Training - ADC KRONE - Introduction to Fiber Optical

• Electrical signals in copper are compatible with terminal equipment• Fibre transmission uses light, which are not compatible with terminal equipment which uses electrical signals • Req

Introduction to Optical Fiber

Anton Indrawata Technical Manager Enterprise S.E Asia

Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre

Introduction

• Optical fibre uses light waves

• LED or Laser - ON or OFF simulates digital “Ones &

Zeros”

• Fibre comprised of high purity silica glass

• Electrical signals in copper are compatible with terminal equipment

• Fibre transmission uses light, which are not compatible with terminal equipment which uses electrical signals

• Requires to convert light to electrical - cost penalty

Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre

Electrical to Optical Conversion

Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre

Advantages

• Virtual total immunity to electrical noise

• Supports extremely high data rates

• Inherently safe from hazardous voltages if non-metallic

• Low transmission loss at very high data rates

• Doesn't radiate EMI

• Light weight

• Increase in distance

Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre

Disadvantages

• Cost of electrical to optical conversion

• Termination more costly and time consuming

• Jointing/Splicing more costly and time consuming compared

to Direct Termination

• Care in fibre handling during installation - bending and

tension

Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre

Fibre vs Copper

• Loss increases with high frequency transmission in copper

• Loss stays the same with high frequency transmission in

fibre

• Copper have NINETEEN (19) test parameter

• Fibre have ONE (1) test parameter (Multimode)

Properties and Applications Optical Fibre

Electrical Power Separations

• Copper requires installation practice for

separation/segregation from power

• Fibre does not require separation/segregation unless fibre

cable has a electrically conductive elements

• Thermal load of power cable should be considered

Optical Fibre Applications

Customer Premises

• Inter-LAN links within & between buildings

• In 1980’s: Backbone for FDDI, Token Ring

• Delivery of multimedia such as pay TV, video conferencing, video imaging

• Carrier services such as Broadband ISDN, B-ISDN,

multimedia high speed data, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre

Channels etc

Optical Fibre Applications

Wavelength Division Multiplexing - WDM

• Transmitting data/video on different light wavelengths

• Combining them using diffraction grating (coupler) ,

transmission over fibre

• Separating individual wavelengths at receiver

-coupler/splitter

Optical Fibre Applications

Wavelength Division Multiplexing - WDM

Fibre Cable Types

• Tightly Buffered, Heavy Duty

• Indoor application

• 900 μm OD for each fibre

• Made around central strength member

• Kevlar strands for tensile loads

• Overall polyethylene jacket

• Maybe direct terminated

• Robust cable and termination

• Greater O/D than light duty

Fibre Cable Types

• Loose Tube

• Single or groups of 250 μm fibres enclosed in tubes

• Tubes made around central strength member

• Gel filled to exclude moisture

• Overall polyethylene jacket

• Used in U/G, Aerial environment

• More time consuming

Fibre Cable Types

Outer sheath 0.9 mm

Silicon layer 400µm Core+Cladding+Primary coating = 250 µm

Gel

Loose tube

Tight Buffer

Core+Cladding+Primary coating = 250 µm

Outer sheath 1.4 mm

Fibre Cable Types - Tight Buffered

Optical Fibre Tight Buffer

Aramid yarn Single unit jacket

Outer jacket Single fibre

Duplex fibre

Fibre Cable Types – Tight Buffered

Indoor Distribution

Fibre Cable Types – Tight Buffered

Indoor/ Outdoor, LSZH Jacket

Fibre Cable Types – Loose Tube

Central strength member

Optical fibres Loose buffer tube, gel filled

Core binding tape Inner jacket

Corrugated steel armour Outer jacket

PE sheath

Fibre Cable Types - Loose Tube

Outdoor All Dielectric Non Armoured

Aramid yarn Tube, each with up to 12 fibres Central support element

Empty tube as filler Gel

Steel Tape Armoured Type

Optical Fibres Filling Compound Loose Buffer Tubes

PE Filler (if necessary) Filling Compound Metallic CSM CSM Over-Coat PET Film Laminated Water Swellable Tape Corrugated Steel Tape

Outer PE Jacket

Fibre Cable Types - Loose Tube

Outdoor Steel Tape Armored

Suspension Wire

Web

Optical Fibres Filling Compound Loose Buffer Tubes Filler (if necessary) Dielectric CSM PET Film Laminated Water Swellable Tape

Corrugated Steel Tape Ripcord

Outer PE Jacket

Fig 8 Type

Fibre Cable Types - Loose Tube

Outdoor Aerial

Comparison

Tight Buffered vs Loose Tube

Single Fibre Construction

we are referring to the relationship between core and cladding

diameters

– The core and cladding are part of the same glass or plastic rod, but

have different optical properties.

250 µm

Buffer orPrimary Coating

900 µm

Single Fibre Construction

Primary & Secondary Coating

• UV cured acrylate 250μm Outer Diameter

• Tight buffering with primary & secondary coating

900μm Outer Diameter

• Use appropriate stripping tool for removal of coating to

avoid damage to fibre

• Multimode fibres 50/125um and 62.5/125um operate at 850nm & 1300nm wavelengths

• Singlemode fibre 9/125um operates at 1310nm & 1550nm are just out of the visible light spectrum

• These wavelengths are just in the infra-red region

• Cautions: Active fibre can be emitting “DARK” light, potential health hazard

• Never look into the end of a fibre or fibre patch lead

Light Propagation in Optical Fibre

Light Propagation in Optical Fibre

Modes of Propagation in Fibres

• Zig-Zag paths greater than critical angle of incidence,

propagate down core

• At certain angles the light path interfere and cancel each

other out

• At other angles in phase and re-enforce

• Angles which re-enforce are - Modes of Propagation

• Large fibres use many paths or modes - MMOF

• SMOF one path only - small diameter

Light Propagation in Optical Fibre

Modes Propagation

Multimode graded-index fibre

Multimode step-index fibre

Singlemode step-index fibre

Fibre & Wavelength Standardisation

• Single mode core 8 – 10/125µm ( core/cladding )

• Operates at 1310 & 1550nm

• Loss at 1310nm less than 0.4dB/km

• Loss at 1550nm less than 0.3dB/km

• One mode straight down in the centre

• Virtually eliminates pulse dispersion

• Limited by attenuation or loss, not by pulse dispersion

• High speed data over 40 Km without repeater is possible –

used by service provider

Fibre & Wavelength Standardisation

• Multimode core 50 & 62.5/125µm ( core/cladding)

• Operates at 850 & 1300nm

• Loss at 850nm less than 3.5 dB/km

• Loss at 1300nm less than 1.0 dB/km

• Bandwidth: refers to the following slides

• Use of Graded Index fibre is recommended

Centralized Optical Fibre Cabling

• Based on ISO 11801, data & voice cabling is limited to max

90 meter

• By utilizing centralized fibre, centralized electronics can be

implemented rather than distributed electronics within a

building

• Designed as alternative to fibre cross-connection in each

closet for horizontal cabling

• Allows Pull-through connection ( inter-connect ) or splice in the Telecommunications Closet

• Provides maximum flexibility as alternative to distributed

electronics

Centralized Optical Fibre Cabling

• ISO 11801 specifies, direction hardware

• Pull Through Cables: Horizontal & Backbone is one

continuous fibre cable from TO to FD

• An Inter-Connect: Horizontal and Backbone fibre terminated onto patch panel, using patch cords

• A Splice – splice to backbone in FD

Centralized Optical Fibre Cabling

Link Loss ( Multimode Fibre )

Maximum loss for link in customer premises ( ISO 11801:2000)Sub System Length (m) Loss dB

850nm 1300nm

Building Backbone 500m 3.9 2.6

Campus Backbone 1500m 7.4 3.6

1000m 300m 275m

Application Fibre 62.5u 9u

2000m 330m 550m

2000m 2000m 2000m

1310nm 1300nm

850nm

Ref: ISO 11801 Table 4

Cabling Components to ISO 11801:2002

BANDWIDTH MHz.km

EFFECTIVE LASER LAUNCH BANDWIDTH MHz.km

Fibre Bandwidths to ISO 11801:2002

CHANNEL ETHERNET

*OM1 can be used with a wavelength of 1300nm, but OM2 gives a higher safety margin and is less sensitive to installation practices

Channel Distance to ISO 11801:2002

9/125u SMOF @ 1310nm OS1

50/125u MMOF OM2

500 MHz.km Modal Band Width @ 850nm

50/125u MMOF OM2

500 MHz.km Modal Band Width @ 850nm

62.5/125u MMOF OM1

200 MHz.km Modal Band Width @850nm

ADC KRONE Recommendations

Fibre Cable Ordering Information

Fibre Optic Applications

Installation Overview

Application Cable Placement Characteristics Cable Type

Campus Backbone

Duct, Buried, Aerial Outside Plant

Cable

Loose Tube (LT), Some Tight Buffered

Riser Backbone

Indoor vertically/horizontally

Fibre Optic Applications

Installation Overview

Optical Fibre Applications

Variation Types of Backbone

• In Backbone environment, optical fibre is used between

building example for:

Imaging, CCTV etc.

delivery

Optical Fibre Applications

Backbone Cabling - Voice/Data

• UTP 100Ω for voice -PABX, ISDN

• Multimode O/Fibre for short distance - less than 4km - LAN, FDDI

inter-• Singlemode O/Fibre for longer inter-LAN links greater than

4km

• Inter-building Backbone in Small Network

• Inter-building Backbone in Large Network

• Outlying Building in a Physical Ring

• Intrabuilding Backbone

Optical Fibre Applications

Variation Types of Backbone

Optical Fibre Applications:

Inter-building Backbone in Small Network

• Provide a Single point-of-control for system administration

• Allow testing and reconfiguration of system’s topology and

applications from the main cross connect

• Allow easy maintenance and security against unauthorised

access

• Provide increased flexibility

• Allows the easy addition of future interbuilding backbone

Optical Fibre Applications:

Inter-building Backbone in Small Network

One Level Hierarchical star Inter-building backbone

Optical Fibre Applications:

Inter-building Backbone in Large Network

• Allows for Electronics (e.g switches, bridges) to be used

more effectively to utilise the bandwidth and distance

capabilities of the optical fibre or to segment the network

• There should not be no more than five intermediate

cross-connects that serve other buildings

48Two Level Hierarchical star Interbuilding backbone

Optical Fibre Applications:

Inter-building Backbone in Large Network

Optical Fibre Applications:

Outlying Building in a Physical Ring

Optical Fibre Applications:

Intra-building Backbone

• One Level Hierarchical Star

to the building cross-connect

• Two Level Hierarchical Star

connected to an intermediate cross-connect (IC), which in turn

is connected to the building cross-connect

Optical Fibre Applications:

Intra-building Backbone

One Level Hierarchical star intrabuilding backbone

Optical Fibre Transmission Characteristics

Intrinsic Fibre Losses

• Caused in fibre manufacture

Intrinsic Fibre Losses

Different core sizes

Different Numerical Apertures

Different index profiles

Fresnel Reflection

• Light rays propagate by total internal reflection

• similar reflections occur at far end interface

• if interface is ideal “mirror face” cleaved perpendicular to

core, then reflected light will not exceed 4% (Optical Return Loss)

• Reflected pulse known as FRESNEL Reflection

Numerical Aperture - NA

• NA is the light gathering ability

• Only light injected into fibre at angles greater than critical

angle will be propagated

• NA depends on refractive index of core & cladding

• large NA accepts light well

• low NA requires highly directional light

Numerical Aperture

Micro-bending

Macro bending

Extrinsic connection losses

Light Emitting Diode - LED

• Light from LED is not a single wavelength, produces spread

of wavelengths across spectrum output

• Centre Wavelength 850nm & 1300nm

• Average Launch Power Level -10 to -30 dBm

• typically used with Multimode Optical Fibre

• Semiconductor Laser

• Modulation Frequencies higher than LED

• Centre Wavelength 850nm

• Average Launch Power Level +1 to -3 dBm

• typically used in Gigabit Ethernet

VCSEL

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser

• shorter life span

• used with SMOF - longer distance

LED’s and LASER’s

Connector and Through-adapter

Cable

Connector Housing

Bend Protection

Housing Sleeve

Ferrule Strain relief

Glued fibre

Connector Through adapter

Connectors Application

• Point of termination for fibre

• Allows connection & re-connection of fibre for passive &

active equipment

• easy & fast to assemble

• provides low attenuation

• low cost

• conforms to international standards

polished flat end face

with air gap

(not used today)

convex polished end face

PC (Physical Contact)

UPC (Ultra Physical Contact)

convex and angled polished end

face

APC (Angled Physical Contact)

Return loss

Principal

Connectors - Polishing

Connectors Type – Small Form Factor (SFF)

Adapter Type – Small Form Factor (SFF)

Adapter Type

Splice & Pigtails

• Permanent joint of two fibre’s

• low attenuation or loss

• easy, fast, repeatable

• low cost - mechanical or fusion

• connectorised pigtail to join external fibre to direct

termination at patch panel

ST Pigtail

SC Pigtail

MTRJ Pigtail

Optical Fibre Installation

• Pre-test fibre on drum for individual fibre continuity using

either simple light test or OTDR

• install fibre cable

• re-check fibre before cutting - light test

• What is it ?

(dB) It occurs in each component of a fibre optic system.

• Where does it occur?

» along its full length (inherent)

» at macro- and microbends*

Attenuation

• How is it Calculate ?

• ATTENUATION (dB) = -10 log (Powerout/Powerin )

• Power is measured in watts (mW or µW)

• The negative sign is added to give attenuation a positive

value, since input power is always greater than output power for passive optical devices

Compliance Testing

• A pair of connectors contribute 0.75dB loss

• Splice 0.1dB

• Pigtail connector at each end ~ 1.6dB

• Singlemode 9/125um fibre: at 1310nm 0.4dB/km, at

1550nm 0.3dB/km

• Standard Multimode 62.5/125um or 50/125um fibre: at

850nm 3.5dB/km, at 1300nm 1dB/km

Horizontal Link

- Link ≤ 2.5dB 850nm

- Link ≤ 2.2dB 1300nm

Backbone Link Specification

- Link = Cable + Connector + Splice

Optical Fiber Component Specification

- Connector ≤ 0.75dB

- Splice ≤ 0.3dB

- Multimode Cable ≤ 3.5dB/Km at 850nm for 62.5/125um and 50/125um

- Multimode Cable ≤ 1.0dB/Km at 1300nm for 62.5/125um and 50/125um

- Singlemode Cable ≤ 1.0dB/Km

ISO 11801:2002 Compliance

Optical Fiber Modal Bandwidth

- Bandwidth ≥ 200MHz-Km at 850nm for 62.5/125um & 50/125um

- Bandwidth ≥ 500MHz-Km at 1300nm for 62.5/125um & 50/125um

ISO 11801:2002 Compliance

Horizontal Link

- Link ≤ 2.0dB 850nm & 1300nm

Backbone link Specification

- Link = Cable + Connector + Splice

Optical Fiber Component Specification

- Connector ≤ 0.75dB

- Splice ≤ 0.3dB

- Multimode Cable ≤ 3.5dB/Km at 850nm for 62.5/125um and 50/125um

- Multimode Cable ≤ 1.5dB/Km at 1300nm for 62.5/125um and 50/125um

- Singlemode Cable ≤ 0.5dB/Km outside plant cable

- Singlemode Cable ≤ 1.0dB/Km inside plant cable

TIA/EIA 568-B.3 Compliance

Optical Fiber Modal Bandwidth

- Bandwidth ≥ 160MHz-Km at 850nm for 62.5/125um

- Bandwidth ≥ 500MHz-Km at 850nm for 50/125um

- Bandwidth ≥ 500MHz-Km at 1300nm for 62.5/125um & 50/125um

TIA/EIA 568-B.3 Compliance

US National Electric Code (NEC)

Article 770 - Fiber Optic Cable code

• OFNP - Nonconductive optical fiber plenum cable

• OFCP - Conductor optical fiber plenum cable

• OFNR - Nonconductive optical fiber riser cable

• OFCR - Conductive optical fiber riser cable

• OFNG - Nonconductive optical fiber general purpose cable

• OFCG - Conductive optical general purpose riser cable

• OFN - Nonconductive optical fiber general purpose cable

• OFC - Conductive optical general purpose riser cable