Tài liệu Figure Drawing - Domestic Phinoceros - Indian Elephant pdf

Long, pointed head, small eyes, long ears; short neck.. I longus; AbDiS Abductor digit!. V; Brach Brachialis; Brcph Brachiocephalicus; Bucc Buccinator; Canin Caninus; Clmas Cleidomastoid

1/6 DOMESTIC PIG + ANATOMY

Domestic pig characteristics: Domestic pig derived from European wild

boar Snout movable—specialized for digging roots and tubers from soil.

Nostrils located at end of flattened nose Tusk-like upper canines (larger

in males) grow upward and outward Lower canines grow upward and

backward to fit against larger upper canines Upper and lower canines

rub against each other, usually producing sharp edges Elongated skull

has sloping profile Long, pointed head, small eyes, long ears; short

neck Four digits per limb, only two middle digits functional; walks on

toes Hoofs on toes (reduced side toes have small hoofs) Domestic pig

has stocky body with thick fat layer and curly tail; often sparsely haired.

Wild species have full fur coat, less fat, and straight tail.

AbDIL Abductor digit! I longus; AbDiS Abductor digit! V; Brach Brachialis; Brcph

Brachiocephalicus; Bucc Buccinator; Canin Caninus; Clmas Cleidomastoid; ClOcc

Cleido-occipitalis; Coccy Coccygeus; Delt Deltoid; DLaMn Depressor labii

mandibularis; DLaMx Depressor labii maxillaris; ECR Extensor carpi radialis; ED1L Extensor digit! I longus; EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLat Extensor digitorum lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor digitorum superficialis; GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe

Gastrocnemius, medial head; Glubi Gluteobiceps; GluMe Gluteus medius; Ilioc Itiocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; LAOM Levator anguli oculi medialis; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris; Longi Longissimus; Malar Malaris; Mass Masseter; Ment Mentalis; Omohy Omohyoid; Omotr Omotransversarius; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PecAs Pectoralis ascendens; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Peroneus tertius; RecAb Rectus abdominis; RecFe Rectus femoris; SerDC Serratus dorsalis caudalis; ServT Serratus ventralis thoracis; Smemb Semimembranosus; Sol Soleus; Stcph Sternocephalicus; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy Sternohyoid; Subcl Subclavius; Supra Supraspinatus; Temp Temporalis; Ten FA Tensor fasciae antibrachii; TenFL

Tensor fasciae latae; Tibialis cranialis; Trapezius; Triceps brachii, lateral head;

TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; UlLat Ulnaris lateralis; VasLa Vastus lateralis; Zyg Zygomaticus.

(after ellenberger;

DOMESTIC PIG > ANATOMY 1/7

1/8 PIG & PECCARY > PROPORTION

DOMESTIC PIG

WILD BOAR

PIG & PECCARY > PROPORTION 1/9

WART HOG

PECCARY

WHITE RHINOCEROS

Ceratotherium simum

Rhinoceros characteristics: One or two conical, tapering "horns" made

up of cemented hair-like fibers (with no bony core) present on snout

Nasal bones project past front of mouth bones; nasal bones are

thick-ened to support horn Forehead concave (rear end of skull rises up)

Large temporal area on skull (behind orbit) Well-developed occipital

crest at rear end of skull Small eyes, erect ears Upper lip prehensile in

black and Indian rhinos—squared and broad in white rhino Short neck;

massive body with broad chest Short, stocky, pillar-like limbs to support

heavy body Three digits per limb, hoofs on toes Walks on toes Femur

has projecting third trochanter on outer side of shaft for attachment of

the gluteus superflcialis muscle Tufted tail Thick skin may develop

prominent folds; in Indian rhino, folds always present and specific in

location White rhino has prominent shoulder hump In same group as

horses and tapirs

AbDlL Abductor digiti I longus; BiFemLH Biceps femoris, long head; BiFemSH Biceps femoris, short head; Brach Brachialis; Brcph Brachiocephalicus; Brrad Brachioradiatis; Bucc Buccinator; Canin Caninus; Cutan Cutaneous muscle; Delt Deltoid; ECR Extensor carpi radialis; EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLat Extensor digitorum lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR Flexor carpi

radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor

dig-itorum superficialis; GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe Gastrocnemius, medial head; GluMe Gluteus medius; GluSu Gluteus superficialis; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; Inter Interossei; LAOM Levator anguli oculi medialis; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris; Longi Longissimus; Malar Malaris; Mass Masseter; Omotr Omotransversarius; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PecAs Pectoralis ascendens; PecSu Pectoralis superficialis; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Peroneus tertius; Pop Popliteus; SerVC Serratus ventralis cervicis; SerVT Serratus ventralis thoracis; Smemb Semimembranosus; Splen Splenius; Stend

Semitendinosus; Sthy Sternohyoid; Stman Sternomandibularis; Temp Temporalis;

TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibCr Tibialis cranialis; Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps

brachii, lateral head; TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; UlLat Ulnaris lateralis;

(fromspecimen photo)

RHINOCEROS » ANATOMY l8l

WHITE RHINOCEROS (MALE)

(after beddard;kingdon)

182 RHINOCEROS + PROPORTION

WHITE RHINOCEROS

BLACK RHINOCEROS

RHINOCEROS > PROPORTION 183

INDIAN RHINOCEROS

SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS

184 INDIAN ELEPHANT » ANATOMY

Indian elephant characteristics: Largest land animal Middle of back

profile convex/high (concave/low in African) Nose extends into long,

flexible, muscular trunk with nostrils and two prehensile finger-like

pro-jections at tip (one projection in African) Large skull; short nasal bones

located high on skull (for attachment of trunk) Brain surrounded by

thick, airy bone Two rounded prominences on top of head (single

promi-nence in African) Upper incisors elongated into continuously growing

tusks, usually lacking in female (present in African male and female).

Very large ears (considerably larger in African) Short neck—cervical

ver-tebrae compressed front to back Rib cage extends to pelvis Thick,

pil-lar-like columnar limbs (bones in almost vertical straight line) and

shoul-der and hip sockets face downward, all to support massive body weight.

Short feet All feet have five digits—some inner and outer toes may be

reduced and without hoofs Both front and rear feet have an extra small,

elongated bone (prepollex in front and prehallux in rear) just to the

inside of the first digit Five hoofs on front foot (four or five in African).

Four or five hoofs on hind foot (three, four, or five in African) Thick

elas-tic pad on sole of foot Foot in life somewhat cylindrical or conical When

lying on belly, knee touches ground (femur directed downward); lower

leg continues straight back Long tail has wispy tuft of coarse hair.

AbDIL Abductor digit! I longus; AbDiS Abductor digiti V; Anc Anconeus; Bicep Biceps brachii; BiFem Biceps femoris; Brach Brachialis; Brcph Brachiocephaticus; Brrad Brachioradialis; Bute Buccinator; BuccPR Buccinator, pars rimana (depres-sor proboscidis); BuccPS Buccinator, pars supra-labialis; Corac Coracobrachialis; DelAc Deltoid, acromial portion; DelSc Deltoid, scapular portion; Digas Digastric; DLaMn Depressor tabii mandibutaris; ECR Extensor carpi radialis; ECU Extensor carpi ulnaris; ED1&2 Extensor digiti I & II; EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLat Extensor digitorum lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR Flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe Gastrocnemius, medial head; Glubi Gluteobiceps; GluSu Gluteus superficialis; Grac Gracilis; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; LatDo Latissimus dors/; LeNas Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris (levator proboscidis); Longi Longissimus; Mass Masseter; Nasal Nasalis; OccFr Occipito-frontalis; Omotr Omotransversarius; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PalLo Palmaris longus; PecAs Pectoralis ascendens; PerBr Peroneus brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus; Plant Plantaris; PosOr Post-orbic-ularis; PrOrD Pre-orbicularis dorsalis; PrOrV Pre-orbicularis ventralis; PrTer Pronator teres; RecAb Rectus abdominis; RecFe Rectus femoris; Rhom Rhomboid; Sol Soleus; Splen Splenius; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy Sternohyoid; Stman Sternomandibularis; Stmas Sternomastoid; Subcl Subclavius; SupOr Supra-orbic-ularis; Supra Supraspinatus; Temp Temporalis; TenFA Tensor fasciae antibrachii; TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibCa Tibialis caudalis; TibCr Tibialis cranialis; Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; TriMe Triceps brachii, medial head; VasLa Vastus lateralis.

(after blainville)

INDIAN ELEPHANT » ANATOMY 185

(after cuvier;eales;shindoo)

186 ELEPHANT > PROPORTION

INDIAN ELEPHANT

AFRICAN ELEPHANT

ELEPHANT > PROPORTION 187

INDIAN ELEPHANT