Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 6 docx

Even though you’re not required to answer each question in the Reading section before proceeding, I recommend that you do so.. Each reading passage appears on the screen, and then after

that everybody taking the test receives the same questions, regardless of whether they answered previous questions correctly or incorrectly Therefore, you don’t

have a Confirm button on your computer screen during this section Also, you can

skip questions and return to them during the test, but there isn’t a device on the computer screen to show you which questions you’ve skipped (which would make it easier to return to the questions you’ve skipped) Therefore, you have to click back through the questions in order to find the questions that you’ve left unanswered Even though you’re not required to answer each question in the Reading section before proceeding, I recommend that you do so

Each reading passage appears on the screen, and then after you’ve read the entire passage, the questions relating to that passage appear You can’t skip any part of the reading passage The computer system won’t permit you to skip to the ques-tions before the entire passage appears on your computer screen Therefore, you should quickly read the entire passage before proceeding to the questions

At the top of the reading passage, the words Beginning, More Available, and End

appear These words tell you your place in the reading passage If you see

Beginning at the top of the screen, you’re seeing the very beginning of the

pas-sage If you see More Available, you’re in the middle of the text, and neither the beginning nor the end currently appears on the screen If you see End, the last

sentences of the passage appear on the screen

To proceed through the passage, click the arrow button If you click the bottom arrow, you’ll slowly move through the reading passage If you click within the bar that appears above the arrow, you’ll move a page at a time Because most readings are two screens long, usually clicking in the bar will bring you to the bottom of the passage If you read to the bottom of the first screen and then click in the bar above the bottom arrow, you’ll see the entire second screen of the passage

The time that remains for you to read passages and answer questions is shown on your computer screen Pay attention to the time Before you begin the Reading section, you’re told how many readings and questions you’ll have and how much time you’re given to complete the section Divide the number of readings into the time that you’re given so you can control how much time you spend on each set

of passages and questions

When you’ve finished reading a passage, click Proceed You can still see the

en-tire reading passage if you need it, and vocabulary and other questions that require you to view parts of the passage are generally presented in order When questions that require you to review parts of the passage are asked, the area of the passage that it applies to will automatically appear to show the marked word or phrase However, when the test asks a general question that doesn’t refer to a portion of the text, the reading passage moves back to the beginning You can scroll through the passage at that point if necessary

In Part III of this book, you can practice answering the various types of reading questions that follow full reading passages The following directions are very sim-ilar to those that you’ll see on the TOEFL test:

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Directions: This section measures your ability to read and understand written

English similar to that which you may encounter in a college or university setting

Read each passage and answer the questions based on what the passage states or

implies

You’ll encounter many varieties of questions in the Reading section For example,

you may be asked to do one of several things:

■ Click on the correct answer You must choose the single best answer to

the question On the computer screen, the answer choices are in the shape

of ovals; the oval becomes filled in when you click on it In this book,

each answer choice is assigned a letter from A to D

■ Click on the correct two answers You must click on the two best

an-swers On the computer screen, the answer choices are in the shape of

squares; an x appears in each square when you click on it In this book,

each answer choice is assigned a letter from A to D

■ Click on words or phrases in a specific order On the computer screen,

you must click on highlighted words in a specific order In this book, you

will be asked to list answer choices in a specific order from A to D

■ Click on pictures or drawings You’re shown several images and asked

to click on the one that depicts what the question asks In this book, you’ll

be asked to choose among answers A through D

Other questions in the Reading section require that you click on the correct

answer in the passage, and you may be asked to do one of several things:

■ Click the word that means the same as another word Some vocabulary

questions require that you click on the word in the passage that means the

same as a word given in the question

■ Click the referent of a pronoun To test your knowledge of pronoun

antecedents, you must click on the noun or noun phrase in the passage to

which a given pronoun refers

■ Click the sentence in which a particular subject is discussed In this

type of question, you’re asked to identify where in the passage a particular

issue is presented

■ Click on the place in a passage where a specific sentence could fit.

You’re given a sentence that does not appear in the original passage, and

you must determine the most logical place for it in the reading passage

Multiple-choice questions may require you to identify main ideas, significant

points, inferences, details, vocabulary words, or referents Questions that address

main ideas may include:

■ What is the passage mainly about?

■ What aspect of does the passage mainly discuss?

Reading Section

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Questions that address significant points and inferences may read:

■ All the following are mentioned about except:

■ All the following are reasons for except:

■ According to the passage, all the following factors affect except:

■ The passage supports which of the following statements about ?

■ In stating , the author means that:

■ The author mentions as examples of:

■ The author states to imply that:

■ The author mentioned in the passage because:

■ What can be inferred about ? Questions that deal with details in the passage may look like this:

■ The main point that the author makes about is that :

■ According to the passage, what/when/why/where/how ?

■ According to the passage, what is one effect of ? Vocabulary and referent questions may include the following phrases:

■ The word in the passage is closest in meaning to the word:

■ The phrase in the passage is closest in meaning to:

■ The word in the passage refers to:

Preparing for the Reading Section

The same methods that I suggest for improving your listening and grammar skills are also great for reading Read, read, read Read whatever you can, whenever you can When you don’t have time to read printed material, listening to recorded books is helpful, even for this section of the test Read items that are as compli-cated as you are able to understand Also, pay particular attention to new vocabu-lary words, including the use of prefixes, suffixes, and roots Practice determining the meaning of a vocabulary word from its context Likewise, learn to connect pronoun references to their antecedents (Part III of this book provides detailed information about connecting pronoun references to their antecedents.)

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A Patterned Plan of Attack

Reading

Be familiar with the section’s directions before the test begins

Mark DISMISS DIRECTIONS as soon as the directions appear.

SKIM through THE PASSAGE, paying attention to the

first sentence of each paragraph.

READ the ENTIRE PASSAGE, trying to grasp the overall concept and identify where subtopics are presented.

Answer each question slowly and methodically.

REFER TO THE READING when necessary.

PACE YOURSELF, paying attention to the time and

number of questions remaining.

If you do not know an answer, GUESS and move on.

After you finish the section, if time remains, return to previous questions and REVIEW ANSWERS you were not certain about.

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Reading Section

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WRITING SECTION

Ability Tested

The Writing section measures your ability to write standard English using accu-rate grammar and vocabulary

Basic Skills Necessary

To perform well on this section of the TOEFL test, you must be able to write clearly and convincingly, and you must organize the essay well and provide suffi-cient details and examples

What to Expect

The Writing section, which is mandatory on the Computer-Based Test, makes up a part of your Structure score In this section, you’re given a topic and asked to cre-ate an essay You should organize and write the essay carefully, providing sufficient examples and evidence to support your thesis Use accurate grammatical structures

as well as proper vocabulary Don’t try to use grammar or vocabulary with which you are not totally familiar A mistake will cost you points Rather, write simply

and concisely Complicated grammar and vocabulary are not required.

Examples of essays provided by the Educational Testing Service indicate that you don’t need to develop an introductory or closing paragraph in as much detail as you might in a writing class, but you do need to develop the body paragraphs in the essay Most writing teachers would say that you shouldn’t use a single sentence as

an introductory or conclusion paragraph, but for the TOEFL test, one sentence for each is probably sufficient

You have 30 minutes to plan and write the essay You may hand-write it or type it, but you’re given a computer tutorial regardless of whether you want to write or type your essay After taking the tutorial, you’re asked a second time whether you want to type or hand-write the essay The word processor used for the TOEFL test

is rudimentary, but it’s not difficult to learn Make up your mind before you attend the test whether you are going to hand-write or type the essay

You’ll receive scratch paper on which you may organize your thoughts; do not

bring your own scratch paper to the test What you write on your scratch paper doesn’t affect your score in any way, but you do have to leave the paper when you conclude the test (The test administrators must ensure that you don’t take infor-mation regarding the test with you.)

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Writing Section

All possible writing topics are available in advance both in the TOEFL Bulletin

and on the TOEFL Web Site When you take the test, you receive only one topic;

you will not have any options There are so many possible topics that it’s not

worthwhile for you to write essays in advance on every topic

Write several essays prior to taking the test, and try to have some of them scored

If you don’t know a writing instructor who can do this, you may use my Essay

Grading Service You may send an essay by mail along with a check or money

or-der payable to TOEFL Preparation Course, LLC The mailing address is:

TOEFL Preparation Course, LLC

1265 West Granada Blvd

Suite 1

Ormond Beach, FL 32174 USA

You may also visit www.toeflcourse.com to see whether I have added other

possi-ble procedures for submitting essays for grading

The fee for reviewing one essay is $20 If you submit more than one essay at one

time, you may deduct $2 per additional essay submitted (That is, the fee for two

essays is $38, for three $56, and so on.) The discount is only applicable for essays

submitted together, and it does not matter whether the essays are written by the

same student or different students If you provide an e-mail address, the scoring

will be sent to you via e-mail

The essay is critical to your TOEFL test score It makes up one half of your

Structure score For this reason, you won’t receive a final Structure score

immedi-ately after you take the Computer-Based Test The Structure score cannot be

final-ized until your essay is graded, which generally takes up to two weeks

In Part III of this book, you can practice constructing essays for the Writing

sec-tion of the test The following direcsec-tions are very similar to those that you’ll see

during the actual exam:

Directions: This section measures your ability to write in standard English,

in-cluding your ability to organize ideas and support your thoughts with sufficient

examples and evidence You will be provided one topic and will be given 30

min-utes in which to organize and write the essay You may make notes on a separate

piece of paper Type or hand-write the essay

How to Prepare for the Writing Section

The best way to improve your writing is to read and write as much as possible

Pay attention to what you read and how the author has organized thoughts and

supported his or her thesis with details Likewise, practice writing Have

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somebody review your essays by comparing your writing to the TOEFL test crite-ria, as I discuss in detail in Part III

To write a good essay, you must organize your thoughts Before you write, make

an outline showing the major topics that you’ll tackle and the examples that you’ll use to support these topics You must address the essay question directly The po-sition that you take in your essay doesn’t matter, but you must answer the ques-tion asked and not get sidetracked A well developed introducques-tion and conclusion

is always helpful but not as important to your TOEFL score as well written body paragraphs

A Patterned Plan of Attack

Writing

READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY Be sure you understand exactly what is being asked, and prepare to answer it.

ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTS in an outline or other logical way.

ADD sufficient DETAILS OR EXAMPLES in the plan for each major topic.

PAY ATTENTION TO GRAMMAR Do not try to make it complicated.

Just make sure every sentence is complete and logical.

PAY ATTENTION TO VOCABULARY Do not try to use words if you are not absolutely certain how they should be used Big words are not necessary to achieve a good score.

WRITE CAREFULLY, following the organization of your outline and watching the grammar and vocabulary.

PROOFREAD Make changes as necessary.

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D ET AI LE D R EVI EW

PART III

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LISTENING

In this section, you get an overview of the items you should study to be prepared

for the Listening section of the TOEFL test Many grammar items are explained in

greater detail in the Structure chapter that follows this one, so be sure to flip to

that chapter for more information This section treats the understanding of

gram-mar structures whereas the structure section deals with the formal construction of

some of the same items For many of the items tested in the Listening section,

sample questions are provided here that show you what a typical TOEFL test

question might look like If you know an English-speaking person, ask him or her

to read these sample questions aloud Hearing them will help you prepare for the

test more effectively than just reading them

Tenses and Time Indicators

On the Listening section, it’s important to be able to recognize the different verb

tenses

Pay close attention to verb tenses, and watch for words that indicate time,

such as after, before, while, when, next, once, and later.

Samples

Man: I haven’t heard whether John is going on the cruise

Woman: He’d made other arrangements before the cruise was planned

Q Narrator: What does the woman mean?

A John will attend the cruise.

B. John is changing his arrangements

C John still has to make his plans.

D John is not attending the cruise.

The answer is D, “John is not attending the cruise.” The past perfect tense and the

word before indicate the time.

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