Tài liệu Timing and Delay part 1 pdf

[ Team LiB ]10.1 Types of Delay Models There are three types of delay models used in Verilog: distributed, lumped, and pin-to-pin path delays.. 10.1.1 Distributed Delay Distributed del

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10.1 Types of Delay Models

There are three types of delay models used in Verilog: distributed, lumped, and pin-to-pin (path) delays

10.1.1 Distributed Delay

Distributed delays are specified on a per element basis Delay values are assigned to individual elements in the circuit An example of distributed delays in module M is

shown in Figure 10-1

Figure 10-1 Distributed Delay

Distributed delays can be modeled by assigning delay values to individual gates or by using delay values in individual assign statements When inputs of any gate change, the output of the gate changes after the delay value specified Example 10-1 shows how distributed delays are specified in gates and dataflow description

Example 10-1 Distributed Delays

//Distributed delays in gate-level modules

module M (out, a, b, c, d);

output out;

input a, b, c, d;

wire e, f;

//Delay is distributed to each gate

and #5 a1(e, a, b);

and #7 a2(f, c, d);

and #4 a3(out, e, f);

endmodule

//Distributed delays in data flow definition of a module

module M (out, a, b, c, d);

output out;

input a, b, c, d;

wire e, f;

//Distributed delay in each expression

assign #5 e = a & b;

assign #7 f = c & d;

assign #4 out = e & f;

endmodule

Distributed delays provide detailed delay modeling Delays in each element of the circuit are specified

10.1.2 Lumped Delay

Lumped delays are specified on a per module basis They can be specified as a single delay on the output gate of the module The cumulative delay of all paths is lumped at one location The example of a lumped delay is shown in Figure 10-2 and Example 10-2

Figure 10-2 Lumped Delay

The above example is a modification of Figure 10-1 In this example, we computed the

maximum delay from any input to the output of Figure 10-1, which is 7 + 4 = 11 units The entire delay is lumped into the output gate After a delay, primary output changes after any input to the module M changes

Example 10-2 Lumped Delay

//Lumped Delay Model

module M (out, a, b, c, d);

output out;

input a, b, c, d;

wire e, f;

and a1(e, a, b);

and a2(f, c, d);

and #11 a3(out, e, f);//delay only on the output gate

endmodule

Lumped delays models are easy to model compared with distributed delays

10.1.3 Pin-to-Pin Delays

Another method of delay specification for a module is pin-to-pin timing Delays are assigned individually to paths from each input to each output Thus, delays can be separately specified for each input/output path In Figure 10-3, we take the example in Figure 10-1 and compute the pin-to-pin delays for each input/output path

Figure 10-3 Pin-to-Pin Delay

Pin-to-pin delays for standard parts can be directly obtained from data books Pin-to-pin delays for modules of a digital circuit are obtained by circuit characterization, using a low-level simulator like SPICE

Although pin-to-pin delays are very detailed, for large circuits they are easier to model than distributed delays because the designer writing delay models needs to know only the I/O pins of the module rather than the internals of the module The internals of the

module may be designed by using gates, data flow, behavioral statements, or mixed design, but the pin-to-pin delay specification remains the same Pin-to-pin delays are also known as path delays We will use the term "path delays" in the succeeding sections

We covered distributed and lumped delays in Section 5.2, Gate Delays, and in Section 6.2, Delays In the following section, we study path delays in detail

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