hỗ trợ giảng dạy

Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell expression of genes may change –one period are active some genes and second period another. genes – how to determine exactely expression[r]

What are genetically changed

origin species of each

country?

Traditional biotechnology and genetic

engeneering

What are the GMO? (history,developement of

gene engeneering)

Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants

Gentic engeneering methodes

EU legislation

Uses of GMO-advantages

Uses of GMO-disadvantages and risks

Care for the authochthonic/ original vegetation GMO of next generation

Contents:

Traditional biotechnology and

 small assortiment of genes

Genetic engeneering – technic enable the identification of many genes which confer desirable charachteristics and transfer them to organisms which did not posess them before; single-celled

organisms with modified DNA are used to produce different products

genes can be transfered, multiplied,retained or expressed in new combination that not exist in a nature; genes can be transfered also between different species

Biotechnology in service of

mankind

Traditional selection and breeding techniques as

fermentation processes, used live organisms such

as yeast and bacteria for production of bread,

cheese, yoghourt, beer, vine etc

More extensive use of GMO at present leeds to

intensive production of useful substances such as insuline (1979), growth hormone or the blood

clotting factor Human genes encoding for these

products have been successfully transfered into

the DNA of microorganisms This allows large scale production of these substances for medical use in

so called “bioreactors”

What are the GMO?

Are organisms in which genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and / or natural recombination

In principle, genes from any species could

be inserted into any other species

Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants

Resistance to diseases and pathogenes (bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects…)

Resistance to novel herbicides

Protection against abiotic stress – salinity,

drought, frost…

Functional food (cancer protecting tomato, …)

Improved nutritional value in different food

TECHNOLOGY OF RECOMBINATION

1. Isolation of DNA molecule from donor organism,

cut with enzymes (restriction endonucleases) and join with other DNA from s.c clone carrier

(vector) – new recombinant DNA

2. New DNA is inserted in to a host cell (plant or

bacterial) =TRANSFORMATION; the foreign DNA becomes a permanent feature of the host, being replicated and passed on to daughter cells along

with the rest of its DNA

3 Host cells which already have inserted DNA are

separated from other cells which are not yet

transformed

The most frequent transformation places

Apical- meristematic cells

Reproduction cells (gametes)

Embrios

Range of transformation

Laboratories ( 100 different plant species) Field experiments (more then 50 plant

species)

Market production (21 different plant

species with 85 different genetic elements (2002)

Field releases of GMO in

The most desirable agricultural GMO species

Field releases of GMO’s in

Field releases of GMO’ s in

EU legislation

For protection of health of citizens and the environment

As well as ensuring a single unified

market for biotechnology

Documents Purpose

Dir.2001-18-EC Releasing of GMO to the

environment ( base for food, feeding stuffs, seeds

Reg 1139/98/EEC Declarations (protection of

consumers)Reg 49/2000/EEC 1% values of GMO in food

 seeds costs more

 less machine cultivation

 less fuel used -> less emission of CO 2 in the athmosphere

Advantages (2.)

of GMO-Bt corn from Spain

 corn butterfly makes about 15 %

of damage

 an average field production is

12,54 t/ha, GMO corn 13,35 t/ha

 saving 150 EUR per ha

Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell

expression of genes may change –one period are active some genes and second period another

genes– how to determine exactely expression of a new inserted gene?

Risks (2.)

Coincidence of genes of different organisms

exl: plants, animals, people eating plants-plants are developed defense against herbivores- toxines

In thousands of years genetically supported

nevtralisations for undesirable vegetable products developed (in our saliva)

Evolution – selection are always linked with food – too sensitive persons (food) dissapeared from

population

New food (exotic or GMO) – increase of alergy

Digestion of proteins in intestinum – procese can stop in the level of undigested particles -> biotic effects???

Pollination

 transfere of pollen and genes by

insects even in the area of more km from field with GMO

 usually inside the species

 rare between relative species

 very rare or periodical transfer

between different species (weed)

Risks (3.)

The migration of inserted genes from cultivated plants to wild species

Artificially created selection pressure

could lead to a dominance of GMO

Risks (5.)

Transfer of genes to microorganisms Appereance of high tolerant injurer

(insects, viruses, bacteria)

Toxical properties for nontarget

butterfly; bees, birds…)

Polithic strathegy in EU

countries

EU - possibilities for all types of

agriculture (classic, ecological, GMO…)

Consumer must have possibility to choose between GMO and others; declarations on food articles are obligated

Each EU country can choose freelly her own strathegy for use of GMO;by

consideration of EU Directives

Care for the authochthonic/ original

vegetation

International convention of biotic diversity FAO contract on plant and genetic food

and agriculture resources

EU common programme for plant gene

resources net

EU project – protecting the biotic diversity

on ecological farming

GMO of next generation

Improving of nourishing values of food

 macronutrients (peptides, carbohydrates, lipids)

 micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)

New applications

 target proteins

 transformation of plastids (chloroplasts)

 oral vaccine matter and medicines

 elimination of selection genes

GMO of next generation

New agricultural interesting

charachteristisc

frost, salinity, shadow)

Plants producst as new biomaterials