Oracle Database 11g The Complete Reference P1

His best-selling books include Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook, Oracle Advanced Tuning and Administration, and Oracle SQL & PL/SQL Annotated Archives.. About the Contributors Scott Goss

Oracle Database 11g :

The Complete Reference

This page intentionally left blank

Oracle Database 11g :

The Complete Reference

Kevin Loney

New York Chicago San Francisco

Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan

New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of

1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written permission of the publisher

ISBN: 978-0-07-159876-7

MHID: 0-07-159876-6

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-159875-0, MHID: 0-07-159875-8

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name,

we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Wheresuch designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps

McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com

Information has been obtained by Publisher from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanicalerror by our sources, Publisher, or others, Publisher does not guarantee to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information included in this work and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information

Oracle Corporation does not make any representations or warranties as to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information contained in this Work, and is not responsible for any errors or omissions

TERMS OF USE

This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use

of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of thework, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your ownnoncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail tocomply with these terms

THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THEACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANYINFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DIS-CLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that thefunctions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill norits licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damagesresulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstancesshall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result fromthe use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shallapply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise

This book is dedicated to my family and friends.

You are a blessing indeed.

About the Author

Kevin Loney is an internationally recognized expert in the design, development,

administration, and tuning of Oracle databases An enterprise database architect

in the financial industry, he was named Consultant of the Year by Oracle

Magazine in 2002 His best-selling books include Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook, Oracle Advanced Tuning and Administration, and Oracle SQL & PL/SQL Annotated Archives He is the author of numerous technical articles in

industry magazines and presents at Oracle user conferences in North America and Europe, where he is regularly among the highest-rated presenters

About the Contributors

Scott Gossett (contributing author, technical editor) is a technical director in the

Oracle Advanced Technologies Solutions organization with more than 20 years experience specializing in RAC, performance tuning, and high-availability databases Prior to becoming a technical director, Scott was a senior principal instructor for Oracle Education for over 12 years, primarily teaching Oracle internals, performance tuning, RAC, and database administration In addition, Scott is one of the architects and primary authors of the Oracle Certified Master exam Scott has been a technical editor for nine Oracle Press books

Sreekanth Chintala (technical editor) is an OCP-certified DBA, has been using

Oracle technologies for 10+ years, and has more than 15 years of IT experience Sreekanth specializes in Oracle high availability, disaster recovery, and grid computing Sreekanth is an author of many technical white papers and a frequent speaker at Oracle OpenWorld, IOUG, and local user group meetings Sreekanth is active in the Oracle community and is the current web seminar chair for the community-run Oracle Real Application Clusters Special Interest Group (www.ORACLERACSIG.org)

Contents at a Glance

PART I

Critical Database Concepts

1 Oracle Database 11g Architecture Options 3

2 Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 11

3 Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 21

4 Planning Oracle Applications—Approaches, Risks, and Standards 31

PART II SQL and SQL*Plus 5 The Basic Parts of Speech in SQL 65

6 Basic SQL*Plus Reports and Commands 91

7 Getting Text Information and Changing It 113

8 Searching for Regular Expressions 139

9 Playing the Numbers 155

10 Dates: Then, Now, and the Difference 175

11 Conversion and Transformation Functions 197

12 Grouping Things Together 209

13 When One Query Depends upon Another 223

14 Some Complex Possibilities 241

15 Changing Data: insert, update, merge, and delete 257

16 DECODE and CASE: if, then, and else in SQL 277

17 Creating and Managing Tables, Views, Indexes, Clusters, and Sequences 293

18 Partitioning 323

19 Basic Oracle Security 331

vii

PART III

Beyond the Basics

20 Advanced Security—Virtual Private Databases 355

21 Advanced Security: Transparent Data Encryption 367

22 Working with Tablespaces 375

23 Using SQL*Loader to Load Data 385

24 Using Data Pump Export and Import 399

25 Accessing Remote Data 417

26 Using Materialized Views 429

27 Using Oracle Text for Text Searches 449

28 Using External Tables 467

29 Using Flashback Queries 483

30 Flashback—Tables and Databases 493

31 SQL Replay 501

PART IV PL/SQL 32 An Introduction to PL/SQL 513

33 Online Application Upgrades 535

34 Triggers 549

35 Procedures, Functions, and Packages 569

36 Using Native Dynamic SQL and DBMS_SQL 589

37 PL/SQL Tuning 597

PART V Object-Relational Databases 38 Implementing Object Types, Object Views, and Methods 611

39 Collectors (Nested Tables and Varying Arrays) 625

40 Using Large Objects 639

41 Advanced Object-Oriented Concepts 665

PART VI Java in Oracle 42 An Introduction to Java 683

43 JDBC Programming 699

44 Java Stored Procedures 709

Hitchhiker’s Guides

45 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Oracle Data Dictionary 723

46 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Tuning Applications and SQL 769

47 SQL Result Cache and Client-Side Query Cache 811

48 Case Studies in Tuning 823

49 Advanced Architecture Options—DB Vault, Content DB, and Records DB 835

50 Oracle Real Application Clusters 847

51 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Database Administration 857

52 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to XML in Oracle 883

PART VIII Alphabetical Reference 899

Index 1295

Contents at a Glance ix

This page intentionally left blank

Acknowledgments xxix

PART I Critical Database Concepts 1 Oracle Database 11g Architecture Options 3

Databases and Instances 5

Inside the Database 5

Storing the Data 7

Guarding the Data 8

Programmatic Structures 8

Choosing Architectures and Options 9

2 Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 11

Overview of Licensing and Installation Options 13

Using OUI to Install the Oracle Software 13

3 Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 21

Choosing an Upgrade Method 23

Before Upgrading 24

Running the Pre-Upgrade Information Tool 24

Using the Database Upgrade Assistant 25

Performing a Manual Direct Upgrade 26

Using Export and Import 27

Export and Import Versions to Use 27

Performing the Upgrade 27

Using the Data-Copying Method 28

4 Planning Oracle Applications—Approaches, Risks, and Standards 31

The Cooperative Approach 33

Everyone Has “Data” 34

The Familiar Language of Oracle 35

Tables of Information 35

Structured Query Language 35

xi

xii Oracle Database 11g: The Complete Reference

A Simple Oracle Query 36

Why It Is Called “Relational” 38

Some Common, Everyday Examples 39

What Are the Risks? 41

The Importance of the New Vision 42

Changing Environments 42

Codes, Abbreviations, and Naming Standards 43

How to Reduce the Confusion 44

Normalization 44

English Names for Tables and Columns 49

English Words for the Data 50

Capitalization in Names and Data 51

Normalizing Names 51

Good Design Has a Human Touch 52

Understanding the Application Tasks 52

Outline of Tasks 54

Understanding the Data 56

The Atomic Data Models 57

The Atomic Business Model 57

The Business Model 57

Data Entry 58

Query and Reporting 58

Toward Object Name Normalization 59

Level-Name Integrity 59

Foreign Keys 60

Singular Names 60

Brevity 61

Object Name Thesaurus 61

Intelligent Keys and Column Values 61

The Commandments 62

PART II SQL and SQL*Plus 5 The Basic Parts of Speech in SQL 65

Style 67

Creating the NEWSPAPER Table 68

Using SQL to Select Data from Tables 68

select, from, where, and order by 72

Logic and Value 74

Single-Value Tests 74

LIKE 77

Simple Tests Against a List of Values 79

Combining Logic 81

Another Use for where: Subqueries 82

Single Values from a Subquery 83

Lists of Values from a Subquery 84

Combining Tables 86

Creating a View 88

Expanding the View 90

Contents xiii

6 Basic SQL*Plus Reports and Commands 91

Building a Simple Report 94

remark 94

set headsep 97

ttitle and btitle 97

column 97

break on 98

compute avg 99

set linesize 100

set pagesize 100

set newpage 100

spool 101

/* */ 102

Some Clarification on Column Headings 103

Other Features 103

Command Line Editor 103

set pause 106

save 107

store 107

Editing 107

host 108

Adding SQL*Plus Commands 109

start 109

Checking the SQL*Plus Environment 109

Building Blocks 111

7 Getting Text Information and Changing It 113

Datatypes 114

What Is a String? 114

Notation 116

Concatenation ( || ) 117

How to Cut and Paste Strings 118

RPAD and LPAD 118

LTRIM, RTRIM, and TRIM 119

Combining Two Functions 120

Using the TRIM Function 122

Adding One More Function 123

LOWER, UPPER, and INITCAP 123

LENGTH 125

SUBSTR 125

INSTR 129

ASCII and CHR 133

Using order by and where with String Functions 134

SOUNDEX 135

National Language Support 136

Regular Expression Support 137

Review 137

8 Searching for Regular Expressions 139

Search Strings 140

xiv Oracle Database 11g: The Complete Reference

REGEXP_SUBSTR 144

REGEXP_INSTR 146

REGEXP_LIKE 147

REPLACE and REGEXP_REPLACE 147

REGEXP_COUNT 152

9 Playing the Numbers 155

The Three Classes of Number Functions 156

Notation 156

Single-Value Functions 157

Addition (+), Subtraction (–), Multiplication (*), and Division (/) 157

NULL 158

NVL: NULL-Value Substitution 158

ABS: Absolute Value 159

CEIL 160

FLOOR 160

MOD 160

POWER 161

SQRT: Square Root 161

EXP, LN, and LOG 161

ROUND and TRUNC 162

SIGN 163

SIN, SINH, COS, COSH, TAN, TANH, ACOS, ATAN, ATAN2, and ASIN 164

Aggregate Functions 164

NULLs in Group-Value Functions 164

Examples of Single- and Group-Value Functions 165

AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM 166

Combining Group-Value and Single-Value Functions 167

STDDEV and VARIANCE 169

DISTINCT in Group Functions 169

List Functions 170

Finding Rows with MAX or MIN 172

Precedence and Parentheses 173

Review 174

10 Dates: Then, Now, and the Difference 175

Date Arithmetic 176

SYSDATE, CURRENT_DATE, and SYSTIMESTAMP 176

The Difference Between Two Dates 177

Adding Months 178

Subtracting Months 178

GREATEST and LEAST 179

NEXT_DAY 180

LAST_DAY 181

MONTHS_BETWEEN Two Dates 182

Combining Date Functions 182

ROUND and TRUNC in Date Calculations 183

TO_DATE and TO_CHAR Formatting 184

The Most Common TO_CHAR Error 188

NEW_TIME: Switching Time Zones 189

TO_DATE Calculations 190

Contents xv

Dates in where Clauses 192

Dealing with Multiple Centuries 193

Using the EXTRACT Function 194

Using the TIMESTAMP Datatypes 194

11 Conversion and Transformation Functions 197

Elementary Conversion Functions 200

Automatic Conversion of Datatypes 202

A Warning About Automatic Conversion 204

Specialized Conversion Functions 205

Transformation Functions 206

TRANSLATE 206

DECODE 207

Review 208

12 Grouping Things Together 209

The Use of group by and having 210

Adding an order by 212

Order of Execution 213

Views of Groups 214

Renaming Columns with Aliases 215

The Power of Views of Groups 216

Using order by in Views 217

Logic in the having Clause 218

Using order by with Columns and Group Functions 220

Join Columns 220

More Grouping Possibilities 221

13 When One Query Depends upon Another 223

Advanced Subqueries 224

Correlated Subqueries 224

Coordinating Logical Tests 226

Using EXISTS and Its Correlated Subquery 227

Outer Joins 229

Pre-Oracle9i Syntax for Outer Joins 229

Current Syntax for Outer Joins 231

Replacing NOT IN with an Outer Join 232

Replacing NOT IN with NOT EXISTS 233

Natural and Inner Joins 234

UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS 235

IN Subqueries 238

Restrictions on UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS 239

14 Some Complex Possibilities 241

Complex Groupings 242

Using Temporary Tables 243

Using ROLLUP, GROUPING, and CUBE 244

Family Trees and connect by 248

Excluding Individuals and Branches 251

Traveling Toward the Roots 253

The Basic Rules 255

xvi Oracle Database 11g: The Complete Reference

15 Changing Data: insert, update, merge, and delete 257

insert 258

Inserting a Time 258

insert with select 259

Using the APPEND Hint to Improve insert Performance 260

rollback, commit, and autocommit 261

Using savepoints 262

Implicit commit 263

Auto rollback 263

Multitable Inserts 263

delete 267

update 268

update with Embedded select 269

update with NULL 270

Using the merge Command 270

Handling Errors 273

16 DECODE and CASE: if, then, and else in SQL 277

if, then, else 278

Replacing Values via DECODE 281

DECODE Within DECODE 282

Greater Than and Less Than in DECODE 285

Using CASE 286

Using PIVOT 289

17 Creating and Managing Tables, Views, Indexes, Clusters, and Sequences 293

Creating a Table 294

Character Width and NUMBER Precision 295

Rounding During Insertion 297

Constraints in create table 299

Designating Index Tablespaces 300

Naming Constraints 301

Dropping Tables 302

Altering Tables 302

The Rules for Adding or Modifying a Column 305

Creating Read-Only Tables 306

Altering Actively Used Tables 306

Creating Virtual Columns 306

Dropping a Column 307

Creating a Table from a Table 308

Creating an Index-Organized Table 310

Creating a View 311

Stability of a View 311

Using order by in Views 312

Creating a Read-Only View 313

Indexes 313

Creating an Index 314

Enforcing Uniqueness 315

Creating a Unique Index 315

Creating a Bitmap Index 315

When to Create an Index 316

Contents xvii

Creating Invisible Indexes 317

Variety in Indexed Columns 317

How Many Indexes to Use on a Table 318

Placing an Index in the Database 318

Rebuilding an Index 319

Function-Based Indexes 319

Clusters 320

Sequences 321

18 Partitioning 323

Creating a Partitioned Table 324

List Partitioning 326

Creating Subpartitions 327

Creating Range and Interval Partitions 327

Indexing Partitions 329

Managing Partitioned Tables 329

19 Basic Oracle Security 331

Users, Roles, and Privileges 332

Creating a User 332

Password Management 333

Standard Roles 336

Format for the grant Command 337

Revoking Privileges 338

What Users Can Grant 338

Moving to Another User with connect 340

create synonym 343

Using Ungranted Privileges 343

Passing Privileges 343

Creating a Role 345

Granting Privileges to a Role 345

Granting a Role to Another Role 346

Granting a Role to Users 346

Adding a Password to a Role 347

Removing a Password from a Role 347

Enabling and Disabling Roles 348

Revoking Privileges from a Role 348

Dropping a Role 349

Granting UPDATE to Specific Columns 349

Revoking Object Privileges 349

Security by User 349

Granting Access to the Public 351

Granting Limited Resources 352

PART III Beyond the Basics 20 Advanced Security—Virtual Private Databases 355

Initial Configuration 356

Create an Application Context 357

Create a Logon Trigger 359

xviii Oracle Database 11g: The Complete Reference

Create a Security Policy 360

Apply the Security Policy to Tables 361

Test VPD 361

How to Implement Column-Level VPD 363

How to Disable VPD 363

How to Use Policy Groups 365

21 Advanced Security: Transparent Data Encryption 367

Transparent Data Encryption of Columns 368

Setup 368

Additional Setup for RAC Databases 369

Opening and Closing the Wallet 370

Encrypting and Decrypting Columns 370

Encrypting a Tablespace 371

Setup 372

Creating an Encrypted Tablespace 372

22 Working with Tablespaces 375

Tablespaces and the Structure of the Database 376

Tablespace Contents 376

RECYCLEBIN Space in Tablespaces 378

Read-Only Tablespaces 379

nologging Tablespaces 380

Temporary Tablespaces 380

Tablespaces for System-Managed Undo 380

Bigfile Tablespaces 381

Encrypted Tablespaces 381

Supporting Flashback Database 381

Transporting Tablespaces 382

Planning Your Tablespace Usage 382

Separate Active and Static Tables 382

Separate Indexes and Tables 382

Separate Large and Small Objects 383

Separate Application Tables from Core Objects 383

23 Using SQL*Loader to Load Data 385

The Control File 386

Loading Variable-Length Data 387

Starting the Load 388

Logical and Physical Records 391

Control File Syntax Notes 392

Managing Data Loads 394

Repeating Data Loads 394

Tuning Data Loads 395

Direct Path Loading 396

Additional Features 398

24 Using Data Pump Export and Import 399

Creating a Directory 400

Data Pump Export Options 400

Starting a Data Pump Export Job 403

Contents xix

Stopping and Restarting Running Jobs 404

Exporting from Another Database 405

Using EXCLUDE, INCLUDE, and QUERY 405

Data Pump Import Options 407

Starting a Data Pump Import Job 410

Stopping and Restarting Running Jobs 411

EXCLUDE, INCLUDE, and QUERY 412

Transforming Imported Objects 412

Generating SQL 413

25 Accessing Remote Data 417

Database Links 418

How a Database Link Works 418

Using a Database Link for Remote Queries 419

Using a Database Link for Synonyms and Views 420

Using a Database Link for Remote Updates 421

Syntax for Database Links 421

Using Synonyms for Location Transparency 424

Using the User Pseudo-Column in Views 425

26 Using Materialized Views 429

Functionality 430

Required System Privileges 430

Required Table Privileges 431

Read-Only vs Updatable 431

create materialized view Syntax 432

Types of Materialized Views 435

RowID vs Primary Key–Based Materialized Views 436

Using Prebuilt Tables 436

Indexing Materialized View Tables 436

Using Materialized Views to Alter Query Execution Paths 437

Using DBMS_ADVISOR 438

Refreshing Materialized Views 441

What Kind of Refreshes Can Be Performed? 441

Fast Refresh with CONSIDER FRESH 444

Automatic Refreshes 444

Manual Refreshes 445

create materialized view log Syntax 446

Altering Materialized Views and Logs 448

Dropping Materialized Views and Logs 448

27 Using Oracle Text for Text Searches 449

Adding Text to the Database 450

Text Queries and Text Indexes 451

Text Queries 452

Available Text Query Expressions 452

Searching for an Exact Match of a Word 453

Searching for an Exact Match of Multiple Words 454

Searching for an Exact Match of a Phrase 457

Searches for Words That Are Near Each Other 458

Using Wildcards During Searches 459