We use conjunctions to join sentences together.. We can use and to join sentences, shorter expressions or single words.. We use conjunctions to join sentences together.. Q Choose the bes
Trang 1SECTION 16 conjunctions
@ grammar summary
after although and assoonas because before but so until when while
both and either or neither nor (+ For if, see Section 17.)
(If necessary, use a dictionary to check the meanings of these conjunctions.)
We use conjunctions to join sentences together
| went to Germany because Emma wes there We went home after the concert finished
Some conjunctions (and the words that follow them) can go in two places
| cleaned my room before {| went out Before | went out, | cleaned my room
We use present tenses to talk about the future with time-conjunctions
I'll phone you when | arrive Let’s wait here until somebody comes
We can use and to join sentences, shorter expressions or single words We don’t need to repeat unnecessary
words with and
| went downstairs and (I) opened the door I’ve got friends in Canada and (in) Australia
Could | have a knife and (a) fork?
@ pre-test: which units do you need?
Try this small test it will help you to decide which units you need The answers are on page 284
@ Correct (v) or not (x)?
> We started without her because of she was late X
1 Although it was raining, I went out
I went to London soon after I got to England
After Jake will get here, we'll all go out
Will you still love me when I’m old?
Because it was cold, so I put on a coat
I got the job in spite of my English was bad
You are beautiful, intelligent, kind
You can either come in my car or walk home
I need a knife and I need a fork
ates J (9 she got married, *}
© she changed her job *)
@ Ann phoned vi - hin 5 “ you were out *}
@ | won't be happy g ® um & % l leave school ®
Trang 2conjunctions: introduction and, but, because
Conjunctions are words like and, but, because, although, if, while, so, until
We use conjunctions to join sentences together
it was cold and | wanted to go home
f like him but | don’t like her
He gotup ~— although he wqas il
| didn’t buy it because _it was too expensive
I'll phone you if the train is late
Andrew called while you were out
l(was raining so 1 took my umbrella
| waited until Mary was ready
Let’s go out as soonas Peter arrives
@ Circle the best conjunction
> I'll phone you although / so /(whenyl arrive
1 The party was boring, although / because / so 1 went home
2 The weather was nice, although / or / until it was a bit cold
3 She speaks good French, after / because / but she has a strong English accent
4 lenjoyed my month in Argentina, although / and / but | \earnt a lot of Spanish
S Ill tell you my plans because / so / while we're having lunch
6 | helped him after / because / or he was a good friend
Q Choose the best conjunction to join the sentences Use a dictionary if necessary
> I lived in Liverpool | left school (if, although, until)
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Beemer e eee ete ee meme EEE ERE E EOE PEO ERE EOS TEETH EEE OSE OURS OED E REET HOES EOE EEE EEE REED EEE O ED OORE OEHHA EERE H EEE H SEE OORT EER RHEE E EES Ete EEeenerenstee
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© Put conjunctions from the box into the text
although although and and and_ because because before so _ until when
Andy Probert was bored at school, 1 he left 2 he was sixteen
— got a job in a travel agency He did not stay there very long, 4 he liked the work He decided to move 5 the pay was Very ÌOW 6 the hours were too long His next job was in an import-export company He liked that much better, 7
he travelled to America a lot 8 the work was very well paid He worked there for three V€AFS, 9 he really understood the business; then he started his own company Now he
is doing very we€lÌ, t0 the work is sometimes very hard He says he wants to make
enough money to stop working 11 he is 50
Trang 3position of conjunctions If you need help, ask me
When we use conjunctions, there are often two possibilities
1 Start with the conjunction 2 Put the conjunction between the
(and the part that follows it) two parts of the sentence
IF you need help, please ask me Please ask me IF you need heip
WHEN you ore in London, phone us Phone us WHEN you are in London
ALTHOUGH it was raining, | went out | went out, ALTHOUGH it was raining hard
AS SOON AS she could, she went to bed She went to bed AS SOON AS she could
Note that we often put commas (,) in sentences with conjunctions, especially in longer sentences
We usually use a comma if we start with the conjunction
1) Put these sentences together in two ways
> I enjoyed the film The beginning was boring (although)
enjoyed the film, although the beatnning was boring, Sere eee Me Oe tee wre BPO R RO PMA O ECE HR EOE POO MOPED ODDO ER EMS e Ree HH ECO SERRE ORES SEER HERO ETH HEE HERO T EH HEHE ES OH EDO H HESS EOE EE EMRE EEE EERE POETS EEE
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10 Come and see us You arrive in Scotland (as soon as)
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Trang 4before and after I talked to John before I phoned Peter
Note how we use before and after
(1) A HAPPENED, THEN (2) B HAPPENED
A happened before 8B happened OR Before B happened, A happened
After A happened, B happened or B happened after A happened
I talked to John before | phoned Peter Before | phoned Peter, | talked to fohn
(Both sentences say that ! talked to John first.)
Ann moved to York after she got married After Ann got married, she moved to York
(Both sentences say that Ann got married first.)
0 Put these sentences together in two ways with before or after
> (1) I have tea (2) I go to bed (before)
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Oe eR Sere eee Cee eee eee er eee eee Cee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee ree ee ee ee eee ee ee eee eee cere reer eee eee eee eee eres errr cee eee sree ee err ee Peer rer eer) PRO rere ere meee Here ECO HCE ERODED EER TECH REE MOCO H TOE DE DEE TEESE REET MORRO SSO H ER EEE E EME OOE SERS SESH E DEH ERR OES HE EE REET SEE ETE RE REEDS USES EEE DES EES DOSE EEeEEEeD
PCR m hme e meee reer COREE ROKER EP OH EY PORE HEE C FEDER EERE EOE S EEE EERE E TOR EO OEE OE ERE OER HEED EEEEEEE DEE EE ED HEHE OH ED OEE SERED TEER OEE ESSE EHH O EEE ES OHSS OEE ESSE ERE ED PORE mee ee eee OHO eRe EO HOC OEE eee REECE OEE HOOT EEH EERO E THEE TEETH EEO DEO EE HEED ESE DEED EEE SEEM HOSE HTH EED OTHE OTE SETHE R EER OEE EOS ESRD EHO TEE HETERO E EDS
POO RE eee eee OH ROR EE REO EER ERE RHEE EEE MEOH ESE HEE REO E HE DEES DESO REE HSER DEORE REED EMER D DESEO EEE DEED E EH EHD ROHR DERE EO SS HORE EEE SE DED EEE SHOES SED H EE EHD ED EERE DEEDES Pea re eee mee HOHE Eee HOO EERE ERE HOUR ERODE HHO OEE HODES EEE DEED ETOH ED OOS ESET OLED EET DEDEDE EHR E HERE OES EOE SEEDED ERE E EH OSES OOD O 0 0060 06 006660000 080200 0 06 “e6 000
CỐ HEE HEED EEE OEE T EET EEE DEE HACE O STORES EES OEE ROE D EEE SHEE SOARED REDE DORE D HEED HESS OREO E ROSEN TASH OE DEE HEE OHH REESE EES Teeter ee eee eee eee ee eee CeCe Cee eee eee eee Cee eee eee eee cece re CeCe Serer See rere ere CSE e SECC ESC Ce Scere Lec e Ve Seer er rere eer rere rere reer eee eee ree eee eee ee
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CRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: wars
Make sure you know the words in the box; then read the sentences and put in 1 and 2 to show what happened first
ally army attack battle declare war (on) defeat general invade
>» The Moronians prepared for war (2%.) after Fantasia invaded Kayland (.4.)
1 Before the Moronians declared war on Fantasia ( ), the Moronian President went to Fantasia
( ) for talks with General Zunk
2 After the President returned from Fantasia ( ), Moronia declared war on Fantasia ( )
3 The Fantasian army invaded Zedland ( ) soon after Moronia declared war on Fantasia ( )
4 Before Moronia attacked Fantasia ( ), the Moronians defeated Fantasia’s ally Beeland ( )
5 Zunk flew to Ruritania ( ) after Moronia defeated Fantasia at the battle of Quark ( )
3 For -ing forms with before and after, see page 133
Trang 5We use the simple present with a future meaning after before, after, while, until, when and as soon as
I'l see you before you go (NOT .-befere-you-wil! ge-) We'll talk about it after | get back
You can use my car while I’m in treland Don’t move until | tell you
He‘ll phone you when he arrives (NOT when-he-witarrive-)
We'll start the party as soon as justin gets here
0 Put in verbs from the box Use the simple present
hear leave make open Y_ write
> Wait here until Jane CĐ£4s the door
1 Call me as soon as you about the exam
2 Can you hold the baby while l coffee?
3 What' john going to do when he school?
4 Give my love to Sue when you to her
0 Put in verbs from the box (simple present or will)
find give “help Start travel
mate i you my address before | say goodbye
1 Ann’s going to live here until she a job
2 We're going to look after Sue’s flat while she
3 Í you after I get back from work
4 We're early — we've got half an hour before the lesson
© Look at Bill and Ann’s summer dates and complete the conversation
BILL AND ANN’S SUMMER DATES
The children will get out of school at midday on July 8th
Bill and Ann’s new car will be ready on July 17th
Eric will go back to work on July 20th
Ann’s father will go into hospital on July 25th
Bill’s brother will be in England from July 12th to July 14th
BILL: LeUS go to Eric’s from the 4th to the 30th
ANN: No, we can’t leave until the 8th The children, remember?
BILL: OK We'll leave (at midday on the 8th) as soon as the children 1 out of school ANN: That won’t work, because we'll have to be here (from the 12th to the 14th)
„17 8 4
BILL: Then we'll go from the 15th to the 30th
ANN: No, we'll have to be back (before the 25th) before 3
BitL: OK The 15th to the 24th it is
ANN: Well, in that case, let’s wait (until the 17th) until 4
BILL: The 17th to the 24th Right
ANN: But we can’t stay with Eric (after the 20th) after 5
BILL: Fine The 17th to the 20th
ANN: No, because
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Trang 6because and so; although and but
We can say why things happen with because or so (but not both)
Because Sue was tired, she went to bed / Sue went to bed because she was tired
OR Sue was tired, so she went to bed (BUT NOT-Beeatse-Sue-was-titedse-shewentto bed-)
We usually put a comma (,) before so For more about commas with conjunctions, see page 219
1) Join the sentences with because (twice) and with so
> He passed the exam He had a good teacher
COT eee ee ORDO OHO ERO ODEs mabe Hem ree eee ee deen OL Dona ra deer a Eres Ee DD SOOO Shee HH eE eH EEE EEE HOO ON SEES HEHE EER ETERS EOE EE HEHE E EE EEE Ee Cee ee dew rn ewe rears errors e ed es sree Eee Dee Dee PEO DHE HEER PE GHEE EH RSE RTeHOT SC CEP OEE RESET EERE EOHHE DSSS OH EE HEE SEES EEO RTT E DEER HEHE EETEeEE Cee Fe cece rere erm asee renee area P Ober ae DED HOD GCE eeeH OEE FOE F ED DEH HOSE EOE HOER THEE RETEST SEES E OSE Ree ee et ESET ETE S OEE SESS Eee TenEe
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Pe eee e eee ree ree HR HERO HCO HEE EHO HET RROD EH EES ROE O EEE HOSP OC SOO S ES OR ED PER DHE RETR EEE OHH ER OER EE OOR SEETHER ESE DONT EST OES ODE OES Reece eee rece ree ree CeO R OEE O HHO HOE EMER EE OE ED FES EEE DOLE R EHS DEED DEREK THEE EEEE SEES OED ORDO ERE ED EEE ES ESSE EHTS H EE SEES OR EEES
ee _
““-ˆˆÓÓŠQ Ô
cố cCC CC s ỐốỐỐỐỐỐốỐỐỐỐỐ đ6ể
We can say that things are not as we expect with although or but (but not both)
Although Pete was tired, he didn’t go to bed / Pete didn’t go to bed, although he was tired
OR Pete was tired, but he didn’t go to bed (BUT NOT Attheugh Petewes_tiredbut-_he-didn+t ge-_te-bed.)
We usually put commas before although and but
Q join the sentences with although (twice) and with but
> She passed the exam She had a bad teacher
RAE c eee erg b erate ee Tare ce ee cea reese near sse eee aaa ees Se E MESS ESTED SEE EEEETEETE EES SESS DES EAEE SEES EE DOSED EDO R EEE ESE OE HE eee Dee eee Pewee we Gewese wel eee ee re twee ewe nee eles eres e da PO RM ESE BSED EE OES CORSO M HOES EEE EEE O OOS ERS EEEE HEE EEE E EERE ER EER HERE E HERO eee eee eee ees Pee Tee Đ ĐA Đó S6 60 0 6000090600060 549059099006 ĐỐC 9960508060802 "Âu (ộp bò G 0906060066669 6.662 2Á s6 000 06006 0000060642046004 9090000 006004240000004 0000240940002 09 %6
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Trang 7Because (conjunction) and because of (preposition) are different
We stayed in because it was raining We stayed in because of the rain
He was able to go to university because his uncle helped him / because of his uncle's help
Although (conjunction) and in spite of (preposition) are different
We went out, although it was raining We went out in spite of the rain
! got the job, although my English was bad / in spite of my bad English
© Join the beginnings and ends
a problem at the airport
but he went out without a coat
he went out without a coat
her plane was late
she never talked to me about her problems 4
1 Although I knew her well,
2 Although it was cold,
3 Ann arrived late because of
4 Ann only arrived at 11 o’clock because
5S It was very cold,
6
7
8
9
so he asked me to help him
the bad pay and conditions
she asked me to help her
the pay and conditions were bad
Because | was an old friend,
We were old friends, She stayed in the company, although
0 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: related nouns, verbs and adjectives
The words in the boxes are all nouns Make sure you know them Use a dictionary if
necessary Then change the sentences
heat hunger illness “rain snow “ unhappiness
> We drove slowly because it was snowing
Ve Arove slowly because of the snow “HH ĐÓ 5 m6 60 66066 e se 61094 S)ec s06 066006060 6 tỆP 6 6 h0 6 00006906 600000690 000660040906060000000900009065900099909400009006000000000%0099009090090949 00490064
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1 Because I was unhappy, | didn’t want to see anybody
Because Of MY
2 Although she was hungry, she didn’t eat anything
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| ÔÔÔÓÔÔÔÓÔÓÔ ÔÓ ,
cold interest (in something) thirst tiredness work
5S She kept all the windows open, although it was cold
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Trang 8and I speak Russian, English and Swahili
We can use and to join sentences, shorter expressions or single words
Sylvia won the first game and Pete won the second
‘What's she interested in?’ ‘Scottish dancing and mountain climbing.’
‘What shall we have for supper?’ ‘Fish and chips.’
In lists, we usually put and between the last two things, and commas (,) between the others
We need soap, bread, orange juice, tomatoes and sugar
She was beautiful, intelligent and kind (NOT beatiful inteHigent—kind.)
@ Write the sentences using and and commas
> She speaks (French German ƒapanese Arabic)
Toe aVe ee fer or never ssserasenneelroe deer seer esebghor Gnerrr ese reser snae eae renee ses e OEE T aaa seed OOO E DDS EEE SHEE HET EEE DEES RESO SEO NE OTE SHEE EEE OEE OEE EES EEE OES
1 My company has offices in (London Tokyo New York Cairo)
2 I’ve invited (Paul Alexandra Eric Lukc fanet)
Ceo cme rrr ee oer Cee ee OREO A Hea er EEOO EEO H REDE EEO E Ha OOD ES OEE RR EEE HEE FOOTE SHORE HERE EHS RHR OCS DDO E SESE SHEE EEE DEES HOLE TEESE TOE H SESE HSEE HEED SEES ESE OBOE EEE ES
3 I'll be here on (Tuesday Thursday Friday Sunday)
4 She’s got (five cats twodogs ahorse a rabbit)
5S He plays (golf rugby hockey badminton)
6 She (addressed stamped posted) the letter
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When we use and, we do not usually repeat unnecessary words
She sings and she plays the violin
He plays tennis and he plays badminton
They have offices in Britain and in America
We stayed with my brother and my Sister
The house and the garden were full of people
I’ve been to Greece and I’ve been to Turkey
| washed my shirt and { dried my shirt
She sings and plays the violin
He plays tennis and badminton
They have offices in Britain and America
We stayed with my brother and sister
The house and garden were full of people
I’ve been to Greece and Turkey
| washed and dried my shirt
Q Cross out the unnecessary words, and put in commas if necessary
> | speak Russian and-Lspeak English and +¢peak Swahili
1 She has painted the kitchen and she has painted the living room and she has painted the dining
room
2 Bob was wearing a pink shirt and Bob was wearing blue jeans and Bob was wearing white
trainers
3 Can you give me a knife and can you give me a fork and can you give me a spoon, please?
4 Many people speak English in India and many people speak English in Singapore and many
people speak English in South Africa
5 I’ve written six letters and I've posted six letters this morning
We use or in similar ways
You can come with me or wait here | don’t speak German, French or Spanish
Trang 9double conjunctions both and; (n)either (nor
We can make and more emphatic (‘stronger’) by using both and
He's both a top sportsman and a famous writer She both sings and dances
We can make or more emphatic by using either or
You can either come with me now or find your own way home
We have time to see either the museum or the cathedral, but not both
Neither nor means ‘not one and not the other’
The lessons were neither interesting nor useful He speaks neither English nor French
0 Make sentences with both and, either or or neither nor
> She speaks (Chinese Ej Japanese 3) 3 He did well in (mathematics 3 history §)
> You can have (coffee / tea) 4 This car is (fast [§ comfortable B)
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> Ï can (draw § sinc 8) 5 She (looked at mc said anythiny BB)
1 I think that she’s (Scottish / [rish) 6 I’ve got problems (at home W in my job &)
Deere eee Oe ee eH RHEE ERROR EURO HOH ERO F OTOH RTE OE EERO EEE E EROS EOS SE SEES «= L 6ố.ố.ố
@) crammar AND VOCABULARY: musical instruments
Look at the table and make sure you know the names of the instruments Then make
sentences Put the with the names of the instruments
> (Steve, trumpet, violin) =t£v.£.PLAL S both the trumpet and the vteLtw®
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> (Joanna, David, trombone) Nether Joanna wor David plargs the flat oo cua
`2) 1 ) Ắeea
7 (Charles, Sfeve, SqXODPÏOH€) ẶẶ TS HH«H4 Khen HH Khen KH T140 18t TK 008 1e
Si 0814.720 J0 ằ.Ắ
Sophie [| x x x ⁄ x x ⁄ x
Charles x ⁄ x x ⁄ x x x
Trang 10test yourself conjunctions
@ Put in the correct tenses (simple present or will)
pil phone vou when [ 8t⁄t⁄£ ( phone; arrive)
1 lthinkl some tea before I to bed (have; go)
2 _Ì here until your train (wait; come)
3 When you again, Ann here (corte; be)
4 We sorry when Anne back home (be; go)
© compiete the sentences with words from the box You don’t need to use all the words
H she spoke very fast, I understood nearly everything
2 _I couldn't read it was too dark
3 The food wasn’t very ZOO, cece eee he ate everything
4 The lesson ñnished early, we went for a walk
ẤT v.v nh th ket I got his letter | went round to see him
© Use the conjunctions to put these sentences together in two ways
> The weather's good I go fishing at weekends (if)
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O}Circle the correct answers
1 I had a drink with Andrew before / after he left
2 Before / After | took my examinations, I studied very hard
3 Lucy went out with her friends although / in spite of she wasn’t feeling well
4 I went into the house although / in spite of there was nobody there
5 Although / In spite of the rain, the streets were full of people
6 Because / Because of the bad weather, we couldn’t play the match
7 I couldn’t understand them because / because of their accent
© Correct (”) or not (x)?
1 You can either stay here or come with me
He plays neither the piano nor he plays the guitar
Carol went on working in spite of her illness
Although the train was late, but I got there in time
The house was small, cold, dirty
The table and chair were very dirty