An International Data Group Company For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org... CliffsTestPrep ™ TOEFL ® CBTPublished by IDG Books Worldwid
Trang 2CliffsTestPrep ™
by Michael A Pyle
IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
An International Data Group Company
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Trang 3CliffsTestPrep ™ TOEFL ® CBT
Published by
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LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS BOOK THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETE-NESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITCOMPLETE-NESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE DESCRIPTIONS CONTAINED IN THIS PARA-GRAPH NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS STATED HEREIN ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR WAR-RANTED TO PRODUCE ANY PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES
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is a registered trademark under exclusive license
to IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., from
a master’s degree in Linguistics in 1979 He has been involved in
the field of English as a Second Language since he began work on
his master’s degree in 1977 The original TOEFL test preparation
book that he co-authored was created while Mike was teaching at
the University of Florida’s English Language Institute and Santa Fe
Community College in Gainesville, Florida in 1982 He also wrote
Cliffs Advanced Practice for the TOEFL in 1992 Although Mike
no longer actively teaches for any institution, he periodically makes
presentations to individual classes at Daytona Beach Community
College and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona
Beach, Florida He is a member of Teachers of English to Speakers
of Other Languages (TESOL) and regularly attends its annual
meetings He has made presentations on teaching techniques related
to TOEFL at TESOL annual meetings from time to time
Project Editor: Joan Friedman Copy Editor: Billie A Williams Editorial Assistant: Alison Jefferson Special Help: Constance Carlisle, audio CD producer; ripple FX,
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IDG Books Indianapolis Production Departmen t
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erty It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the has received any payment for this “stripped book.”
Trang 4Author’s Acknowledgments
Writing a book requires a considerable amount of research and work, and once it is completed, it is natural to feel a great relief I only hope that you find it as helpful
as students have found the two earlier texts I wrote I very much appreciate the feedback I have received from students and teachers over the years on the original texts I am grateful to Joyce Pepple and Greg Tubach for asking me to write an-other Cliffs book I am particularly thankful to Joan Friedman for all the work that she and her staff did in the actual production, revision, and completion of the text itself.
My father-in-law, Dr Manuel Lopez Figueras, of Merida, Venezuela, again helped
me write a new passage about his specialty, lichens My friend Dr Arnold Vera, a physician specializing in endocrinology in Ormond Beach, Florida, assisted me greatly in writing the passage about diabetes I also wish to thank Alejandro Muñoz and his family for taking us all over Mexico, including on a tour of the Don Julio Tequila processing plant in Atotonilco-Jalisco.
Nowadays, I am a lawyer with a busy law office I very much appreciate those members of my staff who were sometimes affected by my work on the book, espe-cially when they had to handle the legal work for clients because I was locked in
my room trying to meet a deadline Those employees are Trisha Dellinger, Stacey Rahm, Michelle Hall, Tracy Stafford, Kathy Strawn, and Sheila Semanisin Sheila regularly had to fax and overnight documents Tracy even stepped in to draw fig-ures for me on short notice And Steve Rahm has done a magnificent job creating our toeflcourse.com Web site.
I appreciate Verna Londoño and the administrators of Daytona Beach Community College and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University for inviting me to speak to their students from time to time so that I could gauge the quality of what I had written.
I also appreciate how open and cooperative Gena Netten and others in the TOEFL office have been with me and other TOEFL authors Without information from them, we would all be guessing about what to present to the readers.
As always, I am grateful to my wife, Maria, and children, Michelle and Michael, Jr., for putting up with my working so many hours as well as providing ideas for sample items I was even receiving and returning text via e-mail while on a cruise with the family in the Carribean
And most of all, thanks to you, the reader, for choosing this book I hope that you will find it useful and I welcome your feedback Visit the Web site and e-mail me with your comments and questions.
iii
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Trang 6Table of Contents
Preface xiv
How to Use This Book xv
To the Student xv
To the Teacher xix
Study Guide Checklist xx
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE TOEFL COMPUTER-BASED TEST GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOEFL TEST 3
How Colleges and Universities Use TOEFL Scores 3
Computer-Based versus Paper-Based Testing 4
Computer Tutorials 5
Institutional Testing Program (ITP) 5
STRUCTURE OF THE TOEFL TEST 6
Listening Section 7
Structure Section 7
Reading Section 7
Writing Section 8
QUESTIONS COMMONLY ASKED ABOUT THE TOEFL TEST 9
COMPUTER BASICS FOR TAKING THE TOEFL TEST 11
TAKING THE TOEFL TEST: A SUCCESSFUL OVERALL APPROACH 13
Preparing for the Test 13
The Day of the Test 13
During the Test 14
PART II: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS LISTENING SECTION 17
Basic Skills Necessary 17
What to Expect 17
Part A 18
Part B 19
Preparing for the Listening Section 24
A Patterned Plan of Attack 25
STRUCTURE SECTION 26
Basic Skills Necessary 26
What to Expect 26
Incomplete Sentences 27
Choosing the Incorrect Word or Phrase 27
How to Prepare for the Structure Section 28
A Patterned Plan of Attack 28
v
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Trang 7READING SECTION 29
Basic Skills Necessary 29
What to Expect 29
Preparing for the Reading Section 32
A Patterned Plan of Attack 33
WRITING SECTION 34
Ability Tested 34
Basic Skills Necessary 34
What to Expect 34
How to Prepare for the Writing Section 35
A Patterned Plan of Attack 36
PART III: DETAILED REVIEW OF ITEMS TESTED LISTENING 39
Tenses and Time Indicators 39
Samples 39
Passive Voice 40
Samples 41
Appositives 41
Sample 42
Modals 42
Sample 42
Conditional Sentences 43
Wish 44
Comparisons and Comparatives 44
Equal Comparisons 44
Unequal Comparisons 45
Double Comparatives 45
Superlatives 45
Negatives 46
Limiting Words 46
Already and Yet 47
Affirmative Agreement 47
Negative Agreement 48
Tag Questions 48
Cause and Effect 49
Because and Because Of 49
So 49
The Reason That 49
Other Phrases Indicating Cause and Effect 50
Causatives 50
Have and Get 50
Make 51
Words that Sound Alike 51
Sample 52
Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions 52
Sample 53
Problem Items 53
No Sooner 53
Remember, Stop, and Forget 53
Let and Help 54
Used To and Be Used To 54
Would Rather 55
vi
Trang 8Phrasal Verbs 56
Samples 56
Idioms of Suggestion 58
Sample 59
Commands and Indirect Commands 59
Practice Exercise 60
CD A, Track 1 60
Answers for the Practice Exercise 62
STRUCTURE 63
Sentence Structure 64
Subjects 65
Nouns and Noun Phrases 65
Other Types of Subjects 66
Verbs and Verb Phrases 66
Complements 67
Modifiers 68
Phrases and Clauses 68
Structure Quiz 1 69
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 1 71
Recognizing Unusual Subjects 72
Infinitives and Gerunds 72
That Clauses 73
Question Words 74
Complex Sentence Structures 75
Compound Sentences 75
Passive Voice Sentences 75
Conditional Sentences 77
Real (Possibly True) Conditions 77
Unreal (Not True) Conditions 78
Relative or Adjective Clauses 78
That and Which 79
Who, Whom, and Whose 80
Samples 81
Reduced Relative (Adjective) Clauses 82
Adverb Clauses 83
Reduced Adverb Clauses 84
Active Verb 84
Passive Verb 85
Adjective 85
Structure Quiz 2 85
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 2 87
Reverse Order Constructions 88
Reversed Conditional Construction 88
Reversed Order Limiting Words 89
Appositives 90
Direct and Indirect Objects 91
Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) 92
Because/Because Of 94
Word Order 94
Order of a Superlative 94
Order of an Intensifier 95
Order of Verb Modifier 95
Order of Adjectives and Nouns 96
Enough 97
Structure Quiz 3 97
Table of Contents
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Trang 9Word Form 100
Need and In Need of 101
So and Such 102
Adverbs and Adjectives 103
Adjectives 103
Adverbs 104
Adjective Forms 105
Linking Verbs 105
Parallel Structure 105
Pronoun Forms 106
Noun/Pronoun Agreement 108
Verb Forms 109
Basic Verb Rules 109
Regular Verbs 110
Irregular Verbs 110
Simple Present Tense 110
Present Progressive Tense 111
Simple Past Tense 112
Past Progressive Tense 112
Present Perfect Tense 112
Present Perfect Progressive Tense 112
Past Perfect Tense 113
Past Perfect Progressive Tense 113
Modals 113
Subject/Verb Agreement 114
Noun Endings 115
Distracting Words and Phrases 115
A Number of or The Number of 117
Sentences with Two or More Verbs 118
Combining Verb Tenses 118
Subjunctive Sentences 121
Verbs Used as Complements 122
Verbs Complementing Verbs 122
Verbs Following Prepositions 123
Verbs Following Adjectives 124
Verbs Used as Adjectives 124
Nouns Used as Adjectives 126
Structure Quiz 4 126
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 4 128
Word Choice 128
Idiomatic Expressions 128
Completing a Construction 129
Not Only But Also 129
Count and Non-Count Nouns 130
Definite and Indefinite Articles 131
Another, Other, and Others 133
Comparisons and Comparatives 133
Equal Comparisons 133
Unequal Comparisons 134
Double Comparatives 135
Superlatives 135
Problem Items 135
No Sooner 135
Despite/In Spite of 136
Rise/Raise 136
Lie/Lay 136
Sit/Set 137
viii
Trang 10Prepositions 137
During 138
From 138
By 138
In 139
Into 140
Out 140
On 141
At 142
Under 143
Through 144
Structure Quiz 5 144
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 5 146
Missing and Extra Words 147
Missing Subjects 147
Missing Articles 147
Missing Conjugated Verbs 148
Extra Articles 148
Extra Nouns and Pronouns 149
Structure Quiz 6 149
Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 6 151
READING 153
Identifying Main Ideas and Purpose 153
Studying the Details 154
Testing Your Vocabulary 154
Prefixes 155
a- or ab- 155
a- or an- 155
ad- 156
ante- 156
anti- or ant- 156
bi- 157
circum- 157
con- 158
contra- 158
de- 159
dis- 159
dys- 159
eu- 160
ex- 160
in- 161
inter- 162
intro- 162
per- 162
post- 163
pre- 163
pro- 164
re- 164
retro- 165
sub- 165
Prefix Practice Exercise 166
Answers 170
Roots 170
-cide- 170
-corp- 171 -cred- 171 ix
Table of Contents
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