Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 23 ppt

A sentence might contain several adjective clauses, An adjective clause can contain other adjective clauses.. Answers: The adjective clause where people who give information are higher i

When an adjective clause is needed to identify a noun, it is called a necessary or restrictive

adjective clause No commas are used around necessary adjective clauses

Of all living things, the chimpanzee has a genetic make-up that is most similar to ours

When an adjective clause gives extra information and is not necessary to identify the noun,

commas are placed around the adjective clause Commas are a clue that can help you recognize

some adjective clauses

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who was born in Johnstown, New York, was an early

American feminist

Note: When commas are used around an adjective clause, that cannot begin the clause

Adjective clauses appear frequently in written and spoken English A sentence might contain

several adjective clauses, An adjective clause can contain other adjective clauses

In the following sentence, underline the adjective clauses Circle the nouns they modify:

S

x

—

3

mm

“A

m

There are social situations where people who give information are higher in status

than those who need information

(Answers: The adjective clause where people who give information are higher in status than

those who need information modifies the noun situations The adjective clause who give

information modifies the noun people The adjective clause who need information modifies

the pronoun those.)

Some adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases, with no change in meaning An

adjective clause can be reduced to an adjective phrase only when the clause has who, which,

or that as its subject

Adjective Clause:

The general who had led the Union Army to victory was Ulysses S Grant

Adjective Phrase:

The general leading the Union Army to victory was Ulysses S Grant

Adjective Clause:

A proton is one of two kinds of particles that make vp the nucleus of an atom

Adjective Phrase:

A proton is one of two kinds of particles making up the nucleus of an atom

To reduce an adjective clause to an adjective phrase:

S~« omit the subject of the clause (the relative pronoun)

*~a omit the auxiliary verbs, if there are any

“ss change the verb to its ing form

DELTA'2 KEy To THE TOEFL® Tesr 213

Note: Use the —ing form (present participle) when the adjective phrase is in the active voice Use

the ~ed form (past participle) when the adjective phrase is in the passive voice (See 2.6)

These rules apply to verbs in any tense

Active Voice:

The technology that impacts us most is what we use in our homes

The technology impacting us most is what we use in our homes

Passive Voice:

Yellowstone, which was authorized by Congress in 1872, is the oldest national

park in the United States

Yellowstone, authorized by Congress in 1872, is the oldest national park in

the United States

Note: If the adjective clause needs commas, the adjective phrase also needs commas:

Crater Lake, which was formed by a volcano, is a superb setting for day hikes

Crater Lake, formed by a volcano, is a superb setting for day hikes

6 Some adjective clauses can be reduced to appositive phrases An appositive is a noun phrase that

is placed near another noun to define or explain it (See 2.2) Appositives do not have verbs

Adjective Clause:

One application of the laser is holography, which is the production of three- dimensional images

Appositive Phrase:

One application of the laser is holography, the production of three-dimensional images

7 A TOEFL item may test you by having:

“~« no adjective clause where one is needed

®+ an incomplete adjective clause

&~¢ an incorrect relative pronoun

“s no preposition where one is needed before a relative pronoun

an incorrect participle in an adjective phrase

8 A TOEFL item may test your ability to recognize when an adjective clause is needed Look at this

example:

The fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat and may therefore accumulate in quantities -

C can be toxic

C Ð that can be toxic

C 3 they can be toxic

C) can they be toxic

All of the answer choices contain a verb Therefore, you know that the missing part of the sen-

tence must be an adjective clause that will modify the noun quantities

214 DELrA'e Key To THE TOEFL® Test

10

11,

Only the second choice, that can be toxic, has the correct form and necessary parts of an adjective

clause: subject (relative pronoun) + verb The other three choices are incorrect because they either

lack a relative pronoun or have incorrect word order

A test item may try to trick you by having an incorrect relative pronoun Look at this example:

Benefits of a credit account, what may change from time to time, typically

include certain kinds of insurance coverage

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

what, you were correct because what makes a noun clause (See 2.9), not an adjective clause

Correction: which

Some of the answer choices may test you by not having a preposition where one is needed before

the relative pronoun Look at this example:

For today’s astronomers, constellations are simply areas of the sky

an interesting objects await observation

C3 in that C) which C) in which C) are

Interesting objects await observation in areas of the sky A preposition is needed before the rela-

tive pronoun to communicate this location The third answer choice, in which, best completes the

sentence, which should read: For todays astronomers, constellations are simply areas of the sky

in which interesting objects await observation

@

x

Cc

3;

AW

m

Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?

A TOEFL item may test your ability to recognize the correct participle in an adjective phrase

Look at this example:

Bobsleds, - by two— or four-man crews, have a metal brake with

several teeth

C3 driven

are driven

C 3 they are driven

C 3 đrivíng

The commas are a clue that the missing part of the sentence is the beginning of an adjective

clause or phrase to modify bobsleds Because the answer choices contain a participle but not a

relative pronoun, you know the correct answer is an adjective phrase

You can see that by two- or four—man crews indicates passive voice (See 2.6) The first answer

choice, driven, best completes the sentence because it is the past participle, which passive voice

requires

Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?

De.ta’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 215

Look at another example:

A great amount of unemployment is the simple turnover of people either -

for the first time or reentering it

enter the labor force

= entered the labor force

€ 3 are entering the labor force C.) entering the labor force

In this sentence, people needs an active voice verb because people are doing the action; they are

entering or reentering the labor force Therefore, you must use the present participle The fourth

choice, entering the labor force, best completes the sentence

How would you rewrite the above adjective phrase as an adjective clause?

7 > PRACTICE

Exercise 2.10.A

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1, The vacuum coffee maker is a complicated device which steam is generated in a glass bowl

connected to a holding container of coffee grounds and hot water

D

2 Although he is not the scientist he invents the new process, the innovator is the one who

successfully introduces it to the public

D

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

3 Hammurabi, - his capital at Babylon, 4 Composer Maurice Ravel based some of his

issued a famous code of laws for the finest works on the Oriental scales - he

management of his large empire was introduced at the Paris Exhibition of 1889

Ce) whose Ce) which

Cp) he had Cp} that

5 When changing banks, credit card companies

may assign a cash advance limit that is less

than the full credit line -

CA) to a client’s account assigned

assigned to a client’s account

Ce) assigning to a client’s account

(©) is assigning to a client’s account

6 Large, fast-moving trucks have been known

to create wind blasts - a motorcyclist

Ca) for can startle

CB) can that startle

Cc) that can startle

(®) can startle

7 Mount Vernon, George Washington’s mansion,

has wide lawns, fine gardens, and several

smaller buildings, - with attention to

Washington’s detailed notes

CA) restoring all

CB) all were restored

Cc) all restored

@ all restoration

Exercise 2.10.B

10 The aromatic herb tarragon has long been

8 Cubism was an art movement, primarily

in painting, - in 1907

CA) originated in Paris

it originated in Paris

Ce) in Paris was originated (©) that originated in Paris

9 Australia’s first penal colony, - , WaS

at Sydney

CA) it was often called Botany Bay C8) often called Botany Bay Cc) Botany Bay was often called

(©) often calling Botany Bay

cultivated for its leaves, - for flavoring vinegar, sauces, and soups

`

A

a

2

ass

x

n

(A) that are used

CB) which are used

been used

> they are used

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 A capo, a movable device - to a guitar

neck, is used to raise the pitch of the strings

CA) that attaching

attached

Cc) is attached

CD) where is attached

2 The Tarascans, - were traditionally known

for their hummingbird—feather mosaics, are still

noted for their weaving, music, and lacquerware

Ca) they

CB) who

Ce) that

©) which

3 Interest is a device - two functions

in the economy

CA) that serves that it serves Ce) serves Cb) can be served

4 Gravity dams, - of concrete, use their own weight to provide resistance to the pressure of water

CA) usually to make

they are usually made Ce) are usually made

(> usually made

Detta’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 217

5 Edouard Daladier, - over France in the

early months of World War Ii, was overthrown

when he failed to aid Finland

CA) was presided

presided

Ce) who presided

(®) that presided

Nathaniel Currier and James Ives were

American lithographers and publishers

wenn highly popular hand—colored

prints of nineteenth—century scenes

CA) production of

produced

Cc) they produced

(®) who produced

vi nem at Montreux Casino Hall on Lake Geneva, the Montreux International Jazz Festival showcases leading jazz artists and jazz—rock performers

CE Held

Holding

Ce) Itis held (@) Which is held

The principles of Dada, - Max Ernst and Marcel Duchamp, were eventually modified

to become the basis of Surrealism

CA) were carried to New York by

carried to New York by

Cf) they were carried to New York by

(> carried them to New York

Answers to Exercises 2.10.A through 2.10.B are on page 643

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a

FE Morea memes rr 2.10 EXTENSION pr TE I LT TN SO STE

1 For each sentence in Exercises 2.10.A and 2.10.B, students identify (a) the subject

and verb of the main clause and (b) the subject and verb of the adjective clause

Which sentences have adjective phrases?

2 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of adjective clauses and

phrases Bring examples to share in class Identify the nouns that are modified by

the adjective clauses and phrases

3 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of adjective

clauses Students write their own sentences with adjective clauses, or use sentences

they find in print Change the relative pronoun in each adjective clause so that it is

incorrect Write the sentences either on the board or on cards Classmates must

identify the error and make the correction

216 DeLta’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.9 through 2.10

Quiz 5 (Time - 10 minutes)

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 Companies buy information from marketing 4 Some people may not realize - a memory

analysts to help characterize their customers unit and a processing unit similar to those in

CA finding more of them CA) a pocket calculator has 4)

2 Babism, - elements of Sufism and other 5 During the Boston Massacre of 1770, five [

religions, is centered on a belief in the coming members of a rioting crowd were killed by Aw

CA) incorporated CA) sending to Boston

CC) it incorporates Ce) they were sent to Boston

©) incorporation (@) to be sent to Boston

3 Some mountains are cones of volcanoes or

intrusions of igneous rock -

form the domes

CB» that form domes

Cc) where form domes

Cp form domes

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

6 The rising water flooded the citrus groves, eventually rising to the point why villagers used boats

to harvest dates from the tallest palms

7 Trade is mutually beneficial between two countries in where one is more efficient in making one good

c and the other is more efficient in producing another good

D

8 Base in part on the experience of a real man, Daniel Defoe’s Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is often

considered the first true novel in English,

Cc D Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 219

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

9 ———- 1s a question that concerns the

researchers who have been studying the owl

since it was listed as a threatened species

CA) Because the spotted owl’s survival

Whether the spotted owl can survive

Ce) Can the spotted owl it survive

Cp The spotted owl can survive

10 Rome was built around an open marketplace

into which main roads converged and -

buildings were grouped

CA) near

CB) in order that

Cc) around which

@) as though

11 Igor Stravinsky, - the Bach of the

twentieth century, represented the best of

the “old” as well as the “new” music

(A) be considered

CB) he was considered

Ce) considered

CP) considering

12 - anthropologists found the fossil of a

human ancestor in the Olduvai Gorge is

well-known among scientists who study the

origins of the human race

Ca) The

That

Ce) Because

() Some

13

14

15

Niels Bohr’s atomic theory - the hydrogen atom consisted of a positive massive nucleus and an electron traveling in orbits around it

to

that Ce) stated that (©) it stated that

The great civilization which had prospered for over a thousand years along the Indus River was destroyed around 1500 B.C by nomads - - came from Persia probably

CB) from Persia probably were coming Ce) probably came from Persia

(> probably coming from Persia

Milton Avery is known for figurative paintings men display bold massing of forms

Ca) for CB) in that

Ce) to which

@ that

Answers to Structure Quiz 5 are on page 643

220 DELrA's Key To THE TOEFL® Test

2.11 Recognizing Adverb Clauses and Phrases

Q Focus

Read the following TOEFL item What does this sentence need?

- common usage among economists, the term “natural rate” is misleading

It has gained That it has gained Although it has gained

This sentence needs an introductory clause or phrase before the main clause, the term “natural

rate” is misleading Since the sentence has a main clause, you know the missing part of the

sentence must be a subordinate clause

SY

x

c

a

A

7

In the third choice, the subordinator Although makes an adverb clause An adverb clause is a

subordinate clause that functions in the same way that a single-word adverb does An adverb

clause modifies a verb or a main clause

The third choice best completes the sentence, which should read: Although it has gained common

usage among economists, the term “natural rate” is misleading

Now, read another TOEFL item What does this sentence need?

Jack McAuliffe had been the undefeated amateur boxing champion

oe the professional champion in 1885

and becoming before becoming became

This sentence needs a subordinate clause after the main clause, Jack McAuliffe had been the

undefeated amateur boxing champion Notice, however, that none of the answer choices has

a subject! How can one of them be a clause?

Like adjective clauses (See 2.10), some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases The answer is

the second choice, before becoming, which is an adverb phrase that has been reduced from the

adverb clause before he became

De.ta’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test 221

ụ DO YOU KNOW ?

222

At least one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to recognize correct usage of adverb clauses

and phrases

An adverb clause modifies a main clause or the verb in a main clause Like all subordinate claus-

es, an adverb clause must have a subject and a verb An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a

sentence It must be connected to a main clause to make a complete sentence

Adverb clauses begin with words called subordinators or subordinating conjunctions

Martin Luther King was such a powerful orator that his speeches continue to inspire people many years afterward

Even though it appears to help some people, doctors disagree on melatonin’s safety

The raccoon rubs and tears its food underwater, as if the food needed washing

Note: Sentences with adverb clauses of condition are called conditional sentences (You will

review conditional sentences in 2.12.) The order of the adverb clause and the main clause can be reversed without a change in meaning

These two sentences have the same meaning:

Malcolm X had been assassinated by the time his autobiography was published

By the time his autobiography was published, Malcolm X had been assassinated

Note: When the adverb clause comes first, it is followed by a comma

Some adverb clauses can be reduced to adverb phrases, with no change in meaning An adverb

clause can be reduced to an adverb phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause is the same

as the subject of the main clause

Adverb clauses that begin with after, before, since, when, and while are frequently reduced to

phrases

Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test