preamble 1 urgency of the topic

and the rest is to use personal pronouns and nouns kinship in Vietnamese, but word of address in Buddhist Vietnam has relatively large number of compound words, which [r]

PREAMBLE

1 Urgency of the topic

Words of address are the system component ethnic and language has been characterized by language - thinking of the nation The selection and use of certain of address are revealing an attitude, a certain affection for the speaker's interlocutor

Until now there have been many studies on the evocative, but the words of address in Buddhism is not interested in studying Meanwhile, the term of address classes in Buddhism in the address of the system from the Vietnamese The study of Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative will contribute to the study of address system in Vietnamese from more complete and rich, as well as contribute to the research, compilation and teaching sociolinguistics, language, religion teachers later Moreover, currently Buddhism in Vietnam still remains no unity in the vocative communication between the three regions, and the number of young nuns tended to follow noun kinship of address This is one of the urgent issues that need to be interested in studying the social context today

2 Research Objectives

The purpose of the research study was to elucidate the characteristics

of vocabulary, grammar, semantics and usage of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam Contributing to demonstrate the richness and diversity

of terms of address system in Buddhism in particular and communication of address of Vietnam in general At the same time, preserve and promote the Vietnamese vocabulary to characterize this language and its culture

3 Research Mission

The thesis set out the following tasks:

- Survey research historical topics and urgent issues raised by the subsequent research Based on the theory outlined terms of address system

in Buddhist Vietnam

- Surveys and statistics, described, categorized under the term of address system in Buddhism from various sources, in order to create a corpus for more diversity, to make to the process of analyzing language features

- Analyze the characteristics of the system language of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam Specifically, some of the characteristics of vocabulary, grammar, semantics and usage of this class of terms of address

4 Subject and scope of the research

4.1 Research subjects

Terms of address classes in Buddhist Vietnam include 169 word (personal pronoun, the title in Buddhism noun kinship) is the object of

study of the thesis Audience research is characters communication products and lay in Buddhism

On how to use, before the study thesis statistical survey using standard roles in social situations Then, the dissertation analyzes the characteristics of the words of address in the past they were the cultural characteristics of human communication behavior Vietnam

5 Research Methodology

5.1 Approach

The thesis used the knowledge and research methods of modern linguistics, combining interdisciplinary knowledge about culture, social research into the characteristics of a class language words used in Vietnamese vocative

5.2 Method of specific research

The thesis mainly uses descriptive language approach, with players such as legal research: statistical player, classification; analysis manually composed; prime element analysis directly; definition player analysis means; scene manually discourse analysis; analytical situations player directly

In addition, the thesis also uses the method of historical comparison, with analysis from former players, who detect the characteristics of the origin and significance of Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative

The thesis also used the method of sociological surveys, in order to discover the characteristics of using Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative

in the past they were the regions and the situation they were the specific communication of Buddhism in Vietnam At the same time, the thesis also uses the synthetic method and the inductive method through each chapter

6 Source corpus

The thesis is based on the following evidence sources: Dictionary of Buddhism (1966) of Union Central Also, a dictionary of Buddhist Thich Minh Canh Quang Hue (editor), Dictionary Vietnamese Hoang Phe (2008) Along with that, we gathered from books, newspapers, Buddhist texts, Buddhist sites and through field surveys from the center of Buddhism

7 The contributions of the thesis

The thesis contributes to the research and enriches understanding of the term of address system Vietnamese; contribute to the study and conservation of Vietnamese vocabulary and general language vocabulary nature - characteristic Buddhist culture in particular

Help people understand and know how to use words to communicate vocative in Buddhism Thereby, the thesis contributes to the research and compilation of address system from the Vietnamese language, sociolinguistics And help for teaching in the Buddhist school with extra curriculum

8 The layout of the thesis

Besides the introduction, conclusion and appendices, the thesis has three chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of research and theoretical basis

Chapter 2: Features of the vocabulary and grammar of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam

Chapter 3: Features of semantics and usage of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Research Overview

1.1.1 Situation research of address words

a Situation studies abroad

In the 19th century onwards, the new language researchers expanded the study guide as:

The study of language culture and language have W.Von Humboldt anthropology, Sigmund Freud and G.Murdock, F.Lounsbury, Needham ., has made research works related to kinship nouns and outlined the relationship

of the DTTT Also mentioned pronouns to explain the relationships in the family and society

The researchers of linguistic structures such as MBEmeneau, Thompson LC going to call all "physical means" is used to perform acts

of address pronouns of address and divided into two groups: pronoun vocative dedicated and interim vocative pronoun

The researchers of linguistic functions such as M.A.K.Halliday, Brown, Luong Van Hy interest in grammar functions and communication functions, system reference the throne, the primary axis relative power and to study the word of address for communication

b Study the situation in the country

Vocative in class from Vietnamese researchers have been interested very early, from Alexandre de Rhodes (1651), Truong Vinh Ky (1884), Tran Trong Kim (1940), and followed later with the language school such

as Nguyen Tai Can, Thien Nguyen Giap, Nguyen Phu Phong, Truong Thi Diem the author has to follow the following directions:

In general theoretical perspective, from our naming the Vietnamese language such as Tran Trong Kim, Bui Ky, Nguyen Lan, Nguyen Kim Than, Nguyen Tai, Le Bien watched from the pronouns of the address of address

or kinship nouns, words of address with grammatical function of speech As for Nguyen Phu Phong, Bui Minh Yen, Nguyen Van Chien, Nguyen Van Khang, Truong Thi Diem talked about the grammar of address towards communication functions Grade terms of address used for communication functions in the family and society From vocative has been deepened analysis in the scope of use, effective communication and reference have been made in connection language

1.1.2 Status word evocative study Buddhism in Vietnam

a Situation studies abroad

Abroad no public works study of characteristics of languages in they were the words of address, only a few lectures on the Buddhist form of address such as:

Lecture on "Buddhist Salutation" by Thich Chan Tue, a lecturer at

temple Tu Quang - Montreal, Canada in 2005, and As Dictionary (2013) in Germany, on the site www.lebichson.org [134], presented in the form of address in Buddhism in the relationship between household products with the lay Buddhist However, these lectures are not going to study the characteristics of the class language Buddhist terms of address

b Study the situation in the country

In the country, there have been some articles relating to the terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam, notably article Pham Hoai Phong "culture of address in southern Buddhist communication" in the journal Religion Buddhism today, No 6 and in web www.daophatngaynay.com mentioned communication relationships in the Southern Buddhism has yet to go into the study of the language features of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam

Directly related to the thesis, may include works of our research in

2011, "From the Buddhist vocative" [44] However, within the framework

of a master's thesis, the problem has not been studied adequately in the language system

1.2 Basis for argument

1.2.1 Some concepts of words related to the research problem

1.2.1.1 Concept words in Vietnamese

a What is syllable?

According to Do Huu Chau: "From the Vietnamese as a syllable or a fixed, immutable, there is a certain sense, in a way (or type structure) certain characteristics follow terms certain legal, the largest and the smallest vocabulary to create the sentence "[12, tr.201]

There are many concepts of words, in our opinion, from the Vietnamese can understand is the smallest unit consists of a morpheme or two or more meaningful vocabulary or grammar certain, there is completeness and capable of combining to create phrases and sentence structures

b What are words?

Nguyen Thien Giap again said: "Language is the phrase available

in Vietnamese, worth the equivalent of the word, has many characteristics similar to the word" [42, tr.155] So the words and language in general

terms, the equivalent unit from, including fixed terms and phrases freely

1.2.1.2 The concept of borrowing terms, people’s words, local words and jargons

a About borrowed words

As class from exposure between countries and thus needs to borrow

to supplement their classes from lack to communicate So, words are borrowed from the language classes are borrowed from other languages to enrich the vocabulary of the language received

b On the people’s words

From the entire population is the whole population class vocabulary

to understand and use It is a common vocabulary for all those who spoke Vietnamese

c Local words

Local words are vocabulary used is limited in certain localities, but only that local people understand and use And other local people are not used or rarely used

d About lingo

Jargon includes lexical units are only used in certain social strata for certain purposes Buddhist jargon used only in certain Buddhist communities

1.2.1.3 The concept of Vietnamese structure

a About composed of single, plural

Nguyen Tai Can [9] defined: Singular is made up of from one word, only one syllable or one act, there is a compound of two syllables or more,

based on the meaning of its relationships

Therefore, based on the nature of the relationship between the elements of grammar structure, the Vietnamese language scholars has split combined Vietnamese words into two groups: classified compound words and the main compound words

b The concept of language structure: freedom terms and fixed phrases

Nguyen Thien Giap said: "Language is the phrase available in Vietnamese, worth the equivalent of the word, has many characteristics similar to the word" [42, tr.155]

So we can understand, "Language" is the phrase available in

Vietnamese, it is evident in the words as the words In Vietnamese,

"Language": Language identifier, idiomatic language, and customs

However, the wording of address classes in Buddhist Vietnam, thesis research on language only as a means of identification of addressing

For example: most reverences, monks and nuns

1.2.1.4 The concept of grammatical characteristics of the Vietnamese words

For the class of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam, went on research thesis pronouns, nouns, and noun language as a means of address

a About pronouns and personal pronouns

According to Le Bien argued that: "The pronoun is pointing and replacement To be inclusive, meaning of the pronoun is indicative of positioning relations (relations deictics) including cursor and alternative means "[5, tr.120]

Pronouns include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, the pronoun used to ask, pronouns only crap But the most important for the study of the word of address is a personal pronoun

Pronouns: As used evocative pronoun or replacement and point

person In Vietnamese with over 20 dedicated personal pronouns such as: I,

me, we, people, people, him, her, them, them, us, us, them, people

Some participants of the directive, pronouns and pronouns only nonsense to ask also are used as a means of address

b About nouns

Nouns are divided into two main types, proper nouns, and common nouns Common noun of address such as a means of kinship nouns, nouns only positions and career proper noun as a means of address is the only names, proper nouns only separate things such as Da Nang, Quang Nam, Hue, Hanoi combined with the proper noun refers to shout names such as Hey Vietnam ! Hey Hue!

1.2.2 Words of address in Vietnamese

1.2.2.1 Concept of address and terms of address in Vietnamese

a The concept of vocative

The vocative is a term used to refer to call themselves (confess) and call others (coral) in communication with each other Understand the most common, such as defined by the Dictionary Vietnamese: vocative is

"Claiming themselves and call others is something to say to each other to indicate the nature of the relationship with each other" [45, p 1163] According to Nguyen Van Khang: "Referring claiming that his actions when speaking to others and what others call it in conversations (including those mentioned) to reveal the nature and emotional in relationship society together" [62, tr.210]

b The concept of terms of address

Truong Thi Diem said: "From evocative include words, speech, and language structure (in which the words are basic act) are used for communication of address" [35, tr.23]

Thus, according to our notions, terms of address in Vietnamese are words and terms (identifier) is used to identify himself with others and call others is something in the communication relationship, how including who

is mentioned in the communication

1.2.2.2 Terms of address system in Vietnamese

From our naming system in Vietnamese are:

a Referring with words dedicated evocative as: The personal pronouns, nouns kinship

b Referring by titles, including a call with one of these titles, call much or all of the titles

c Referring by name, including Referring by name, of address with them, by the name of middle name + name + name of address with their

d Referring familiar with the person's name as the name of the husband, wife, child

e By a combination of address (title + last name)

f By the absence of address with the vocative

1.2.3 Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam

1.2.3.1 Outline of Buddhism in Vietnam

Buddhism spread to Vietnam from the late first century and early second century with two ways are waterways and roads

1.2.3.2 The concept of the term of address in Buddhism VN

a Vocative word in Buddhism

From evocative in Buddhism is also the language of Vietnamese system is the speaker (write) used to justify himself before the speaker and call it something when conducting conversations in communication behavior Buddhist

b About terms of address in Buddhism

Words of address in largely Buddhist name is used for evocative between characters communicate with each other in Zen door

1.2.3.3 Terms of address system in Buddhism VN

Group 1 The dedicated personal pronouns

The personal pronouns such as I, we, us, they, them they, you, you, it, they are used for communication of address in Buddhism

Group 2 The kinship nouns

From kinship nouns such great grandfather, grandfather, father, uncle, aunt, older sister, sister, brother, sister, grandfather, child, grandchild

Group 3 The name Buddhism

a The name of Mahayana Buddhism

As the name of the ritual (Venerable demonstrated, all coordinates rooftop repentance, teacher, teacher dispatch, wizards, ghosts master list, master teacher) The name of the administration (Venerable, ven, great faith, Bhiksuni, nuns, sisters), the name of daily living (their masters, counselors, his professor, her professor, teacher, teacher ) and the name

of every laypeople (fellow believers, Buddhists, good men, faithful women .)

b The name of Theravada Buddhism

Includes the name of out-of-home (master / teacher, great faith, he, mages, monks, monk .) and the name of the lay (holy men, holy women, friendly kindness, Buddhists, devotees, benefactors, laymen)

1.2.4 Cultural communication and communication behavior

1.2.4.1 Communication concepts and factors affecting terms of address in communication

a Communication concept

Communication is active in the language of communication is the contact between humans (a group of people) to humans (a group of people),

which takes place by the exchange of information and the interaction between people and the perception of human by human

b Factors affecting the term of address in communication

b 1 Communicators

- The role of communication

In the communication, the characters always take on the role of different communication, including spoke persons and listening persons, including mentioned - 3rd persons in communication All communication plays have a certain influence on the form and content of the communication

- Interpersonal relations

Personal relations are relations of social relations review, the understanding, and the feelings between the characters communicate with each other Personal relations can be defined in two axes relations: Relations with power (vertical axis) and primary relations (horizontal axis)

- Position communicate

The main social positions of the characters in dialogue directly influence the selection and use of evocative Often ahead of his higher standing, often using words of address with a polite tone, solemnly For persons with equal status, the use of words full of address intimate nuances, polite or flippant

b 2 Communication situations

- Language cultural scene

In the communication that takes place in a specific place, at one time

is determined by an operation called language interface communication scene Language cultural scene here is the relationship of address communication Conduct place where temples So often of address form and under the principle of "humble coral, respect expression"

- Language situational

Situational language is shown only for the specific circumstances of the communication, of the dialogue, the characters communicate; as well as the specific instance, in a particular moment of the very factors that make

up the interface

1.2.4.2 Conduct communication culture of the Vietnamese

a The attitude of the Vietnamese communication

The nature of the Vietnamese are clearly reflected in the attitude of communication, it is just like to communicate but timid The existence of two seemingly opposite personalities, but never contradict each other Because they are two sides of the same nature, is the expression for the flexible behavior of the Vietnamese people, stems from the nature inherent

in every human being has the village community lifestyle

b The weighting of Vietnam

Vietnam is a nation with a culture of agricultural origin with the emotional lifestyle This feature clearly reveals how communication through emotional taken as the principle of conduct, taken gratitude to be

first, so the Vietnamese have a saying: "A bunch of laws are not equal with

a little emotion" or "Bringing together to front office; Outside the law, inside the love"

c Coral profess religious principles in communication humility

of Vietnam

Coral profess religious principles humility makes choosing the words

of address, as appropriate for age, gender and social status between the roles of communication to express humility, mutual respect, and most importantly is to ensure peace, respectful, polite communication

d The way people communicate Vietnam

The way people communicate Vietnamese often express the subtle, discreet, polite and important reconciliation

In communications, the Vietnamese people are also very focused on

communicating such rites: hi, sorry, thank you, please, goodbye .; this

ritual always expressing politeness, delicacy and is accompanied by the appropriate words of address

CHAPTER 2 FEATURES VOCABULARY, GRAMMAR OF WORDS IN

BUDDHISM CONFESS VIETNAM 2.1 Looking at the issues

In chapter 2, the thesis applies statistical methods, fieldwork to collect corpus Then, we went into the study to clarify two main characteristics is the vocabulary and grammatical characteristics of words

of address in Buddhist Vietnam

2.2 Features a vocabulary of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam

2.2.1 Statistics and classification of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam

2.2.1.1 Statistically, classification of terms of address in Buddhism

Thesis using statistical methods and collecting layer Buddhist terms

of address through Buddhist texts, old books and through actual observation

of religious life in the temple school At the same time, we have established three types of questionnaire fact sheet from three Buddhist centers in Vietnam

2.2.1.2 Statistical results and classification of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam

With the above statistical methods, we have collected 169 units of address Buddhist terms and classified as follows:

a 16 words such as pronouns: we, us, they, you, yourself, he, him, his, gentlemen, me, myself

b Kinship nouns contain 21 words like him, doctor, father, tries, in particular, uncle, aunt, sister, children, grandchildren, grandfather, ancestor

c Buddhist name consists of 106 words as grace monk, the venerable, Monk, Romanian Minister, mage, monk, nun, her professor, his associate, Professor Tools, professor, teacher, associate end, junior, sisters, monks, guru, teacher, ven, monks,

d Title includes 26 language identifier, such as the religious meditation merit increases, fellow Buddhists, students union leaders, monks and nuns, kind men and kind women, kind people

2.2.2 Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam in terms of origin 2.2.2.1 Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist language derived from Sanskrit language

When the survey in class they were the words of address in Buddhist

Vietnam, we obtained approximately 15 words: Arya (Venerable), Bhadra (sage), Srasamna (monk), Bhikhu (monk), Bhikhuni (monk and nuns), Upasaka (her priority rule) However, some words of dis-organized

2.2.2.2 Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam derived from Chinese

According to our survey, derived from the Chinese language has

about 85 units from including parishioners, male assistant, female assistant, lay people, followers, believers, monks, nuns, ministers, Buddhists, homed monks, temple monks, abbot, chief himself, the prophet, kind men, kind women, Venerable However, some words of address in

Vietnam Buddhist by the loan arranger Chinese elements but orderly islands such as abbot monk, chief monk, venerable leader, venerable headmaster

2.2.2.3 Words of address Vietnam Buddhist originated from Vietnam

In terms of address classes Vietnam Buddhist language originating from Vietnam, there are about 55 units from, divided into 2 groups:

- Vietnamization words of the address: monk, monks, administration master, guest master, abbot, oldest teacher, headmaster

- Pure Vietnamese words of address: son, littler monk, novice, sir,

temples, you, I, priest, head teacher, teacher, students, me, I

2.2.3 Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist in terms of scope of use

2.2.3.1 Local words in terms of address classes of Buddhism in Vietnam

To integrate into the culture of the local call claiming, terms of address classes in Buddhism also has some of the following:

- In the North: elder, elder monks, old monk, nun, priest, brother monk, master monk, monks, little monk, little nun, male elderly / female elderly

- In Central: elder, elder monk, master, aunt, brethren, Buddhist

- In the South: elder monk, sir, head monk, master monk, grandmaster monk, followers, female benefactor, male benefactors, donators, Buddhist

2.2.3.2 Class of Vietnam Buddhist jargon

In essence, the wording used for vocative in Buddhist ceremonies as

administrative: Medicine man, lay man, Upasaka, upasikas, Mr yet-ma, dispatcher, nurse, teacher, Acharya, religious teacher, lawyers, manager, mediator Class from this form only people in the organization in

particular Buddhist monk who understand it

2.2.3.3 Special words in the class of address of Buddhism in Vietnam

This is the class of address keywords used in the communication of

address of Buddhism in Vietnam such as the monk, the Venerable, nuns, monks, Buddhists, teacher, professors, nuns, monks, Venerable, monks, laymen and women, for all It is also used in the class from the charter,

ordinances, and beliefs and in the dictionary

2.3 Grammatical characteristics of words they were the vocative

2.3.1.2 Compound word

Compound word is words that have two or more than two hours are put together based on meaningful relationships In the class of Buddhist