Tài liệu Delta''''s key the toefl test part 45 ppt

C Paragraph 1 Small business owners manage their own companies.. Small businesses include not only retail stores, such as gift shops and bookstores, but also real estate, advertising

Look at an example:

Communications media are the | Click on the sentence in the passage ways people exchange messages over long that compares communications with distances Just as muscles would become 411 the human body

helpless sinews if there were no nerves to direct them into action, so without communications the most advanced Scroll the passage to see all of industrial equipment and social the sentences

organizations would become useless

Factories would stand idle, unable to

receive orders for their products or place orders for raw materials Truckers and other transporters would not know where

to deliver their cargo or where to pick up new loads Hospitals, unable to receive advance warning of emergency cases,

[| would not be able to make necessary

preparations People in their homes would

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have to rely totally on their own resources for entertainment: no books, no

newspapers, no radio, no TV—they would have no communication whatever from the outside world

For this question, you must scan the passage for key words referring to the human body You

can find the key words muscles, sinews, and nerves in this sentence:

Just as muscles would become helpless sinews if there were no nerves to direct them

into action, so without communications the most advanced industrial equipment and

social organizations would become useless

In this sentence, you also find the comparative expression just as

You should use the mouse to click on this sentence You can click on any part of the sentence

and it will darken on the screen

Look at another example:

Why does the author mention factories, truckers, and hospitals

in paragraph 1?

> Communications media are the ways people exchange messages over long distances Just as muscles would become helpless sinews if there were no nerves to direct them into action, so without communications the most advanced industrial equipment and social organizations would become useless

Factories would stand idle, unable to receive orders for their products or place orders for raw materials Truckers and

C) To predict the future of communications C) To give examples of social organizations

C) To warn of a coming danger

C_) To illustrate the necessity other transporters would not know where of communications

to deliver their cargo or where to pick up new loads Hospitals, unable to receive advance warming of emergency cases, would not be able to make necessary

Paragraph | is marked with an

cee

Scan the passage to find factories, truckers, and hospitals In these sentences, you can see that

the author is giving examples of people and things that depend on communications

The answer is the fourth choice, To illustrate the necessity of communications

The first choice is inaccurate because the author does not try to predict the future Instead, the

author imagines what would happen without communications The second choice is incorrect

because truckers are people, not social organizations The third choice is inaccurate because the

author is discussing a hypothetical rather than a real danger

De.ta’s Key 70 THE TOEFL® Test

"eg PRACTICE

Exercise 3.6.A

Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question

QUESTIONS 1-3

Mary Cassatt was not only the best of the American Impressionists but the outstanding woman painter of the nineteenth century Her insights as an artist, her

originality of mind, and the rigor of design in her scenes of mothers and children all make

her so It is worth noting, however, that Cassatt was no more or less “American” than _

5 Whistler or Sargent were, although she spent less of her life in America than Whistler or

Sargent, living almost all her long life in Paris

Nevertheless, there are good reasons for seeing her in the American context First, she was raised and educated in Philadelphia, and she never dropped her American

citizenship Second, her work had more impact in America than in France and was

10 eagerly bought by American collectors And thirdly, she was known as une Americaine

by the painters in Paris She never tried to redefine herself as French, and it was in the

context of American expatriation that she was appreciated by other artists, both French

and American

1 The author’s attitude toward Mary Cassatt 3 What is the purpose of paragraph 2?

could best be described as

(A) To explain why Cassatt should be

were popular in America and France

2 Why does the author mention Whistler (> To compare American and French

CA) To show that Cassatt’s work was appreciated

by Americans

To criticize the work of Whistler and Sargent

Ce) To compare Cassatt with other American painters

() To explain why Cassatt chose to live in Paris

QUESTIONS 4-8

10

15

In 1781, William Herschel, a professional musician in Bath, England, was tired of

simply reading about the stars, so he rented a small reflecting telescope, and began

spending his nights reading the heavens He soon came to the conclusion, much like

Galileo and Newton, that he could build a better telescope himself, which he presently

did Then he built several more, each with a larger mirror With each new mirror, he saw

increasing numbers of stars At night, he could be found in his backyard, sweeping the

sky with his latest telescope He would stay out until dawn, studying the stars and

planets and recording their positions in what he called his “Book of Sweeps.”

Herschel decided to build a telescope with a 36-inch—diameter mirror Fortunately, the king of England was aware of his accomplishments as an astronomer, which included

the discovery of the planet Uranus Herschel was given a fellowship in the prestigious

Royal Society and was also granted the money he needed to build his telescope A team

of craftsmen, under Herschel’s supervision, constructed the world’s largest telescope, with

a 48-inch, 2,000-pound mirror housed within a 40—foot tube On the night that the

telescope was unveiled, the king, along with various members of the Royal Society and

other dignitaries, watched as Herschel climbed a ladder and peered into the telescope’s

eyepiece Then he climbed back down and wandered away, apparently stunned “I have

looked,” he was heard to say, “farther into space than any human being did before me.”

4 Which of the following best describes 7 Where in the passage does the author

the organization of the passage? mention Herschel’s writing?

CA) A description of the reflecting telescope CA Lines 1-3

Ce) An explanation of how the reflecting ©) Lines 11-12

telescope works

(@) A statement supported by examples 8 Where in the passage does the author

quote Herschel?

5 Why does the author mention Galileo

and Newton in lines 3-4? CAD Lines 3-5

Lines 9-11

To praise the work of Galileo and Newton ©) Lines 17-18

Ce) To compare the telescopes of Galileo

and Herschel

(@) To show how scientists worked together

6 Why does the author mention the discovery

of Uranus in line 11?

CA) To illustrate the structure of the solar system

To give an example of Herschel’s work

Ce) To prove that Herschel was more a scientist

than a musician

() To contrast Herschel with the king of England

Exercise 3.6.B

Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question

QuEstTIons 1-3

Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a career Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of professional forestry in America He was chief of the

Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to

instigate sound conservation practices in American forests Later he was professor of

5 forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University Another great

forester was Dr Bernard E Fernow, the very first head of the U S Forest Service He

organized the first collegiate school of professional forestry in the United States at

Cornell University

Foresters today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the

10 growth, protection, and utilization of trees They make maps of forest areas, estimate the

amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales They also protect

the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease Some foresters may be responsible for

other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the

development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands Others do research,

15 _ provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and

universities

1, Why does the author call Gifford Pinchot “the 3 Where in the passage does the author discuss

father of professional forestry in America’? the academic work of foresters?

CA) To emphasize his contribution to the field CAD Lines 2-4

(8) To describe his family background Lines 9-10

(@) To illustrate his influence on the president Lines 14-16

2 Where in the passage does the author mention

the first university program in forestry?

CA) Lines 1-2

Lines 4-5

Ce) Lines 7-8

Cp) Lines 14-16

QUESTIONS 4-8

Telecommunications technology has created a new class of worker—

telecommuters—employees who work at home using computer terminals, then send their

work to the office by means of modems A secretary may work at home four days a

week, processing a large volume of routine business letters, and electronically transmitting

5 copies of the letters to the office, where they can be printed out and mailed The

secretary goes to the office one day a week to meet with his or her supervisor to discuss

the work Many companies are experimenting with telecommuting because employees

who work at home can save them money on office space, utilities, and parking

Telecommuting offers several benefits Telecommuters do not have to drive back

10 and forth to work and do not have to keep a strict nine-to—five schedule Telecommuting

can be ideal for people with disabilities who cannot easily get out of the house or for

parents who want to be at home when their children come home from school Some

telecommuters find that they are more productive at home because they are not distracted

by other people

is Telecommuting has some disadvantages, however Telecommuters must have

enough self-discipline to work without supervision Without the companionship of co—

workers and the encouragement of supervisors, they may feel isolated Since few

telecommuters are represented by labor unions, they may be underpaid, and even superior

workers may be overlooked for promotions and rewards Also, many telecommuters are

20 not covered by company medical and liability insurance, and many do not get other

benefits stich as sick pay and vacations

4 What does the author mean by the statement

“Telecommunications technology has created

a new class of worker”?

CA) There is a growing demand for

telecommunications technology

Workers must be trained in telecommuting

There are several problems with driving

back and forth to the office

@) A number of people now work away

from the office

5 What is the purpose of paragraph 2?

CA) To describe the typical telecommuter

To persuade people to try telecommuting

To explain why some people telecommute

©

Ce) To describe the process of telecommuting

6 What is the purpose of paragraph 3?

Ca) To warn of the loneliness of telecommuting

To discuss the drawbacks of telecommuting

Ce) To criticize companies who take advantage

of telecommuters

(@®) To outline the financial disadvantages

of telecommuting

7 What does the author mean by the statement

“Telecommuters must have enough self- discipline to work without supervision”?

CA) Telecommuters often need to be disciplined by their supervisors

Supervisors cannot be telecommuters

Ce) Telecommuters must be motivated to work independently

@) Telecommuters and supervisors need

to cooperate in planning the work

8 Where in the passage does the author give

an example of a telecommuter?

CA) Lines 3-5 Lines 7-8

Lines 9-10

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CB) Lines 15-17

Exercise 3.6.C

Read the following passage and follow the directions on the right side of the screen

the typical duties of most small

business owners

C) Paragraph 1

Small business owners manage their own companies Small businesses include

not only retail stores, such as gift shops and

bookstores, but also real estate, advertising

and employment agencies, self-service

laundries, manufacturing firms and franchise Paragraph 2

operations such as fast food restaurants and ey Paragraph 3

fields run their own businesses In general,

companies are considered as small businesses

if their yearly sales are below $9 million

1 However, different standards are applied in

different industries

The three most common types of small businesses are sole proprietorships,

partnerships and corporations In a sole

=| proprietorship, one person owns the business

A partnership is an agreement involving two

or more people who own a business together

:| In a sole proprietorship or partnership, the

company’s profits are kept by the owner or

f| divided among the partners The owners are

also liable for the firm’s debts In a small

corporation, the owners are usually the

officers of the corporation and are paid a

salary One advantage of a corporation is

that its officers cannot be held personally

responsible for the firm’s debts

The responsibilities of small business owners depend on the nature of the company

| Most frequently, their primary functions

involve planning, money management,

and marketing To keep their companies in

business, owners must know when to take

financial risks They must adapt to changing

market conditions by creating new products,

improving services, or promoting their

company in innovative ways In addition,

[) they must buy services and equipment

| efficiently

Some small business owners run the entire operation themselves, The owner of a

bicycle shop may buy the inventory, make

the repairs, and sell to customers The owner

may also unpack merchandise, build displays,

and clean the shop

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CE Paragraph 1 C_) Paragraph 2

C_) Paragraph 3

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yearly sales are below $9 million

However, different standards are applied

in different industries

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and franchise operations such as fast food

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However, different standards are applied

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Why does the author mention

gas stations in paragraph 1?

© To compare gas stations

with small businesses

C) To analyze small businesses C_) To give an example of a franchise operation

CD To give an example of an employment agency

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DeLta’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test

> The three most common types of

small businesses are sole proprietorships,

partnerships and corporations In a sole

proprietorship, one person owns the

business A partnership is an agreement

involving two or more people who own a

business together In a sole proprietorship

or partnership, the company’s profits are

kept by the owner or divided among the

partners The owners are also liable for

the firm’s debts In a small corporation,

the owners are usually the officers of the

corporation and are paid a salary One

advantage of a corporation is that its

officers cannot be held personally

responsible for the firm’s debts

The responsibilities of small

Questions | 16

company Most frequently, their primary

functions involve planning, money

management, and marketing To keep their

companies in business, owners must know

when to take financial risks They must

adapt to changing market conditions by

creating new products, improving services,

or promoting their company in innovative

ways In addition, they must buy services

and equipment efficiently

Some smail business owners run

the entire operation themselves The

owner of a bicycle shop may buy the

inventory, make the repairs, and sell to

customers The owner may also unpack

merchandise, build displays, and clean

the shop

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Underline the sentence in paragraph

2 that explains who is responsible for money owed by a partnership

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [>]

What does the author mean by

the statement

Some small business owners run the entire operation themselves ?

OE Small business owners are primarily managers

oO Some businesses function with only one person

C) Small businesses are mainly

in the service industry

EO Bicycle repair is a complex operation

Answers to Exercises 3.6.A through 3.6.C are on page 660

DELTA'e KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test

3.6 EXTENSION

1 In reading done outside class, preferably from a textbook, students select a passage of

3 to 5 paragraphs Make a photocopy and bring it to class Working in pairs, students

identify (a) the passage’s organizational structure and (b) the author’s purpose Do the

separate paragraphs have different purposes? What is the main purpose of the whole

passage? What key words or phrases help you understand the author’s purpose?

2 Students create “TOEFL questions” to test their classmates’ ability to identify the

organization and purpose of a passage Select a short passage of 1 to 3 paragraphs from

a textbook or magazine Working in pairs, students write one or two questions for each

passage Use the lists of organization and purpose questions on page 430 for examples

of how to word the questions Then write four answer choices for each question One

must be the correct answer! In answer choices for questions about purpose, use key

words from the list on page 431

For activity #2, the teacher collects the passages with questions and answer choices, edits

them, and uses them in a student-made “TOEFL exam.”