Figure Drawing - Bird Horns

Short, flexible tail terminates in stout bone pygostyle for support of highly mobile long tail feathers.. Three digits present; small third digit nonmov-able.. Short alular feathers atta

218 BIRD + ANATOMY

CHICKEN SKELETON

Callus gallus

Bird characteristics: Body always covered with feathers; feet (toes and

usually tarsometatarsus) covered with scales (thickened skin) Aquatic

birds have webbed toes No teeth; horny beak.

Lightweight skeleton in flying birds (many hollow bones), with keel

on sternum for attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles) No keel

in large flightless birds (ostrich, emu, rhea) Completely bony ribs (no rib

cartilage) Clavicles fused into single bone, the furculum (wishbone).

Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies by species) provide

great neck flexibility Some of the middle thoracic vertebrae fused in

some species (chicken); posterior thoracic, all lumbar, and all sacral

ver-tebrae fused into synsacrum, which in turn is fused to the pelvis Short,

flexible tail terminates in stout bone (pygostyle) for support of highly

mobile long tail feathers.

Wing (arm) skeleton modified for flying (ostrich and penguins evolved from flying ancestors) Wrist joint automatically straightens when elbow joint is straightened; conversely, wrist joint automatically bends when elbow joint is bent Individual hand and finger bones reduced in number and largely fused together for support of primaries (outer flight feathers) Three digits present; small third digit nonmov-able Short alular feathers attach to movable first digit Secondaries (inner flight feathers) attach to rear edge of ulna.

Three toes point forward and one points backward in most species (e.g., chicken, hawk, crow), or two toes forward and two back (e.g., woodpecker, parrot) Ostrich has two toes per foot Toes terminate with claws Male chicken has bony spur covered with horny sheath on tarsometatarsus.

(all chicken drwings fro speimevs)

BIRD » ANATOMY 219

CHICKEN MUSCLES

AbdAlu Abductor alulae; AbdDi2 Abductor digit! II; AbdDi4 Abductor digit! IV;

AbDiMa Abductor digit! majoris; Ad Man E Adductor mandibulae externus; Ascend

Ascendentes; BicBra Biceps brachii; BicSli Biceps slip; BivCer Biventer cervicis;

Brach Brachialis; Complx Com plexus; CutCos Cutaneus costohumeralis; DepCau

Depressor caudae; DepMan Depressor mandibulae; EDLon Extensor digitorum

long us; EHL Extensor hallucis long us; ExAbOb External abdominal oblique;

ExBrD4 Extensor brevis digit! IV; ExLDiM Extensor longus digit! majoris; ExMetR

Extensor metacarpi radialis; FCrL Flexor cruris lateralis; FCrM Flexor cruris

medi-alis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDLon Flexor digitorum longus; FDMin Flexor digiti

minoris; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor digitorum superficialis;

Femtib Femorotibialis; FHB Flexor hallucis brevis; FHL Flexor hallucis longus;

FibBrv Fibularis brevis; FibLon Fibularis longus; FlxTen Flexor tendons; GasEx

Gastrocnemius, external head; Gasln Gastrocnemius, internal head; GasTen

Gastrocnemius tendon; IlioCr Iliotibialis cranialis; Iliofib Iliofibularis; IlioLa Iliotibialis lateralis; IntDFl Intermediate digital flexors; Intert Intertransversarii; IntVen Interosseus ventralis; LaDCau Latissimus dorsi caudalis; LaDCra Latissimus dorsi cranialis; LatCau Lateralis caudae; LevCau Levator caudae; LoCoVe Longus colli ventralis; ManEpi Mandibutaris epibranchialis; PecTho Pectoralis thoracis; PronPr Pronator profundus; PronSu Pronator superficialis; PubcEx Pubocaudalis externus; RecAbd Rectus abdominis; ReCaDo Rectus capitis dorsalis; ReCaLa Rectus capitis lateralis; ReCaVe Rectus capitis ventralis; ScapCa Scapulohumeralis caudalis; SerSuC Serratus superficialis caudalis; SpiCer Spinalis cervicis; TenPro Tensorpropatagialis; TibCra Tibialis cranialis; TPLT Tensor propatagialis long tendon; TPST Tensor propatagialis short tendon; TriBrH Triceps brachii, humeral head; UlnimD Ulnimetacarpalis dorsalis; UlnimV

Ulnimetacarpalis ventralis.

22O BIRD > ANATOMY

CHICKEN SKELETON

FRONT VIEW

AddAlu Adductor alulae; AdManE Adductor mandibulae extemus; BicBra Biceps

brachii; BicSli Biceps slip; Brach Brachialis; Complx Complexus; DeltMa Deltoid

major; DeltMi Deltoid minor; Ectep Ectepicondyloulnaris; EDC Extensor digitorum

communis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; EHL Extensor hallucis longus;

ELDM Extensor longus digiti majoris; ExBrAl Extensor brevis alulae; ExBrDB

Extensor brevis digiti III; ExBrD4 Extensor brevis digiti IV; ExLoAl Extensor longus

alulae; ExMetR Extensor metacarpi radialis; ExMetU Extensor metacarpi ulnaris;

FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDMin Flexor digiti minoris; FibBrv Fibularis brevis;

FibLon Fibularis longus; FlxTen Flexor tendons; Gasln Gastrocnemius, internal

head; IlioCr Iliotibialis cranialis; IlioLa Iliotibialis lateralis; IntDor Interosseus dorsalis; Intert Intertransversarii; IntVen Interosseus ventralis; LoCoVe Longus colli ventralis; PecTho Pectoralis thoracis; ReCaDo ffecfus capitis dorsalis; ReCaLa Rectus capitis lateralis; ScapCa Scapulohumeralis caudalis; Supcor

Supracoracoid; Ten Pro Tensor propatagialis; TibCra Tibialis cranialis; TPLT Tensor propatagialis long tendon; TPST Tensor propatagialis short tendon; TriBrH Triceps brachii, humeral head; TriBrS Triceps brachii, scapular head; UlnimD

Ulnimetacarpalis dorsalis.

BIRD * ANATOMY 221

CHICKEN MUSCLES

222 BIRD + ANATOMY-FEATHERS

CHICKEN SKELETON

PIGEON

(all pigeon drawings from specimens)

BIRD » FEATHERS 223

PIGEON WINGS

224 HORNS & ANTLERS » BOVID HORNS

AMERICAN BISON (MALE)

HORNS & ANTLERS » BOVID HORNS 225

WHITE-BEARDED WILDEBEEST (MALE)

226 HORNS & ANTLERS * BOVID HORNS

MOUNTAIN GOAT (MALE)

HORNS & ANTLERS > BOVID & GIRAFFID HORNS 22/

PRONGHORN ANTELOPE (MALE)

228 HORNS & ANTLERS > CERVID (DEER FAMILY) ANTLERS

WHITE-TAILED DEER (MALE)

HORNS & ANTLERS * CERVID (DEER FAMILY) ANTLERS 229

AMERICAN ELK (MALE)