Tài liệu Building grammar skills for TOEFL IBT part 15 pdf

For example, many people would say: Leonardo da Vinci not only studied in Rome, but also in Florence.. The correct way to write is: Leonardo da Vinci studied not only in Rome but also i

Exercise 58.3

The following paragraphs are not very clear, and there is too much repetition Re- write parts of the paragraphs using coordinate conjunctions

The Mystery of “Homer”

Although he is considered the father of western literature, Homer is a remarkably

badly-known individual In fact, there is no consensus on whether such a person actually existed

There are two common theories about Homer One theory says that he was a real person The other theory is that he was not real

The first theory claims that Homer lived in ancient Greece, probably in Athens

He took part in the attack on Troy Therefore, he could record everything that took place

This theory requires that the Trojan war really took place However, the heroes don’t

have to be real

The second theory claims two things: first, Homer was a real person Second, the story was actually passed down orally from generation to generation

Most likely, we will never know for sure Archaeologists might make some discoveries in the future, however, which will explain the history of Homer once and for all

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One of the most famous tricks in history is the trick of the Trojan Horse The Trojan horse is also one of the most famous tricks in the history of the military

The story of the Trojan horse is set in the Trojan War It is also set in the city of Troy This situation was described by the Greek poet Homer in his poem The Iiiad

The Illiad tells of the Trojan War The Trojan prince Paris kidnapped the wife of

the Greek king Agamemnon, Helen Then Paris took Helen to Troy Agamemnon called his friends They went to Troy to recapture Helen

The goddess Athena was protecting the walls of Troy, and even though Agamemnon had the strongest warrior in Greek history - Achilles — his army could not win, Eventually, they built a huge wooden horse A group of soldiers went inside this horse Then, the Greek army pushed this horse to the gates of the city Then, they left

The Trojans didn't expect any problems They took the horse inside the walls of the city That night, the Greek soldiers opened the horse and attacked They attacked from inside the walls Therefore, Athena could not harm them They opened the gates The Greek army returned The Greek army destroyed Troy

Exercise 59.1

Write the meanings of the following words

3 philosophy

7 anthropology

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The coordinate conjunctions (and, or, but, so) show the relationships between ideas — in some cases, however, you want to show the relationship between more ideas In those

situations, use a different set of words — they are called the “co-relative” conjunctions Think of the co-relative conjunctions as sets of connectors These sets must always be used together

There are four such sets in English:

not only butalso

either or

neither nor

both and

Note:

One of the most common mistakes in English, even for native speakers, is to not use

parallelism with the paired conjunction not only but also

For example, many people would say:

Leonardo da Vinci not only studied in Rome, but also in Florence

Lnot only like French food, but also That food

Both of these sentences are wrong The correct way to write is:

Leonardo da Vinci studied not only in Rome but also in Florence

I ltke not only French food but also That food

Exercise 60.1

Combine these sentences using co-relative conjunctions, and remove any repetition Use two structures where possible

eg Leonardo da Vinci studied design He also studied architecture

* Leonardo da Vinci studied both design and architecture

»* Leonardo da Vinci studied not only design but also architecture

1 Leonardo da Vinci was the first to paint sfumato He was also the first to paint

texture

2 Leonardo painted churches He also painted private homes

3 Leonardo taught himself anatomy He taught himself painting

4 Some people think of Leonardo as an engineer Some people think of Leonardo as a painter,

5 People from Vinci say that Leonardo was born there People from Anchiano say Leonardo was born there

6 Leonardo was not Baptist He was not Lutheran

7 Leonardo enjoyed painting people He enjoyed painting still-life

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Leonardo completed two paintings in 1478, both The Madonna and Child (and/but also)

a picture of a little boy eating sherbert In 1480-81, he created a small Annunciation painting which is now in the Louvre In 1481, da Vinci painted an unfinished work of either St Jerome (and/or) St John Between 1481 and 1482, he started a painting called either “The Adoration of the Kings” (also/or) The Adoration of the Magi, He made both extensive (and/or) ambitious plans and many drawings for the painting, but it was not finished, as Leonardo's services had been accepted by the Duke of Milan, to which

he traveled,

5

Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan under the services of Duke Ludovico During this time, he did not only paintings, (and/ but) also sculptures and drawings In Milan, he designed not only court festivals, (and/but) also many of his sketches related to engineering He was given basically a free reign to work on any project he chose, though

he left many projects unfinished, completing only about six paintings during this time These included both The Last Supper in 1498 (also/and) Virgin of the Rocks He worked on many of his notebooks between 1490 and 1495,

Grammar Point 61 - Applied

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are used to join any two (or more) ideas They are very useful, and play very important roles in reading and understanding written English

Remember:

+ Conjunctions can only join things that are the same part of speech

* Conjunctions can join any part of the sentence: subject, verb, object,

complement ete

Exercise 61.1

In the following paragraphs, all of the sentences have been broken down into simple clauses Organize these paragraphs and arrange the sentences in order of most important

to least important

First, write an appropriate topic sentence for the paragraph Remember — a good topic sentence has a topic and controlling idea, which is your opinion about the topic Also, a good topic sentence includes all main ideas of the paragraph, so it is very general

Second, combine the phrases which can be connected using the appropriate conjunction

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was born in England,

William Shakespeare was born in a small village called Avon

William Shakespeare was born in 1564

William Shakespeare's father died when he was very little

William Shakespeare’s father was a soldier

William Shakespeare’s mother was rich

William Shakespeare’s mother owned a lot of land

William Shakespeare went to boarding school

William Shakespeare's boarding school was very famous

William Shakespeare did not like his boarding school

Topic Sentence:

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Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor

Michelangelo was an Italian architect

Michelangelo was an Italian painter

Michelangelo was an Italian poet

Michelangelo was an Italian in the period known as the High Renaissance

His great works were almost entirely in the service of the Catholic Church,

Michelangelo’s works include a huge statue of the Biblical hero David in Florence David was sculpted between 1501 and 1504

Michelangelo also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome between 1508 and

1512

After 1519 Michelangelo was increasingly active in architecture

Michelangelo designed the dome St Peter's Basilica

The dome of St Peter's Basilica was completed after his death

Topic Sentence:

Oscar Wilde

Oscar Wilde was born in Ireland,

Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin

Oscar Wilde was born in 1854

Oscar Wilde was a playwright

Oscar Wilde was a novelist

Oscar Wilde wrote in many newspapers

Oscar Wilde was charged with homosexuality

Oscar Wilde had a very famous trial

Oscar Wilde was sent to prison for a very long time

Topic Sentence:

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Bram Stoker was bom in Dublin,

Bram Stoker was bom in 1847

Bram Stoker couldn’t walk when he was young

Bram Stoker learned to walk when he was 7 years old

Bram Stoker’s mother was a feminist leader

Bram Stoker had 6 brothers and sisters

Bram Stoker was married in 1878

Bram Stoker moved to London in 1878

Bram Stoker became manager of a theatre in 1878

Bram Stoker wrote Dracula,

Bram Stoker did a lot of research before publishing Dracula

Bram Stoker published Dracula in 1897

Topic Sentence: