The Good Grammar - Infinitives and -ing forms

SECTION 9 infinitives and -ing forms grammar summary NFINITIVES: to go, to break, to see etc st -ING FORMS ALSO CALLED ‘GERUNDS’: going, breaking, seeing etc a We can use both -i

SECTION 9 infinitives and -ing forms

grammar summary

NFINITIVES: (to) go, (to) break, (to) see etc

st -ING FORMS (ALSO CALLED ‘GERUNDS’): going, breaking, seeing etc a

We can use both -ing forms and infinitives as subjects (but -ing forms are more common)

Smoking is bad for you (More natural than To smoke is bad for you.)

We can use infinitives to say why we do things

I got up early to catch the 7.15 train

After some verbs we use infinitives; after others we use -ing forms

| expect to pass my exams (NOT texpeet-pessing )

We can use infinitives after some adjectives and nouns

She's ready to leave I'm glad to see you I’ve got work to do

After prepositions we use -ing forms, not infinitives

You can’t live without eating (NOT .-witheutte-eat.)

Ill finish studying in June (NOT HHinish-te-study- )

/ usually watch TV before going to bed (NOT before-to-go-to-bed.)

Infinitives often have to before them; but not always

! want to go home, but | can't go now

) pre-test: which units do you need?

Try this small test It will help you to decide which units you need The answers are on page 283

0 Correct (/) or not (x)?

> I want see you X

> Can | help you? v

1

It’s necessary to get a visa

I hope to not have problems at university

I went to Mexico for learning Spanish

His parents wanted him to be a doctor

You can get there faster by take the train

I’m too tired for working now

12

13

I stopped to smoke last year

She keeps telephoning me

We decided going by bus

I’m glad seeing you

The lesson was easy to understand

We had nowhere to sleep

Learning languages is difficult

‘This one’s for not asking, and this one’s for not telling.’

INFINITIVES AND -ING FORMS 117

infinitives: using to J want to go

We usually put to with infinitives

! want to go home (NOT tHwant-ge-home.)

! telephoned my sister to say sorry

Must you go?

It's important to get enough sleep

But we use infinitives without to after do/does/did in questions and negatives (see pages 106 and 113)

Does John speak Russian? (NOT Dees-fehn-te-speak ) | didn’t understand

We also use infinitives without to after the modal verbs can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should,

must and had better (see Section 6)

! can’t swim, (NOT Heartto-swinr.) Must you go now?

0 Put in to or nothing (—)

> | don’t want '2 stay at school 3 It may

> What time does the train leave? 4 I must

1 Do you play golf? 53 Do we

2 It’s nice be at home again 6 Jane seems

@ Put in words from the box, with or without fo

We had better find a hotel

snow this weekend

remember phone Andy

need buy petrol?

be tired today

ask Y buy go hear help learn lend “see

> I’m writing TO OSR aces for yourhelp 3 Vd like wo ee you for a minute

> Can you t£*Ä me some money? 4 Where did you those boots?

1 Maria went to America English S lexpect from my family soon

2 Can you me with the cooking? 6 I don't want ce.cce by bus

We make negative infinitives with not (to) + verb

Try not to forget your keys (NOT to-netforget .)

! told you not to telephone me here I’m sorry not to stay longer

The compony did not make any money last year

© Put in not to with infinitives from the box

Be careful not to wake Peter up

You must not park in front of the school

> Please try ` xố

talk |

when Bill sings

2 Be carefulÌ HH«nHnHH Hư those glasses

3 Please an =e.—- in the lessons

4 Tell the children SG HH ke, so much noise

SV ii so much work

6 Bill must learn eee eee eee eee eee eee re eee eee creer es)

D> For intinitives without Co after let, make, see and hear, see pages 280-281

> For sentences like No, / don’t want to, see page 271

about himself all the time.

infinitives of purpose She went to Paris to study music

We use an infinitive with to to say why we do something

! turned on the TV to watch the news Joanna went to Paris to study music

@ complete the sentences with the infinitives of the verbs in the box

ask for buy catch drive finish meet Jearn turn on 4 wait ÍOr

P Use this button £2.01 OM eee the computer

1 Oliver gOt UD €AFÏY chen Mark to the station

2 IWas lat€, SO Ï râAH St my bus

3 AMM Wrote fO m€ cv Joe’s address

4 [sat in the waiting rOOm cà à Sàn the doctor

5 Bob gone to the airDOYE à ào che his uncle

6 I went to town on Saturday .- eee eee eee es a present for my cousin’s birthday

7 Istayed up late last night cà eeeằ my English homework

8 Alice went to Beijing sen ren Chinese

Q Write sentences with infinitives

> We wanted to go to the cinema, so Mum gave us some money

¬

eee ee eee CĐ Q0 Ho BƠ Đ 0 0 60606 69 0000000000000 66 609 006000000 6066 60 006 006 000 00 p 6c 9 (ĐÔ CO ĐC ĐC 0 0 6iề 6 0200207 0 000 0 190002 l0 0 24 0 c0 00000 00094 000000 60000 600 9 R02 0044 00004 000096 0 0224 000 0 09 0 0 c0 6 092403 00 e 0 8029 vn

*

Perr er ere er eeereSe ere reer rere eer ee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eS ee ee ee ee eee e ee eee eee eee ere eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee:

sẻ

«CÁ CÓ 4 ee mee ee tae wee Hee EO REM MO RDO O EROS EERE THEE TEE REE DERE EES ODES SEH E EEA HOE 000 6027 0 52 c0 00 0 0 006 6 6c hiến 4Ó ho 4 9 Ác 0 GHI 96 0 00 0 6 6 0 he CÀ BÀ ng Co in là 4 Đ đc BI bả ĐA C9 BÊ MB 6 kê e6

© crammar AND VOCABULARY: cooking

Make sure you know the words in the box Use a dictionary if necessary Then complete

the sentences

VERBS: bake boil cut fry measure “ mix weigh

NOUNS: bowl frying pan jug knife oven saucepan scales

> You use a measuring jug .`€.+€8512, water, milk etc

1 You use sCaÌe©S c2 things

2 YOU USE AN OVen ccc«cằ- things

3 You use a frying pan things

4 You use a saucepaI things

5 You use a DOWÌ ccẰẰ- things

6 You use a kniÍe - things

INFINITIVES AND -ING FORMS 119

verb + infinitive J hope to be an airline pilot

After some verbs we use an infinitive with to

! hope to go to Ireland later this year Did jeremy agree to help you with your work?

0 Read the texts, and write down the verbs that are followed by an infinitive with to

I'm eighteen, and I hope to be an airline pilot My parents have agreed to

pay for lessons if | do well in my exams My brother says girls shouldn’t be

pilots, but I refuse to listen to him

When I started to work here, my boss promised to give me interesting work,

travelling to Europe and Asia I expected to enjoy my job But all my work is

boring, and | don’t do any travelling I've tried to talk to my boss, but she

doesn’t listen Now I’ve decided to look for another job

I've always been afraid of water Then one day last year J thought, ‘I don’t

want to live like this’ So | found some special lessons for people like me

I’m learning to swim, and next summer I plan to take water-skiing lessons

! needed to be at work early this morning But I forgot to

set my alarm clock, and 1 woke up at 7.30 instead of 6.30

Then everything seemed to go wrong I had no clean shirts,

t

Ị

t

I

Ị

I

!

' the bus was late,

| began to learn karate four years ago, and I’ve continued to go to lessons

twice a week since then ! love it I’ve visited some other karate clubs, but

I prefer to learn at my own club, because the teaching is so good

After begin, start, continue and prefer we can also use -ing forms with the same meaning

When did you begin to learn / begin learning karate?

I started to have / started having these headaches about a month ago

The President continued to speak / continued speaking for an hour and a half

! prefer to live / prefer living in the country — the city is too noisy

> For -:ng torms after try and forget, see pages 281-282

Love Everyone feels it, War will stop when men refuse to fight

has felt it, or expects to feel it (Pacifist slogan, 1936)

(Anthony Trollope, 1883)

Gentlemen always seem

We must learn to live together as brothers to remember blondes

He preferred to be good

(Sallust, of Cato, 54 B.C.) (Anthony Newley, 1961)

@ compiete the sentences with verbs from the boxes and fo

1-4: agree decide expect / need plan/ try

> ALICE: ‘The exam seemed easy I was surprised when | got a low mark.’

Alice 6&P6CtEA tO cece pass the exam; she was surprised when she got a low mark

> David and Cathy have got plane tickets and hotel reservations for Corsica

David and Cathy are Planning to go to Corsica

1 Annie is going to Singapore A visa is necessary, and she hasn't got one

ẢAnHI|© cành get a visa

2 JANE: ‘Could you possibly lend me £5?’ ANDy: ‘Sure.’

Andy has cà lend £5 to Jane

3 JOE: ‘Shall I go to the cinema or stay at home? Cinema, perhaps? No, I’ll stay at home.’

Joe has cà stay at home

4 Lizzie was expecting a call from Sarah Sarah rang the number, but it was engaged

Sarah nhe phone Lizzie, but the number was engaged

5-10: forget learn promise refuse start want

5 Oliver lives in the US, but he took all his driving lessons in France

OLIVET ooo cece eeeeteereeeeeeteeereneees drive in France

6 PATRICK: ‘I will write to vou every day, Barbara.’

Patrick has se write to Barbara every day

7 BOB: ‘I was going to post a birthday card to my mother, but ] didn’t remember.’

BOD o0 ceeeeesesersereeereeeee cee ceee tena post his mother’s birthday card

8 PHILIP: ‘Please, please lend me your car.’ AGNES: ‘No, no, no and no.’

Agnes has se lend her car to Philip

9 Helen’s parents are sending her to England for two weeks Helen is not happy

Helen doesnt «Hee go to England

10 Susan said her first word when she was seven months old

SUSATN Qui, talk when she was seven months old

11-15: begin continue hope prefer seem

11 Mark plays the piano and the trumpet The trumpet is his favourite

Mark can play the piano, but he eee eres play the trumpet

12 Annie usually stops work at 5.00, but yesterday she didn’t stop until 7.00

Annie ke, work until 7.00 yesterday

13 John swims every day; he’s going to try for the national team next year

J]ohn be in the national swimming team next year

14 ‘I’m not sure, but I think Rebecca was worried yesterday evening.’

Rebecca .- sen net be worried yesterday evening

15 Lee sat down to write a letter to her brother vesterday, but she didn’t finish it

L€ SH se write a letter to her brother yesterday

> For infinitives in indirect speech (after fell, ask etc), see pages 123 and 251

> For sentences like ! don’t want to, see page 271

INFINITIVES AND -ING FORMS 121

verb + object + infinitive He wants me to cook

We often say that we want somebody to do something

My boyfriend wants me to do all the cooking (NOT wants-that +de-al the-coeking )

We can use would like in the same way

I'd like you to listen to this song (NOT Hed-tke that-yotrtister .)

0 Make sentences with want or would like

> mes LEWIS: Ann, can you post my letters, please? (want)

du 66 60 69 009 255 0u 6 060 Sàn 02900009290 000909096 09 906 5902000000 HHO EDTER OED ATER OH TODO DETER SEEPS ESO OHESOEH OH ET EH e OE EN ESSE EET H ass eesersras

nh ,., Ắ Ắ -.ỤŨ.Ố Ố.ỐỐ.Ô

2 POLICEMAN: Please move your Car, sir (want)

5_ROGER: Karen, could you iend me some money? (would like)

Q.1 cọ TK th lend him .c

© Different people want Alice to do different things Complete the sentences

buy a better guitar buy him do something Y go to America with him

go to Russia with her lend her spend every weekend take him for work

ca, Sa .- harder

2 Her little brOtll€r cà HH ng TK n2 1 c4 a bicycle

3 Her O§ HH HH HH kh a walk

`: 20(( 2ì 90 /LivịdiiÝÝŸÝỶ a blue dress

6 Her guitar t€aCh€T HS nọ Ki gà

I2 oi nn::tiiii at home

8 Her sister eee ee eee eee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee

122 INFINITIVES AND -iING FORMS

ve can use some other verbs like this For example: ask, expect, help, need, tell

l asked Peter to work with me The doctor told me to take a holiday

@ change the sentences

> They thought that we would be late (expect) ThA SxBEhed MS £0 OO LẠ cu eorree

I Iđiđn't say to Alan “Go home.' (felÏ) ào HH Hà khe

2 I said to Fred ‘Please be quiet.’ (ASK) Ă TS nnnHHHHHn TH nh HH2 1k tr hi th nh th nh ve

3 Do you think she'll phone? (€xp€Cf) ì cành Hi HH Hư Hà HH kg kg th hệt

4 Icarried the books with Joe (clip) ï helped cSẶ ST nHen nghành khe

§ The policewoman said to me ‘Show me your driving licence.’ (tell)

6 Ann finished the work with me (help) ANN woe rrr rere 1 00114111 1 k1 k1 ki xin

7 | said to the shop assistant ‘Cam you help me?’ (ASK) eecccceceeeeeeeeseeteeceeeeeeeeesereeensetensaneeeeseesesesees

8 You must stay with me (0€ed) Ï need nh HH HH hư hưng

OQ what do/did your parents want you to do/be in life?

> My parents want me to be a doctor

D Mis PArents Want dat, to S40 °Ằ te SG Ệ c0 6 660 561 n9 9189009099060 2 2556 6s e8 b0 e8 0e XS) t6 ke e4 56s" v 0010001 cha HH HH gu waaáđáđáđáđáđáớaớáớáaầaáầáầÁẦÁẢÁÁÁ Ắ

@ crammar AND VOCABULARY: vehicles

Make sure you know the words in the box Use a dictionary if necessary Then look at the advertisements and say what the advertisers want you to buy

bike motorbike motorboat plane tractor“ yacht

address of your nearest dealer

pm They want tóc A ĐA CÔN che me

TRAKTA TRACTORS ‘

Quality & Performance `

Trakta Tractors (UK) Ltd.,

> Belmarsh Court, Belmarsh Park, Cheltham YO

„ $ “ + ~

BARRIES

NEW SPEC MACHINES ARRIVING :

Now

CALL US FORTHE BEST DEALS

ae

ì

\ | 1000 hours AF/E CofA to \

2 | + 4130 Molloy frame * 24-speed Hitalo gears 4 No ber, New leather seats | MACHINES TO CLEAR — '

ALPHA £480 — #

D> For let, make, hear, and see + object + infinitive, see page 281

INFINITIVES AND -ÍíNG FORMS 123

adjective + infinitive glad to find you at home

We can use adjective + infinitive (with to) to say what we think of things that people do We do this with

adjectives like clever, crazy, right, silly, stupid and wrong

You‘re crazy to think you can get there in an hour You were clever to bring an umbrella

Q write sentences with infinitives

> Angela carries all her money in one bag She’s wrong

ewe are eee ORO RHO OR He M Pees Hee reo eG Ge eee reese eae reer er reer Musee eros AM Ee aes eHETAPa Peers N Hes M OTe Hes 000 6Á 006 0 600060600060 6 0 6 4 600900066 SETHE EE 964 000 0006000 6n 60 0 t0 mê 6 6A mg

Dee eee eee ee eer ree Deen eet Ee FORTE ETE SOHO ee BE Deer Batson ronaratte®

An .s , ố

eee errr e eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eer eee rere ee eee eee rere ere eee rere rT eee ee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee sy

Ce Meme emer meee ROE RCO ROR Hee EER ROEHL RHEE HORROR SEER OE EERE OER SOM OSE DOSE ERR OEE R HHS OER OEE ETERS E EEE OS SOE HET SEES H ETT SDSS ERED ETOH EH HHS OT ED OHS EEE EEE ES

Pee eee eee ete ee eee ORO HOOT RUE R EEE ORE R OS OES R ER HEE OER OEE E HERDED DEERE HOE EEER HE EE ERE ROE E SES EERE SEER ETH EDEE OTE ODE EES SHEET EDD TEES EEE SESE DEE E THEE EEE SED HESS

Ố.Ố Ố Ố Ô

ÓỌƠ Ho 9Ð ĐI ĐO H CĐ BH ÓC G0 Đ G6 6 0 00 BOỚ HC 9 Đ 6 0 6060000006 000 00 0 l0 0 0ó 0 0 00002000000 6< 902000 0 0000 0 0 00 6v 0 06 0 0 00060 00904 80060 699090000 4090569 6 60 0 0006400 0 0049790006 400929 9 900 gi 909609 0m pm ĐÓP ĐÓ BỐP ĐH oề hien B1 R8 g mm

We can also use infinitives (with to) after adjectives for feelings, like afraid, glad, happy, pleased,

sad, surprised, unhappy

Mum will be glad to find you at home I’m pleased to meet you

© Complete the text with expressions from the boxes

1-4: glad to leave Y happy not to have pleased to find

Five years ago, ] went to Australia to start a new job | was ® .g!4A te Leave London, but T WaS VeTY 1 Hs goodbye to my friends and family, and my mother was

Ề 0000000001111 111111115111 tk tr that J would be so far away

{ was a bit afraid of my new life, $0 1 WaS 3 0 eee HH HH kh ớu any problems when I

arrived Sydney was beautiful, and |] Wa§ 4 He friendly people in the office,

an interesting job and a lovely apartment

| 5-7: happy to be pleased to see surprised to find

Everything went well in Australia, but I never felt really at home there, and in the end | decided to come back Today | arrived in London, for the first time in five years I was

¬ằ= so many changes, but Ï am reaÌÌy 6 Ă TS here

again On the way from the airport I started to cry - I Was §O 7 Q HH HH nhe a big red

London bus

124 INFINITIVES AND -ING FORMS

Some adjectives describe the following infinitive, not the subject This happens with difficult, easy, hard,

impossible, good, nice and interesting

He is often difficult to understand (= ‘It is often difficult to understand him.’)

They are very interesting to watch (= ‘It is very interesting to watch them.’)

Languages are hard to learn perfectly Tickets for the match are impossible to buy

Do you think the meat is still good to eat?

9 Join the beginnings and ends, and put in verbs from the box

dislike “eat find open read

1 Everybody likes my uncle; he’s A impossible te 4tsteR@ 4

2 ‘Are these apples B diffcult , isn’t it?

3 Good restaurants aren’t C_ g8OOd -Ă- ?’ ‘No, don’t eat them.’

4 Thank you for that book - it was | D_ verV interesting cv eee

5 This door is ÊE_ &: |) | EE in this town

0 Make sentences with the infinitives of verbs from the box

clean climb pronounce remember / see you understand wear

> My phone number / easy MYy.phowe memeber ts COS t6, ĐẾN cu

Grammar / sometimes difflCuÏt - . Q HH ng TK nh

DRM

I0) 177-666 ằG ảd

© crammar AND VOCABULARY: school subjects

Make sure you know the words in the box Use a dictionary if necessary Then write five

or more sentences to say what you think about some of the subjects

biology chemistry English geography history literature

mathematics / maths (singular) philosophy

A1 is easy to learn

PM di is hard to learn

Bo icccccecsseeseeseeeeeeeeceeseeeeeeeeeeeseneeeeeeeeeeaeaeaeaaaenaas is easy to understand

eee ec ccee cess ses eeeeaeeeaaaneaaaaasaeeeeeeeeeeneeenesees is difficult to understand

SB isccsceeeeeeceeseceeeeceseneeceseasaaaeaaaaaaaeaaecseeteeeteeenees is interesting to study

II ai

INFINITIVES AND -ING FORMS 125

This shirt / MiC@ ooo eee cc cee ceeccececcececceccuccsceecccaccecuescaccencsecceececscaeesseucesccucesenseeeeeseaseusseerecteeeraereners The word ‘Sixth’ / Ward Đ Q.00 HH KH TY TY KH TK nu TT TT K1 TT Thu cuc

adjectives with enough/too + infinitive _ too tired to sing

After adjective + enough, we can use an infinitive (with (0) Note the word order ~ see page 171

Julie’s old enough to drive now (NOT feties-eneugh-old .) John isn’t strong enough to carry that

0 Make sentences with is/isn’t old enough to

IN BRITAIN — AT WHAT AGE CAN YOU .? Alice is 13 Mark is l6 Cathy is 17

John is 18 Liz is 21

> John 8 0la enough to Arie ee a car

> Alice swt old gnough to Ave uc a Car

2 ADCO oo eee eeeeccccaeeeeececcaeeseceeteesecersuneeseees home S¬.: ¡“=4 school

a - 6 JOhini TQ Hy sex, his name

After too + adjective, we can use an infinitive (with fo)

I’m too tired to sing Alice was very afraid — too afraid to speak

@ Change two sentences into one Use too to

> I’m very sleepy | can’t drive 16a hố (ae Ầ.ẦỐ ằằ.ằ

1 Helen is very ill She can’t WOIĂ cu HT HH TH HT TT in ng và

2 My grandfather is very oÌd He car”t trAV€Ì HH Họng Ki th HT kh

3 I’m very bored | can’t listen any ÌOTIBCT Q.2 TT

4 Cara’s very hot She can't play †ÊTTÌS con HT ng Hà TT ch

5 I’m very hungry F Can't WOIK, 0 ẽ.ẽố

We can use too + adjective + infinitive in a different way

They're too big to carry (= ‘Nobody can carry them, because they’‘re too big.’)

It’s too cold to drink (= ‘Nobody can drink it, because it’s too cold.’)

© Make sentences with too to

» This homework / difficult / do hes homework ts too Atfficult todo

1 This box / heavy / lift: 0 I2 T7 -mễồễồễồề.ễồễiễêễ.ồễ.ễ.5®^35Ễ®"-

I 019 1v Ni eo

l0) áo Ao on .-

Middle age: the age when you're too old to play tennis and too young to play golf

(Ansel Aor)

RINT TORE TRE NN Ot

126 INFINITIVES AND -ING FORMS