Nhung ngQdi ta lai tha'y mdt hien tQdng ngQde lai, la co ve da't ban bp cl trung luu sdng Me Kong, ed le do hp chQa quen tiep jcue vdi bien va chQa quen trong lua tren rudng ngap nQd[r]
Trang 1Nl/dC PHI) NAM VA HAU PHU NAM
t.:ityi IV i :
• • • ' ! • : , : ; : j f
-LUONG NINH*
I Ve Vvidng quoc Phu Nam
De'n nay, khong con cSn phai chiing
minh sU -xu&'t hien mot nu6c Phu Nam
tren viing chau tho song Me Kong, sU phat
trien tijf mpt vufdng quo'c thanh mot de quoc
hdng hdi nQa (tiT ciia Wang Gung Wu)
Ca vi tri, ten goi, toe ngUcJi, dia diem va
ten goi dung ciia kinh do cung da dUdc xac
dinh ro rang, chdc c h i n (Xin xem LUdng
Ninh: VUdng Quoc Phu Nam DHQG HN
2009, in lan 3) (1); song cung nen xac dinh
lai vai diem cho ro rang va dung hOn:
1.1 Mot vai tac gia hinh nhU muo'n
nha'n manh r i n g cU dan co Phu Nam la
ngUdi noi tie'ng Malayo-Polynesians, tifc la
tif bien vao, chQ khong phai noi dia, de iSn
v6i Khmer, nen mUdn dung mot tCf cua
L.Malleret, ngUcJi Proto-Malais, hieu la
Nguyen Md lai, noi tie'ng Ma Lai (?) Dieu
do khong diing Malleret noi ve nhan chung
chil khong phai ngon ngQ Co the tham
khao mot doan cua ong:
Sau doan mo ta phan tich cua nha nhan
chiing hoc, ba Genet-Varcin, ong viet
"Chung toi con nhan manh sU tUdng dong
ve hinh thai va hoa van trang tri dang dUdc
nghien cQu, nhUng ngay gid day cung tha'y
khong phai n g l u nhien ma phat hien
nhQng tUdng quan giQa cac hop so nho
Melanesiens d Nouvelle Guinea v6i hang
tien s^ Lang Cudm d Bdc Ky NhQng dac
diem chung ciia cac ca the trong di chi cl ban dao Ca Mau ma ba Genet-Varcin neu len la co voc dang trung binh, hop so tron vQa, CO the co vom hong cao hay trung binh, xUdng hoc mSt nho, tran hdi vat, mat rgng, lu3ng quyen cao, khoang each hoc mat rong, mui tet Toan bo nhQng dac diem do cho phep dat chung nhQng ca the
ngUdi Tram Pho'vdi nhom Indonesiens hay
Proto-Malais va theo Giao sU Vallois thi
cung da thS'y ca trong Tien sii Dong DUdng
ma nhQng dai dien hien nay cua ho co
trong so' nhQng ngUdi ThMng d Tay Nguyen-Viet Nam, ngUdi Klia Boloven d Lao, ngUdi Phnong, Pear hay Samre d
Campuchia Roi ngUdi ta cung tha'y ca
trong ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, ngUdi Igorot d Philippin, ngUdi Batak d Sumatra, mot vai nhom cl Celebes hay Moluques "Dang dau trung binh (mesocephalie) la dac diem pho bien ciia phSn 16n ngUdi Indonesiens luc dia, con goi la Proto-Malais hay Proto
Indochinois, da tha'y cl Oc Eo, Samrong
Sen, ma phan Idn Chung Vang, chimg Indonesiens, co dang dau tron
(Brachycephalie), trong khi dang ddu ddi (Dolicocephalie) chiem Uu the trong chiing
Den " (L.Malleret (2)
Hieu sai, nhUng ly cung khong diing; NgUdi Malayo vao da't lien ching le la de'n 'OS Vi§n Khoa hoc xa hpi Vi§t Nam
Trang 2Rghien euu Ljch siir so 1.2QtO
ndi dat hoang vu de lap nu6c?, chSng le la
di xam chie'm? Thuc ra da co bo lac ban dia,
mot bo lac Proto Indochinois, goi theo G
Olivier, nay goi la Proto-Mon, diing hdn, bi
ky xUa kia goi la Vnam, nay la ngUdi
Mnong Bo lac nay da co mot sU tien trien,
da tQ chan niii trUdng Sdn, xuong dong
bing, ra de'n bd bien, nhu ngUdi Cdn Gid,
Trdm Pho', dong thuyen di ra bien va theo
truyen thuye't, do mot nQ vUdng dQng dau,
goi ten la Lieu Diep Chinh ten goi toe
ngudi/bo lac nay da dem lai ten nu6c Phu
Nam va ten toc-dong toe ngUdi Mien
Niii-vua toe Niii (Sailaraja) hay Kiriuamsa
(Nay la ten mdi ciia tinh Takeo/ Kirivong),
ndi CO kinh do Phu Nam; chQ khong phai la
mot danh tCr chung khmer, chi vat- Phnom:
niii: Ch6 nen nghi nQ vUdng "con trSn
truong" ma coi la lac hau; thUe ra eo the eo
mot cai kho' "Phong tuc dan nude Phu Nam
xUa vo'n d truong, xoa toe, khong may quan
ao" (Luang thu 54, Liet truyen 48) Khong
phai chi CO xUa ma den the ky XIX, tham
chi den nay, mot so' tpc van con glQ nhu
the, le cang trpng, cang phai giQ theo
phong tuc
Ditdng nhien khong the khong co mot bp
lac til ngoai bien vao, the hien bang "Co
ngUdi ngoai coi ten la Hon Dien, dUdc than
bao mong, eho cung ten vang, sai di thuyen
de'n (LUdng thii) Bp lac nay co the noi ngon
ngQ Nam Dao hay Malayo-Polynesian, tuy
khong biet chac la ho noi ngon ngQ gi Su
hien dien ciia hp khong the hien bang sU
tUdng dong suy doan vdi tpc nay, tpc np, ma
hkng phong cdch bien, hoa tron vdi dan ban
dia tao nen mot nin vdn hod bien: md cang,
giao luu thUdng xuyen, trao doi hang hoa
vat pham (kieu chQ viet, m i u tUdng thd
tien trien theo nguyen mau trong nhieu the
ky), manh kim loai k h i c hinh kieu An Dp,
120 eon da'u (trien), do trang sQc thuy tinh
mSu ma Dia Trung Hai; md ciia, tie'p nhan nhieu ngoai kieu de'n dinh cU, buon ban va phat trien van hoa, la dac trUng khong the lan dUdc cua Cang bien, cOia dan von co nghe di bien, buon ban van bien
1.2 Ndi ve mpt vUdng quoc Phu Nam
ton tai hdn 6 the ky ma khong ndi tdi Vdn
hod Phil Nam la v6 nghla Chinh vi khong
hieu ro dieu nay ma nhieu hoc gia nudc ngoai dinh vi nham Phu Nam d cho khac,
ha tha'p gia tri van hoa ban dia - mpt trung tam van hoa ciia ca khu vUc
1.3 Cuoc khai quSt khao co hoc ciia L Malleret nam 1944 (2) xac nhan dia ban ban d£u cua nudc Phu Nam la mien Tay song Hau vdi true chinh la con kenh dai
100 km, ndi hai dau, dau Nam la cang thi
Oc Eo va dau Bae la do thanh Angco Borei, vdi vung dan cQ hai ben bd kenh, tQ song Hau ra de'n bien, vdi trinh dp kinh te dinh mQc lam tieu chi cho ca quoc gia, ndi ed;
- Nghe nong, trong lua nUdc quanh nam,
- Nghe danh bat hai san, tom ca va cuoc song pho bie'n tren song nUdc phan anh qua cac do dung bang go'm; noi, v6, a'm, be'p cui
- Nghe trong mia, ep la'y mat, lam dUdng
ma 2 true quay 6p lam b i n g da eon lai tQ
xa xUa da dUdc tim tha'y
- Nghe lam gom dac skc-Gom 6c Eo-Phii
Nam,
>
- Nghe kim hoan lam do trang sQc bang
vang, bae, da quy, -' •
- Nghe lam do thie'e ma nha khao co' gpi
la cd ca mpt nen ky nghe thie'e,
- Nghe ren due kim loai, lam nhQng vSt dung bae, dong va ca s i t
Cac thd thu cong tap trung vQa san xua't, vQa buon ban, tao nen canh song dong due nhpn nhip Phai chang canh so'ng
Trang 3Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram
ngay hom nay "Pho tren kenh, Cha tren
song" d Nam Can va d Kien Giang phu hdp
moi sinh, la hinh anh cdn luu giQ cua mpt
thdi xa xQa? Ndi nay eon tu hpp ca ngoai
kieu de'n lam an buon ban ma hinh anh hp
con dUdc tha'y tren hien vat go'm, thie'e
Dudng nhu mpt liic nao dd, mpt dai dien
xuat sic cua so' ngoai kieu nay, chu ye'u la
ngUdi An Dp cd the dUde tin nhiem nhan
chQc vu cao nha't trong bp may chinh
quyen? _ J.,,,^^5 ^,!, ,.,, ^
1.4 Luang thu chep "Hon Dien la'y Lieu
Diep lam vd, sinh eon trai, phan cho lam
vua bay (7) d'p Sau, eon (?) la Hon Ban
Huong thu phuc lai dUde, phan chia eon
chau cai tri cac a'p, hieu la Tieu vUOng Cai
quan 7 dp: cac cuoc khai quat khao eo hpe
tiep theo, nam 1975-1995 va 1995-2005
tuy khong trUc tiep k h i n g dinh 7 dp nay,
cung da cho tha'y cd the nhan dien khoang
7-8 Thi tu - Tieu viing: ,
- 0 Kien Giang la Nen Chiia hay eon gpi
la Thnal Moroy, Trdm Pho';
- 6 Ca Mau la Nen Vua hay Ta Keo,
hay Tien cdng;
• 6 An Giang la 6c Eo/Ba The, cung la
Cang thi chinh, cd the la
Samudrapura-Cia Bien;
- 6 Long An la Go Don,Gd Binh Td
• O Dong Thap la Gd Thap, rj ^jg ngifj
- d C£n Thd Id Nhan Nghla
- d Vinh Long la Gd Thdnh M&i, LUu
Cii, Trung Dien
- d Tien Giang la Go Thdnh
- d Tay Ninh la Binh Thanh, Thanh
Dien Tien Thuan
- d Dong Nai la Bien Hod
0 moi Tinh hien dai ed ten rieng di lien 1-3 dia danh la ten nhQng di ehi khao ed' hpc noi tie'ng, da di vao danh muc khao cd hpe the gidi, ndi da phat hien ra it nhat mpt phe tich kie'n triic gach, mpt hay mpt so tUdng Phat hay Visnu, ra't nhieu go'm 6c
Eo, mpt so' vat dung bang dong, eho tha'y cd
the da tQng la mpt dp, mdt vung dan cQ cua
nude Phu Nam xQa
Cd nhQng ndi eho tha'y ro da'u vet ngUdi thdi sau da la'y gach ciia thdi trUdc xay den tren nen cu, nhu 6 Gd Thanh, Gd Thanh mdi, Binh Thanh Ca hai lan trude, sau, nay da sup dd thanh phe tich, di tich
Cd nhQng ndi ra't phong phii ve hien vat, nha't la tUdng thd; Gd Thap ed ra't nhieu, tdi
15 pho tUdng Phat bing go tram va vai pho Visnu bang da, la ndi cd mpt phQc h$ kie'n true gach cua nhieu thdi, ndi tim thay bia ky
Prasat Pram Loven (bia Phii Nam 1), xQng
dang la mpt tieu Vung quan trpng bae nha't Tay Ninh cung khong k6m, nhieu di tich kie'n true gach ma den nay cung chua phan dinh dUde ro quy mo, dien mao va thdi
gian NhQng Trung Dien (nay la Trung
Hie'u, huyen Vung Licm, tinh Vinh Long) ndi tie'ng the gidi ve nhdm tUdng Phat va Visnu d mpt ngdi den, chua nao dd, nay da khong cdn, nhung tUdng thi dUde coi la dep, tieu bieu cho phong each nghe thuat
tUdng Phil Nam 3 Pho tUdng Gd Thap phat
hien nam 1998 cung thude phong each nay Trong dd, nd'i bat hdn la Cang thi 6c
Eo Dudng nhien, day khdng phai la mdt a'p binh thudng ma la mpt dd thi cd', cd nhieu
t i n g nen kie'n tnic b i n g gach, da, nhieu tUdng thupc nhQng phong each khac nhau, mot ludng Idn do go'm va manh go'm, nhieu loai do trang sQc Cang thi edn la bp mat, tie'p xue vdi ben ngoai nen edn cd rat nhieu hien vat ngoai, nhap cang nhu nhan mat
Trang 4Rghien ciJru Ljch sJr sd 1.2010
ngpc An Dp, gUdng dong Trung Qud'e, huy
chUdng vang Roma, nhQng vong chudi hat
thuy tinh cd nguon gdc Dia Trung Hai
NhQng phong phu, hoanh trang nha't
vin la kinh dd Angeo Borei, mpt each gpi
chuyen am rat mudn cua ten chQ Phan
-Nagara-pura - Qud'e do, edn dUde gpi la
vung Kirivong/Girivamsa - ddng Vua Nui
ciia Phu Nam Kinh do cd da'u tich nen
cung dien, thanh luy b i n g gach, da, va ed
ca mpt khu den ehua thd ciing d mdt ngpn
nui nhd ben canh, Phnom Da, ndi sau nay,
nha khao cd phat hien trong hang nui, mpt
kho tUdng khong lo, khoang 50 pho, tUdng
Phat, Visnu, tQ ed' nha't, the ky V, de'n
mudn nha't, the ky VII, ed du tieu ban ciia 5
phong each nghe thuat titdng Phu Nam, cQ
nhu mdi tieu vung tac tUdng phai lay day
lam mau, hay moi ndi phai mang mpt tieu
ban ve bieu den kinh dd "de bdo cao" Kho
tUdng dUdc phat hien trong hang da Phnom
Da, cd le, ngUdi ta da cat da'u nhQng vat thd
linh thieng, quy bau trUdc khi chay giac
ngoai xam Chan Lap (3)
Ta't ca nhQng di ti'ch, tUdng va hien vat
ndi tren deu dUdc dinh nien dai tQ the ky II
de'n the ky VII, thupc nien dai Phii Nam,
deu cd sQ tUdng ddng ve tinh chat, kieu
each ciia cac loai hinh, phong each Xem
nhu the, dUdng nhu cd sQ tuang dong
thd'ng nhd't giiia cdc tieu viing ve trinh dp
cuoc sdng, each sdng, qua do gdm, ve do
diing va dd trang sQc, nha't la ve van hoa,
qua tdn giao, tUdng thd
Tuy nhien, cung phai xac nhan la cac
nen kien true Idn khdng hoan toan giong
nhau ve binh do, kieu each, giQa cac phe
tich d 6c Eo, Gd Thap va Gd Minh Su
(Dong Thap), Luu CQ va Gd Thanh mdi
(Vlnh Long), Gd Thanh (Tien Giang) hay
dd la giQ lai sQ da dang trong thd'ng nha't
cua mpt vUdng qud'e cd'?
2 VUtfng quoc va cac a'p/Tieu quoc
Luang thu da chep, cho eon "Idm vua 7 dp", sau lai ndi them "hieu la tieu vuang
Nhu the cd le cac soan gia da dich diing tQ
ngQ Raja, gpi thao An Dp, la ngQdi dQng
dau eiia mpt vung/xQ nha't dinh; nhQng vung nay lai cd quan he mat thie't vdi nhau trong cung mpt lanh thp, do mpt tpc trudng
cai quan, xUng la Dai vUang-Maharaja, hay Pu po tana Raya - Chda te Todn the
gian hay Hodn vUang vdi ngQdi Cham, hay Kamrateng an Phdai Karom, cung nghia, d
ngQdi Khmer Quan he trong dd nhu thudng tha'y trong eae xa hdi phQdng Ddng cd' xUa vQa chat che vQa long leo, luc chat, liic long, nhu quan he cha-con, vua-tdi, be tdi vdi tdn chu Cac nha nghien cQu Au-My thudng khd hieu dUdc dieu nay
Mpt so' nha nghien cQu, ca trong va ngoai nudc gan day deu hpc theo W.Wolters, nghi r i n g the che chinh quyen
Phu Nam gid'ng nhU the che Ngdn hd, hay
"mdnh mdi" ma dng gpi la Mandala, tQc la
nd rdi rac, quan he long leo, khdng ra mdt qud'e gia cd td' chQc NgQdi dQng dau khdng thQc la vua, ma ehi la mpt kieu thu linh,
ngQdi cam quyen (chief/ruler), luc xac dinh
dQdc, luc khdng M Vickery tham chi edn phu nhan hoan toan khi tha'y cd it nhat hai lan mpt dao si An Dp dUdc ddn de'n "lam vua" Phu Nam Cd le W Wolters khdng hieu sic thai, tinh cha't mpt xa hpi phQdng
Ddng, ndi ma tap hOp nhiing thon dp,
khong bao gid thiic sU thdng nhd't chat che, cung nhu khong bao gid hodn todn tdn quyen dUdi mot ngdi vi thu linh phuang Dong M Vickery thi lai khdng hieu mdt xa
hpi thUdng mai, ndi cd nhieu nhdm ngoai kieu khac nhau, nhQng s i c tpc khac nhau, thu tich cd' ndi cd tdi hang nghin, ndi ngUdi dan sd'ng budng ra bien, budn ban, danh ea, thi mpt ngUdi gd'c xQ ngoai, ed tai, ed dQc,
Trang 5Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram
dam bao dUdc cude song, phQdng thQc sd'ng
chinh eiia hp, cd the dudc tdn "lam vua" Tdi
da thao luan, phe binh hdn mdt lan y kie'n
cua hai dng Thuc te ddi sd'ng hien nay tren
the gidi b i n la cd the dem lai nhieu bai hoc
cho viec nghien cQu n :>.• •• -:;;: f o i t
Den day, thdi gian nay, hoan toan
khdng cd da'u vet Khmer, bdi vi cung chQa
ed ca Khmer va Chan Lap-Bhavapura, cai
ma L Malleret gpi la Vdn hod Tien Khmer
Theo sdch co, khoang the ky III, vua
Phu Nam la Pham SQ Man danh cac nudc
lang gieng, bat than phue, lai ddng tau to,
vQdt bien Idn, chinh phuc dQdc hdn 10 nUdc
cdi ngoai, de'n xQ Kim Lan NhQng nude
lang gieng va ngoai bien bi chinh phue ed
that khdng? La d dau?
Cuoc khai quat khao ed hpc trong nhQng
nam 90 trdn da't Thai Lan, tren ha luu Me
Nam-Chao Phraya va binh nguyen Khorat
da dem lai nhieu hieu biet ly thii
Ben tren da trinh bay sQ phat trien cua
Vudng qud'e Phu Nam nhd ke't qua nghien
cQu khao cd' hpc; cac nUdc lang gieng phai
than phuc Phu Nam la vung iQu vQc sdng
Se Mun tren binh nguyen Khorat, ndi sinh
sd'ng cua mdt sd' bd lac Mdn co Mdt sd' qua
sQ xuc tac cua chinh Phu Nam ma tie'p can
van hoa An Dp va dang tren dUdng phat
trien, dang cl giai doan Tien Nha nude,
dQng trUdc ngudng cita cua viec lap Nude
Mdt trong sd' nay la bd lac cQ tru d nga ba
sdng Se Mun-Me Kong, ndi se xua't hien
nudc Bhavapura - Chan Lap
Nhung ndi ma Phu Nam quan tam
nhieu hdn la dia vi ddu md'i thUdng mai cua
minh, la con dudng thdng thUdng
Ddng-Tay, Trung Qudc va An Dp, nen vua Pham
Su Man ddng tau, vQdt bie'n, chinh phue
hdn 10 nQde, ta't ca deu t h i n phuc Tuy
nhien, khi ke eu the, sach co chi cho biet
cac ten nQde nhQ CQu Tri, Dien Tdn, Lang Nha T Q Gia, Ban Ban, Xich Tho va Don Tdn Viec nghien cQu va thao luan may chuc nam qua ciia gidi sQ hpc the gidi mdi
di den xac dinh, cac nQde nay deu n i m tren ban dao Malaya, an ngQ dQdng budn ban Ddng-Tay va gom hai nhdm nUdc: 5 nQde nhd gdp lai thanh mpt nhdm, gpi chung la Xi'ch Thd' n i m d phia Nam ban dao, 5 nQde khac d phia Bae ban dao, gom ca ha iQu Me Nam, gdp thanh mdt nhdm, gpi chung la Dd'n Td'n Cac cude khai quat khao cd' hpe d U-Thong, Khu Bua, Ban Don Taphet, Lop Buri, Chansen eho tha'y ndi day, xQa kia kha phat trien vdi nhQng nen kie'n true gach cua cac den dai, cung dien, thanh luy, tQdng Phat, Visnu b i n g da de thd, nhieu vat gdm, dd trang sQc, cho tha'y rd quan he giao IQU van hoa, kinh te mat thie't vdi Phu Nam, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phu Nam 0 U Thong cdn phat hien dUde hdn
20 dong tien bae Phu Nam
Xem nhQ the, sQ phat trien that hoanh trang, nhUng Nha nUde Phu Nam da cai quan Vudng qudc cua minh nhu the nao? Rat tide, sil sach cd cho biet ve cuoc sd'ng phong tue, tham chi vUdng gia ciia nhQng ngQdi quyen quy, trinh dp van hoa cao cua nQde, da ed tQdng Phat mang tang vua Trung Qud'e va ea mdt dan nhae, ca mua, sang IQU diSn d Trung Qud'e, nhQng lai khdng cho cho biet gi ve bd may nha nQde Cho nen, d day, cd nhieu phan phai suy doan Trifdc bet hang ndi ve dd'i npi Phu
Nam ed 7 dp; vay dp la gi? Day la nhat ky
cua Khang Thai dan dau phai bd ciia nha Ngd de'n Phu Nam khoang nam 230 C L Mdt trQdng hdp khac, sil nha Han ghi nam
190 C.L., dan huyen TUcfng Lam khdi nghla t h i n g Idi, lap Lam Ap Huyen dQdi
quan (Nhat Nam); dp difdi huyen, nhQng
dp d day.khdng phai la huyen ly, tri sd, vi
Trang 6Rghien curu Ljch sir s61.2010
cdn ed Tuong Pho', pho cua huyen TUdng
Lam, ed le day mdi la huyen ly Hdi r i c rdi
nen cac nha nghien cQu nQde ngoai, ngQdi
thi dich dp la xom (hamlet), ngQdi thi dich
la Xd (commune) TQ dp trong sach nha
Han dUde dung gan cung thdi vdi sach nha
Ngd, ehi each nhau chQng 30 nam, khai
niem ed the khdng khac nhau lim Thu
linh Lam Ap la Khu Lien se trd thanh vua
Sau khi nQde dinh hinh hay md rdng, dQdc
goi ten chinh thQc la Champa, gpi du la
Champa-pura, ngQdi Han phien am la
Chiem-bd, dich la Chiem Thdnh (4) Trong
ca hai trQdng hdp, dp h l n la mdt Vung
Idnh tho, ed the cd trung tam, thQdng la
trung tam van hoa/tdn giao, n i m giQa
cdng ddng cQ dan, lam ndng nghiep, danh
ca, nghe thii cdng va trao dd'i Ben tren,
khi sach cd' viet ve Phu Nam, "Idm vua 7
dp, xQng la Tieu vUOng b i n la ed y nghla
mdt vung, mdt tieu qud'e Khdng tha'y rd
vai trd ciia bd may quan ly, nhQng chic
r i n g khdng cd sQ biet lap giQa cac
Ap-Vung: bdi sU dong dang van hoa, nhU cac
vat gdm dac trQng cua dan sdng nQde,
xQdng gdm cd 3 Idp, van sdng nude tren
than gdm, cac hinh tQdng Phat b i n g gd,
da, tUdng Visnu b i n g da cung dUdc qui
chua'n thd'ng nha't vdi nhau de'n mQc kinh
ngae, giQa tat ea cac vung Cd le tap quan
lam an, sinh sd'ng tQ bao dam ddi sd'ng
ciia gia dinh minh cd tQ thdi cdng xa cd'
XQa van dQdc tie'p tuc duy tri ed hieu qua
trong dieu kien mdi Chi ed mdt viec vQdt
ra khdi pham vi tQ quan eiia cdng dong la
nghla vu ddng gdp vdi nha nQde va cd sd
tdn giao Cd le qua thdi gian, ngQdi ta da
quen vdi mQc ddng gdp, mpt mQc vQa phai
ma hien nay khdng cd tai lieu nao eho
biet, ma trai qua hang the ky cung khdng
tha'y ed dieu gi gay ca'n xay ra
Viec ddng gdp de xay den chua, tac tQdng, 1-2 ngdi ddi vdi mdt a'p, ed the da trd thanh mpt viec lam tQ nguyen, tham chi la thich thu, khdng phai can den sQ can thiep ciia chinh quyen
Hdn nQa, vdi mpt quoc gia thUdng mai, mdt cang thi qud'e te, lai san xuat va ban do trang sQc cung vat dung vang bae thi ngUdi dan binh thUdng, ndng dan, ngQ dan, khdng de'n noi phai ddng gdp nang ne ma vua chua v i n cd the an b i n g bat vang, bat bae va thu thue bang vang, bae
Dd la ddi vdi dan ciia minh, cdn doi vdi cac nQde phu thude thi sao? Cd the tin mdt each chic c h i n cd ma'y hinh thQc sau day: a- Hang qua cang thi chic phai nop mpt khoan thue, tuy khdng cd ghi ch^p nao cho biet mQc thue bao nhieu
b- San pham cua eae nQde neu ed gia tri cao thi tdn chii dQdc mua Qu tien vdi gia re, thQdng la dUde nop thue b i n g chinh san pham dd Dd la trQdng hdp thie'e dac san cua Xich Thd' (Malaysia ngay nay) xua't hien kha nhieu tren da't Phu Nam, tren cang 6 c Eo
c- NQde le thupc b i t bude phai nop mpt khoan phu cdng dang ke Cho nen khi vung len gianh dQdc quyen tu ehu thi cac vua Chan Lap td bay niem "kieu hanh vi da giQt dQt dQdc sdi giay xieng xich eiia sQ
cong nap" (bia Baksei Chamkrong)
d- Hdn nQa, nQde phu thupc phai chiu
sQ kiem soat chat che, khong dUOc co quan
he vdi nUdc ngoai nhQ vdi Trung Quoc
ching han Cho nen chi de'n khi Phu Nam
bi suy vong (giQa the ky VII), nhQng vung
le thupc trQdc kia mdi tU chu, lap quoc gia,
c\l sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va nhan sQ gia
de'n, mdi tha'y dQdc ghi ch^p, dQdc biet cd
sQ xua't hien cua cac nQde nhu Chan Lap, Xich Tho' v^ Doa La Bat De (Dvaravati)
Trang 7Rude Phil Ram vb hflu Phu Ram
thay the cho cua Don Td'n Khdng the
khdng de y, sach sit eo' khdng he coi/ gpi cac
di chi/ phe tich hoanh trang d ha IQU Me
Nam nhu U Thong, Khu Bua, ea Chan Sen,
la nhQng qud'e gia hay tieu quo'c, bdi mpt le
ddn gian, ta't ca dd ehi la Dd'n Td'n ma Dd'n
Td'n ehi la thupc qud'e cua Phu Nam Sau
khi Phu Nam suy vong, khdng kie'm soat
nQa, cac xQ nay mdi tQ chii, tQ gpi la
Dvaravati- Cda ngd Day la dieu ma nhieu
nha nghien cQu, ca J.Boiselier da tQng
nham lan
Cho nen Wang Gung Wu (1990) (5) mdi
md d I u gpi Phu Nam la Maritime Empire,
sau dd nhieu hoc gia Anh, Phap mdi gpi
theo Empire ed ngQdi dich la deche, khdng
sai, nhQng de lan khai niem trQu tQdng,
nhQ de che dau hoa, de che truyen thdng
Tdi gpi theo dung thQc cha't ciia nd, la mpt
he thd'ng cai quan, ed kiem soat, la de qudc
trong khu vQc Ddng Nam A
3 H a u P h u N a m - C h a n L a p - T i e n
Angco
Phu Nam da ed da'u hieu bi suy thoai tQ
the ky VI, do si^ chuyen dd'i dQdng giao
thUdng tren bien ra xa bd Thuyen be it di
ven bd, ho$c qua canh eo Kra (Dd'n Td'n
ngay trQdc), khdng cap cang 6 c Eo ma di
vdng qua eo Malacca, Sunda de'n Bien
Ddng, gan va thuan ti^n hdn, nhQng cung
do phQdng tien di bien la tau thuyen tie'n
bp hdn Budn ban giam sut, thu nhap k^m
di, nhieu thQdng lai la nhQng ngQdi cd tai,
cd van boa cao, bd di ndi khac lam an
Nhan cd hpi nay, mpt bp lac cQ t n i b ha iQu
Se Mun da vQdn len lap nifde, gpi ten nQde
theo ten vua la Bhavapura, tQng bQdc ta'n
cdng xam chiem lai Phu Nam, nQde tdn ehu
cu cua nd, cQ sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va
dU(?c ghi nhan vdi cai ten ciia mpt qud'e gia
mdi xua't hi^n la Chan Lap (Chen La) ma
de'n nay, khdng ai biet do dau ma cd ten gpi nay
Dan Phu Nam, nhQng ndng dan, ngQ phii, cd le da qua 5-6 the ky cham chi gieo trong gat hai, ra khdi, cac thQdng nhan, thd thii cdng budn ban kie'm Idi, nha nQde lo thu dii thue, ddi song phong tuc, khdng cd
ke thu tranh gianh, khdng ed da'u hieu ban tam lo de phdng chien tranh, nen ngd dau
cd luc sa sut de khdng phdng bi ke than thupc quay lai danh minh
Bhavapura - Chan Lap hinh thanh cudi
the ky VI, cung la thdi diem hinh thanh tgc
ngUdi Khmer va van hoa Khmer, da vQdn
len tie'n cdng Phu Nam tQ d i u de'n giQa the VII thi chinh phuc dQdc Cac sach co va ca van bia ciia ke chien thang cung chi tha'y khoe sQc manh, "quan di bui mu", ma khdng tha'y ndi de'n lUc iQdng, giao chien, khang cQ Cd le Phu Nam da khdng chuan
bi gi, khdng cd iQc iQdng, vua Phu Nam phai bd chay ra bien, cd le den Java
Cd the nhQ van bia ndi, nd'i len de gianh quyen tQ chu, de thoat khdi ach cdng nap, nhQng sach g^iao khoa Lich sil bae Tieu hpc ciia Singapore thi k h i n g dinh Chan Lap tham cua cai giau cd cua Phu Nam mdi dem quan danh chie'm
3.1 T h e ky VII (600-690 CL.) la the'ky chuyen bie'n sau sic:
Khdng de dang danh t h i n g ngay; nhQng nam cudi the' ky VI- dau the ky VII la thdi gian thit sQe, ta'n cdng kinh dd Phu Nam d Angkor-Borei; tie'p theo, phai mat ma'y chuc nam gian khd' nQa, d i n quan "vQdt kenh laeh sau b i n g chieu cao con voi", tie'n len de'n tan dinh nui", mdi danh chie'm dQdc Phu Nam (khoang nam 649 C L.) Day
la thdi gian thuan Idi de Chan Lap md rdng quyen iQc ve phia ddng, de'n ha iQu sdng
Me Kong, den ea cang-thi 6 e Eo, ne'u
Trang 810 Rghien curu Lich sit s61.2010
mudn Nhung ngQdi ta lai tha'y mdt hien
tQdng ngQde lai, la co ve da't ban bp cl trung
luu sdng Me Kong, ed le do hp chQa quen
tiep jcue vdi bien va chQa quen trong lua
tren rudng ngap nQde, eho de'n the ky XX
(B.P Grosher, 1973) (6) Cd le nhd the ma
the ky VII, Chan Lap tap trung sQc thQc
hien dUdc 3 viec, ba thanh tQu Idn, ra't ed y
nghla; 1/ Sang tao va sit dung chQ viet mdi,
cbQ Kha me cd] 2/ Xay dQng kinh dd mdi
Isanapura tren iQu vQc StQng Sen, nay la
Kompong Thom, bd ddng-bic Bien Ho, gan
song Me Kong; 3/ Xay dQng van boa Chan
Lap sd ky, thUdng dQdc gpi la Vdn hod Tien
Ang-co-611-802)
Vice 1: chac da dQdc c h u i n bi tQ khi lap
nQde va bat d i u tien danh kinh dd Phu
Nam (nam 598) de cd bia chd Khmer dau
tien nam 611, dQng d chinh tren da't
Angkor Borei Sau dd ed khoang 5 bia, viet
niia Khmer, nQa Sanskrit, deu d gan vung
kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639, ed 5 cau
Sanskrit va 24 ddng Khmer ed', cd ten vua
Bhavavarman nhQng khdng ro lai lich,
Prasat Prathat, d Prey Veng, nam 655 cd
9 ddng khmer, Ang Chumnik, d Prey Veng,
nam 667, ke thQ tQ eae vua, cd 26 cau
Sanskrit, khdng ed Khmer; Prah Kuha
Luong, hang Kampot, nam 674 ed 9 ddng
Khmer Dang chu y, tren da't cu Phu Nam,
cd 4 bia; Angco Borei, Ta Keo (ke tren),
Dong Thdp Mudi, 10 ddng Khmer ed', nien
diem 713, ke ten mpt nhan vat la, Puskara,
tQdc V K A (vua?) va xa nha't ve phia nam
la bia Phd Hihi (Sa Dee), nien diem 639 cd
3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer, ndi ve
viec lap den, cung rudng, thd than NhQ
the, trong the ky VII, da'u tich xa nha't cua
Chan Lap tren da't Phu Nam la 4 ndi dd va
cung la rat gan vdi da't Chan Lap, gan nhQ
la vung giap ranh ngay nay Rieng Phu
Hihi, ghi nien diem 639 nhUng khdng ndi
tdi mdt dng vua nao (theo qui t i c thudng phai cd), viet 25 ddng Khmer cd, dai, ndi nhieu ve viec lap den, cung rupng (bia trQng bay trong Bao tang Tp Ho Chi Minh), phai chang la mpt bieu hien phan tan, ly khai?
Viec 2:
Sau khi danh t h i n g , chinh phuc dQdc Phu Nam, vQdng trieu 1 ciia Chan Lap, vQdng trieu Bhavapura lap (khoang 600-680) gom bd'n (4) ddi vua Cac vua eo ve dia ban cua minh, cl iQu vQc sdng Stung Sen, ddng b i c Bien Ho, nay la tinh Kompong Thom Cd tac gia cho day la que hifdng cua ddng vua nay, nhQng khdng tha'y cd can cQ nao Dieu chac chan hdn la nd d vao khoang giQa ha iQu - dia ban mdi md - vdi trung iQu, gan Se Mun, da't gdc eiia ea tpc ngQdi 6 day, hp tie'n hanh xay dyng kinh
dd, tren dia diem gpi la Sambor Prei Kuk
va dQdc gpi theo ten vua la Isanapura, la mpt nhdm gom 5 cum kien true den thap
gach hoanh trang, cau ky, dep; nay tuy da
bi sup do' thanh phe' tich, nhQng v i n cdn cho tha'y binh do, dang ve, cung vdi tQdng
t h i n cua nd va cd the, 1-2 vua nQa khong chac chan, theo dudi xu hQdng co cum ve vung da't ddng Bien Ho-trung iQu sdng Me Kong, xay kinh do va dQng bia chQ Phan 6 day Viet bia chQ Phan trong khi b i t d i u cd chQ Khmer rieng, dQdng nhu muo'n chQng
td van la sQ tie'p nd'i van boa va da cd trinh
dp cao (7)
Cung vdi viec xay dUng kinh dd, thyc te
la 5 cum den thap gach, thd t h i n , ndi trung tam cua qud'e gia, cac vua Chan Lap cdn cho viet, k h i c bia ke ve than the sy nghiep dQng dat d ngay va g i n cac den thap Sambor Prei Kuk
Viec 3:
Trang 9Rif6c Phii Ram va hfiu Phii Ram 11
Nam cum den thdp Sambor Prei Kuk
cung la sQ tie'p noi va sang tao cua kie'n
tnic den thap gach; v i n la nhQng binh do
vudng vQc thu nhd len cao d i n ; do dd cd the
nghi r i n g binh do kie'n tnic Phu Nam cd
the dQdc IQU giQ it nhieu d Sambor Prei
Kuk? Ngoai ra edn cd cac ye'u to'; n
- NhQng Hoa vdn trang tri tren tUdng
gach kha phong phu, la mIt;
- Cd them mi cda (linteau), bdng da, tac
hinh hoa la each dieu, bien ddi theo phong
each, thdi gian;
- D3 mi ciia la hai cot nho (colonnette),
cung b i n g da, luc ddu hinh tru trdn, ed ba
vdng nhan va hinh trang tri b hai diu, ve
sau cot trd nen c i u ky hdn, hinh sau canh,
hoa tiet trang tri rglm rap hdn;
Bau ciia dd cd Id de lap canh cQa, ddi
khi b i n g go; cd bae cQa, hai-ba bae b i n g
da, bae tha'p nha't rdng hdn, cd hinh ddu
gdp (accolade) (8)
- O kinh dd Sambor Prei Kuk, cd ma'y
pho tQdng thd b i n g da, v i n la "Visnu ddi
mu, tru mac do ddi kieu Phii Nam" song da
cd ddi chut cai tie'n, cai mu tru d i n cao hdn,
ddi eho cdn giQ mai tdc tet thanh dai bang
tren d i u Thanh ngang giQ tay bie'n thanh
vdng cung vQng chac b Phnom Da da mat
di d i n Dd Id ddc trUng vdn hod - nghe
thuat Phil Nam cdn dugc gid lai vd cdi tie'n
Cho nen, tuy cac nha nghien cQu nQde
ngoai gpi day la thdi "Tien Ang-co", nhung
ve van boa, thUc cha't la Hau Phd Nam ke
tie'p Phu Nam, tuy da bat dau bQdc sang
thdi ky van boa Khmer
The ky VII la thdi gian khdng khd de
thyc hi$n cuoc di dan xud'ng phQdng Nam,
ne'u cd nhu c i u va kha nang Cd the nhan
bid't sy ed mat cua cQ dan mdi hay khdng va
la mpt tieu chf hoan toan xac dang la b ndi
dd cd da'u an sinh boat ciia cQ dan mdi, dac biet la do dung, do gdm, cd den, chua, bi ky hay khdng? chQ viet nao? da'u a'n ciia van boa nao? NgQdi ta da phat hien dQdc 2 ngdi
den deu kha Idn, 1, b chinh dd thanh cu cua Phu Nam, gpi la din Angkor Borei: b day cd
bia viet chQ Khmer cd', nien diem 611 C.L.,
la bia viet chQ Khmer dau tien dQdc phat hien eho den nay va cung la nien diem md dau van boa Khmer, thdi ky Khmer Bia ke day la mdt ngdi den thd than, cd 22 nhae cdng va ea cdng (phuc vu le nghi Hindu giao), 22 ngQdi phuc vu, 56 nd le lam rudng cung vdi 100 bd va 20 trau Cd cQdng dieu hay khdng thi khdng biet, nhQng de chQng
td tQ the ciia ke chien thang thi h l n la ed
Va 2, Den va bia Phu HUu b Sa Dec (Dong
Thap), tren bd sdng Tien; den nhd hdn, bia viet 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer cd', ghi nien diem 639 (trUng bay d Bao tang
Tp Ho Chi Minh) Khong tha'y ghi ten vua
ma le ra thQdng phai cd Nam trung vdi bia
Ta Keo, cd ten mdt dng vua Bhavavarman, nhQng cdn chQa rd lai lich Mpt ngdi ehua nQa, gpi la V l t Sre Ben tQc la 6 Lam d Chau Ddc, ndi ve mpt ngdi chua, khdng cd nien dai, mpt ten ngQdi, Baladitya, rat md nhat, khdng hieu la ai, ed vai trd gi? The'ky VII ta't ea chi cd the, vai ba diem, deu la ndi khdng the cQ tru d'n dinh lau dai (Angkor Borei la dinh nui) Ta't ea deu la nhQng dia diem giap ranh
TQ day, the ky VII, cd the gpi la thdi
Hau Phu Nam, cung la Tien Angkor, tuy
nhien, khdng phai la kdo dai trien mien,
ma cd dinh thdi gian vd ndi dung eu the
Ndi dung dd la sy hinh thanh vQdng trieu
sd ky Chan Lap - Bhavapura, sU hinh
thdnh vdn hod Khmer, chu ye'u chu! Khmer,
cung la sy tie'p nd'i hoc theo Phu Nam, chd
ye'u hinh tUang Visnu va van Sanskrit; dd
cung la sy sang tao mdi, chu ye'u la cac loai
Trang 1012 Rghien ciru Ljch siSr stf 1.2010
hinh gia ed' trang tri bang da tren thap
gach Cho nen, mpt so' tac gia gpi la Vdn
hod Tien Angkor Thdi gian do la tQ nam
611 (bia chQ Khmer dau tien) den 680
(nam qua ddi ciia Jayavarman I), vua cudl
ciia vQdng trieu Bhavapura, md dau sy
khiing hoang, chia re, de'n nam 802, nam
cha'm dQt Vdn hod Tien Angkor
3.2 T h e ky VIII
NhQ da ndi d tren, the ky VII, Chan Lap
CO cum tren da't ciia minh, d vung quanh
Bien Ho Tonle Sap Hp xay trQdc tien, hai
cum den thap Vat Eng Khna (620 AD) d
Battambang va Tuol Baset (640) nhU mpt
sy tham dd, thi diem (?), roi de'n xay tap
trung tren iQu vyc Stung Sen (Kompong
Thom), lap dung kinh dd Isanapura, vdi cac
cum den thap Sambor Prei Kuk (giQa the
ky VII), Prei Khmeng va Prasat Andet (niia
sau the VII)
Ca the'ky VIII, cung chi cd them ba cum
den thap d vung quanh kinh dd; Trapeng
Phong, Kompong Prah va Phum Prasat
Prei Khmeng dQdc coi la lam dd, tuy nhien,
cung da kha day dii, keo dai tQ cudi the ky
VII de'n d i u the'ky VIII, nen trd thanh mdt
tieu chi ve phong each va nien dai Van hoa
Tien Angkor Dac biet, d day cd cai mi ciia
da khac tac hinh Brahma ddn sinh gid'ng
mi ciia Ml Sdn E 1 nhu "sinh ddi"
Sau hdn niia the ky hinh thanh va md
mang (tQ nam 600 de'n 680), Chan Lap rdi
vao khiing hoang trieu chinh ma trQdc dd
da cd nhQng da'u hieu tan quyen Nam 680,
vua Jayavarman I qua ddi, b i t d i u xua't
hien nhQng vua ehua dia phQdng, khdng cd
lai lich rd rang, Cd 3 ta'm bia nho va xa'u
khic ten mpt ngQdi la l i m la Puskara hay
Puskaraksa, 2 tim tha'y d Dong Thap va 1 d
Kratie SiJ nha DQdng b i t d i u chep Chan
Lap phan chia thanh Chan Lap Da't va Chan Lap NQde Chan Lap Da't cl tren cao,
da't ban bp ciia hp, b nga ba Se Mun-Me Kdng, phia b l c Dangrek, chQ khdng phai b
nQde Campuehia ngay nay, cdn Thuy Chan Lap cung khong phai toan Dong b i n g sdng CQU Long, toan Nam Bd ngay nay, ma chii ye'u la co ve vung trung iQu sdng Me Kdng, quanh kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap la Sambor,
d Kompong Cham Phe tich kie'n true va ndi tim tha'y bi ky xac nhan dieu nay, dieu ma
eae nha chuyen mdn b trong va ngoai nQde
da ndi tQ lau roi Nam 610-649 (39 nam),
ea Phu Nam va Chan Lap deu cii sQ t h i n sang nha Tuy Kinh dd Phu Nam da bi
chie'm, vua chay ve Naravaranagara, tdi doan la b niii Ba The-6c Eo, vua v i n cii sQ
t h i n rieng sang nha Tuy cung luc vdi Chan Lap, sau dd, bi danh Ian nQa mdi thdi Tuy nhien, Chan Lap chi di cdng de'n nam 617 roi cung dQt b i n Chan Lap Da't v i n dQng rieng, di sQ rieng vai lan nQa vao cac nam
753, 771 va 779 The la tQ 617-753 (136 nam) Chan Lap khdng cd quan he ngoai giao vdi ben ngoai; ngQcfi ta khdng hie'u bie'n ddng gi ma Chan Lap di de'n cho nhu the Va neu tinh tQ khi Jayavarman I qua ddi, nam 680 - de'n 802, Jayavarman II len ngdi, 122 h a m thi ed tdi 258 nam, ngudi ta khdng he dQdc biet ten mpt vi vua nao, mpt VQdng trieu nao cua Chan Lap Thyc te cung khdng cd mpt da'u hieu nao ciia sy cai quan ciia trung Udng hay dia phQdng, mgt van ban hay mpt h a n h dpng nao Sil Trung Quoc cung khdng viet dUdc gi, vi hp cd sang dau ma biet
Tuy nhien, nhQ the khdng phai se dien
ra canh Ion xpn, lung tung Lang xdm hinh thanh tQ xa xUa gom nhQng ngQdi dan cung song tren mpt dia vyc, lam cung mpt nghe, chu ye'u la nghe ndng, danh ea va dyng nha go la TQ dd hinh thanh nhQng