO_CHAR Function 239

Apply Conditional Expressions in a SELECT Statement 245

Nesting Functions 245

Exercise 5-2: Using NULLIF and NVL2 for Simple Conditional Logic 251

Conditional Functions 254

Exercise 5-3: Using the DECODE Function 260

Lab Question 267

Lab Answer 269

6 Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions 273

Describe the Group Functions 274

Definition of Group Functions 274

Types and Syntax of Group Functions 275

Identify the Available Group Functions 279

Using the Group Functions 279

Exercise 6-1: Using the Group Functions 284

Nested Group Functions 285

Group Data Using the GROUP BY Clause 287

Creating Groups of Data 287

The GROUP BY Clause 288

Grouping by Multiple Columns 291

Exercise 6-2: Grouping Data Based on Multiple Columns 292

Include or Exclude Grouped Rows Using the HAVING Clause 294

Restricting Group Results 294

The HAVING Clause 296

Exercise 6-3: Using the HAVING Clause 298

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Contents xiii

Lab Question 305

Lab Answer 308

7 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables 309

Write SELECT Statements to Access Data from More Than One Table Using Equijoins and Nonequijoins 310

Types of Joins 311

Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax 316

Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names 317

The NATURAL JOIN Clause 319

Exercise 7-1: Using the NATURAL JOIN 320

The Natural JOIN USING Clause 321

The Natural JOIN ON Clause 322

Exercise 7-2: Using the NATURAL JOIN…ON Clause 324

N-Way Joins and Additional Join Conditions 327

Nonequijoins 329

Join a Table to Itself Using a Self-Join 331

Joining a Table to Itself Using the JOIN…ON Clause 331

Exercise 7-3: Performing a Self-Join 332

View Data that Does Not Meet a Join Condition by Using Outer Joins 334

Inner versus Outer Joins 335

Left Outer Joins 336

Right Outer Joins 337

Full Outer Joins 338

Exercise 7-4: Performing an Outer-Join 340

Generate a Cartesian Product of Two or More Tables 342

Creating Cartesian Products Using Cross Joins 342

Exercise 7-5: Performing a Cross-Join 344

Lab Question 352

Lab Answer 355

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8 Using Subqueries to Solve Problems 357

Define Subqueries 358

Exercise 8-1: Types of Subquery 359

Describe the Types of Problems That the Subqueries Can Solve 360

Use of a Subquery Result Set for Comparison Purposes 360

Star Transformation 361

Generate a Table from Which to SELECT 362

Generate Values for Projection 362

Generate Rows to be Passed to a DML Statement 363

Exercise 8-2: More Complex Subqueries 363

List the Types of Subqueries 364

Single- and Multiple-Row Subqueries 365

Correlated Subqueries 366

Exercise 8-3: Investigate the Different Types of Subquery 367

Write Single-Row and Multiple-Row Subqueries 369

Exercise 8-4: Write a Query That Is Reliable and User Friendly 370

Lab Question 378

Lab Answer 380

9 Using the Set Operators 381

Describe the Set Operators 382

Sets and Venn Diagrams 383

Set Operator General Principles 384

Exercise 9-1: Describe the Set Operators 385

Use a Set Operator to Combine Multiple Queries into a Single Query 386

The UNION ALL Operator 387

The UNION Operator 387

The INTERSECT Operator 388

The MINUS Operator 389

More Complex Examples 390

Exercise 9-2: Using the Set Operators 392

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Contents xv

Control the Order of Rows Returned 393

Exercise 9-3: Control the Order of Rows Returned 394

Lab Question 398

Lab Answer 401

10 Manipulating Data 403

Describe Each Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statement 404

INSERT 405

UPDATE 406

DELETE 407

MERGE 408

TRUNCATE 409

DML Statement Failures 409

Insert Rows into a Table 413

Exercise 10-1: Use the INSERT Command 417

Update Rows in a Table 419

Exercise 10-2: Use the UPDATE Command 421

Delete Rows from a Table 423

Removing Rows with DELETE 423

Exercise 10-3: Use the DELETE Command 424

Removing Rows with TRUNCATE 425

MERGE 426

Control Transactions 427

Database Transactions 428

The Transaction Control Statements 431

Exercise 10-4: Use the COMMIT and ROLLBACK Commands 433

Lab Question 444

Lab Answer 448

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11 Using DDL Statements to

Create and Manage Tables 449

Categorize the Main Database Objects 450

Object Types 450

Users and Schemas 452

Naming Schema Objects 453

Object Namespaces 455

Exercise 11-1: Determine What Objects Are Accessible to Your Session 455

Review the Table Structure 456

Exercise 11-2: Investigate Table Structures 457

List the Data Types That Are Available for Columns 457

Exercise 11-3: Investigate the Data Types in the HR schema 461

Create a Simple Table 462

Creating Tables with Column Specifications 462

Creating Tables from Subqueries 464

Altering Table Definitions after Creation 465

Dropping and Truncating Tables 466

Exercise 11-4: Create Tables 467

Explain How Constraints Are Created at the Time of Table Creation 469

The Types of Constraints 470

Defining Constraints 473

Exercise 11-5: Work with Constraints 476

Lab Question 482

Lab Answer 484

12 Creating Other Schema Objects 487

Create Simple and Complex Views 488

Why Use Views at All? 489

Simple and Complex Views 492

CREATE VIEW, ALTER VIEW, and DROP VIEW 493

Exercise 12-1: Create Views 496

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Contents xvii

Retrieve Data from Views 497

Exercise 12-2: Use Views 497

Create Private and Public Synonyms 498

Exercise 12-3: Create and Use Synonyms 500

Create, Maintain, and Use Sequences 501

Creating Sequences 502

Using Sequences 504

Exercise 12-4: Create and Use Sequences 507

Create and Maintain Indexes 509

What Indexes Are For 510

Types of Index 511

Creating and Using Indexes 515

Modifying and Dropping Indexes 517

Exercise 12-5: Creating Indexes 518

Lab Question 527

Lab Answer 531

Appendix 533

Glossary 537

Index 555

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INTRODUCTION

There is an ever-increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification The benefits

to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many

IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff The Oracle certifications are among the most sought after But apart from rewards in a business sense, knowing that you are among a relatively small pool of elite Oracle professionals and that you have proved your competence is a personal reward well worth attaining

There are several Oracle certification tracks—this book is concerned with the Oracle Database Administration certification track, specifically for release 11g of the

database There are three levels of DBA certification: Certified Associate (OCA), Certified Professional (OCP), and Certified Master (OCM) The OCA qualification

is based on two examinations, the first of which is covered in this book The OCP qualification requires passing a third examination These examinations can be taken

at any Prometric Center and consist of 60 to 70 questions to be completed in 90 minutes The OCM qualification requires completing a further two-day evaluation

at an Oracle testing center, involving simulations of complex environments and use

of advanced techniques

The exam content is also likely to be the starting point if you intend to study for the Oracle PL/SQL and Oracle Forms Developer track, though (as of the time of

writing) this is at release 10g with no announcement of an 11g release.

To prepare for the first OCA examination, you can attend an Oracle University instructor-led training course, you can study Oracle University online learning material, or you can read this book In all cases, you should also refer to the Oracle Documentation Library for details on syntax This book will be a valuable addition

to other study methods, but it is also sufficient by itself It has been designed with the examination objectives in mind, though it also includes a great deal

of information that will be useful to you in the course of your work For readers working in development, the subject matter of this book is also the starting point for studying Oracle Corporation’s development tools: SQL, PL/SQL, and the Internet application development kits shipped with the Oracle Application Server

Tiêu đề	OCA Oracle Database 11g: SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide
Tác giả	John Watson, Roopesh Ramklass
Người hướng dẫn	Bruce Swart, Technical Editor
Trường học	Oracle University
Chuyên ngành	Database Management
Thể loại	Exam Guide
Năm xuất bản	2008
Thành phố	New York

Định dạng
Số trang	40
Dung lượng	1,49 MB