KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY)

KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY) KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY) KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY) KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY) KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY) KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY) KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 (FULL KEY)

ÔN THI THPTQG 2021 THEO CHUYÊN ĐỀ

I PHÁT ÂM - TRỌNG ÂM

A PHÁT ÂM

* Cách phát âm của –s / -es

- Có 3 cách phát âm –s hoặc –es tận cùng

* đọc thành âm /s/ với những từ có âm cuối là / p, f, k, t, θ /

* đọc thành âm /iz/ với những từ có âm cuối là / s, z, ∫, t∫, dƷ/

* đọc thành âm /z/ với những trường hợp còn lại

- Examples:

* /s/: maps, books, hats, coughs, laughs, photographs …

* /iz/: buses, watches, roses, washes, boxes…

* /z/: bells, eyes, plays …

Lưu ý:

- Khi *th phát âm là / θ / thì –s /–es mới phát âm là / s / như baths, …

- Khi *th phát âm là / ð / thì –s /–es phát âm là / z / như cloths, clothes, bathes,…

- Khi *gh phát âm là / f / thì –s phát âm là / s / như laughs, coughs, ….

- Khi *gh là âm câm thì –s phát âm là / z / như ploughs,

Hãy chọn từ có phần được gạch dưới có cách phát âm khác với các từ còn lại:S/ES

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây là hình thức Past tense và Past participle:

1 “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided

2 “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫, h ,/ hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch :

Ex: asked; stopped; laughed

3 “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên : Ex: moved; played; raised.

Ngọai lệ: Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked

Exercise:

Hãy chọn từ có phần được gạch dưới có cách phát âm khác với các từ còn lại:ED

1 A failed B reached C absorbed D solved

2 A invited B attended C celebrated D displayed

3 A removed B washed C hoped D missed

4 A looked B laughed C moved D stepped

5 A wanted B parked C stopped D watched

6 A laughed B passed C suggested D placed

7 A believed B prepared C involved D liked

8 A lifted B lasted C happened D Decided

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 1

Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Question 2: A passed B managed C cleared D threatened

Question 3: A ejects B defends C advocates D breaths

Question 4: A produced B believed C stopped D laughed

Question 6: A affected B looked C decreased D washed

Question 7: A missed B worked C realized D watched

Question 10: A pagoda B integral C against D aquatic

Question 11: A imagines B bikes C cultures D involves

Question 12: A office B practice C service D device

Question 13: A finished B cooked C attended D laughed

Question 14: A number B future C furious D amuse

Question 15: A concerned B candied C travelled D dried

Question 16: A speaks B speeds C graphs D beliefs

Question 18: A increased B pleased C replaced D fixed

Question 20: A linked B declared C finished D developed

Question 22: A sports B thanks C games D enthusiasts

Question 23: A sacrificed B trusted C recorded D acted

Question 25: A interviewed B performed C finished D delivered

2 STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm:

1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố (prefix) và hậu tố (suffix):

 ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather

* Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway

Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc

V + ment: ag'ree (thoả thuận) =>ag'reement

V + ance: re'sist (chống cự) =>re'sistance (sự

V + er: em'ploy (thuê làm) => em'ployer (chủ

V + or: in'vent (phát minh) => in'ventor

V + ar: beg (van xin) => 'beggar (người ăn xin)

V + al: ap'prove (chấp thuận) => ap'proval

V + y: de'liver (giao hàng)=> de'livery (sự giaohàng)

V + age: pack (đóng gói) => 'package (bưu kiện)

V + ing: under'stand (hiểu) => under'standingadj + ness: 'bitter (đắng) => 'bitterness (nỗi cay đắng)

2/ Nói chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn như /∂/ hay /i/

* EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign ,en'joy.

3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thì:

Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2

Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1.

EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, *

Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)

4/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước các hậu tố (suffixes ) sau đây một vần : ION, IC, IAL , ICAL,

-UAL, -ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, -GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience, im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography,

pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious, pho'netics,

scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy

Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television

5) Trọng âm rơi vào các vần cuối sau đây: ADE, OO, OON, EE, EEN, EER, ESE, AIRE,

-SELF, -ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon

*Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon…

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 2

Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.

Question 2: A preservatives B congratulate C preferential D development

Question 3: A president B physicist C inventor D property

Question 4: A economy B unemployment C communicate D particular

Question 5: A elephant B dinosaur C buffalo D mosquito

Question 6: A scientific B intensity C disappearance D expectation

Question 7: A conference B lecturer C researcher D reference

Question 8: A intentional B optimistic C environment D participant

Question 10: A represent B intensive C domestic D employment

Question 11: A minister B dependent C encourage D agreement

Question 13: A involve B provide C install D comment

Question 14: A hospital B inflation C policy D constantly

Question 15: A garment B comment C cement D even

Question 16: A different B achievement C educate D primary

Question 17: A sorrow B schooling C passion D subtract

Question 18: A certainty B activity C organize D compliment

Question 19: A publish B replace C involve D escape

Question 22: A delicate B promotion C volcanic D resources

Question 24: A engage B import C conserve D maintain

Question 25: A original B responsible C reasonable D comparison

Question 27: A situation B appropriate C informality D entertainment

Question 28: A different B bamboo C rainfall D wildlife

Question 29: A gorilla B interesting C September D opponent

Question 30: A promote B precede C picture D pollute

II CHỌN ĐÁP ÁN ĐÚNG

1 CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI (TAG QUESTIONS)

Công thức: S + V +………, trợ từ + S?

- Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là câu khẳng định, câu hỏi đuôi phải ở thể phủ định (viết tắt).

- Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là câu phủ định, câu hỏi đuôi phải ở thể khẳng định.

* Lưu ý:

- Câu hỏi đuôi của “I am” là “aren’t I”.

- Câu hỏi đuôi của “Let’s” là “Shall we”.

- Chủ ngữ là “Everyone/Everybody, Someone/Somebody, Anyone/Anybody, No one/Nobody, ” câu hỏi đuôi là “they”.

- Chủ ngữ là “nothing, everything, something, anything” thì câu hỏi đuôi dùng “it”.

- Trong câu có các trạng từ phủ định và bán phủ định như: never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, thì

câu đó được xem như là câu phủ định - phần hỏi đuôi sẽ ở dạng khẳng định

- Sau câu mệnh lệnh cách (Do /Don’t do v.v ), câu hỏi đuôi thường là will you?

- Câu đầu có MUST, must có nhiều cách dùng cho nên tùy theo cách dùng mà sẽ có câu hỏi đuôi khác

nhau:

+ Must chỉ sự cần thiết thì khi thành lập hỏi đuôi ta dùng “needn’t”.

+ Must chỉ sự cấm đoán thì khi thành lập hỏi đuôi ta dùng “must”.

+ Must chỉ sự dự đoán ở hiện tại thì khi thành lập hỏi đuôi ta dựa vào động từ theo sau “must”.

- Câu cảm thán, lấy danh từ trong câu đổi thành đại từ cùng với dùng is, am, are.

- Câu đâu có I + các động từ sau: think, believe, suppose, figure, assume, fancy, imagine, reckon, expect, seem, feel that + mệnh đê phụ:

- NEED vừa làm động từ thường, vừa làm động từ khuyết thiếu, nên:

+ Nếu need là động từ thường thì khi thành lập hỏi đuôi ta phải mượn trợ động từ.

+ Nếu need là động từ khuyết thiếu thì khi thành lập hỏi đuôi ta dùng luôn need.

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 1

1 The cases of COVID 19 outside China have increased thirteenfold, ?

A hasn’t they B haven’t they C will they D don’t they

2 What you have said is wrong, _?

3 COVID 19 can be characterized as a pandemic, ?

A can it B can’t it C isn’t it D can’t they

4 The coronavirus had already overwhelmed China, South Korea, Iran and Italy, ?

5 Health authorities have activated their most serious response level, ?

A haven’t it B hadn’t they C have it D haven’t they

6 Your mother is cooking in the kitchen, _?

7 Chinese officials quickly shut down Wuhan market, _?

A doesn’t it B didn’t they C hadn’t they D do they

8 There are no easy ways to succeed, ?

A are there B aren’t there C aren’t they D are they

9 No one is a better cook than my sister, ?

10 They’ll buy a new apartment, ?

A will they B won’t they C don’t they D will not they

11 This house is not safe, ?

12 Ba rarely goes out at night, ?

13 Everybody looks tired, ?

14 I’m a bad man, ?

15 I think she is a dentist, ?

16 I don’t think you are an engineer, ?

17 Let’s turn off the lights before going out, ?

18 Don’t be late, ?

19 Someone wants a drink, ?

20 Nobody phoned, ?

21 I should keep silent, ?

22 He mightn’t get there in time, ?

23 Everything is fine, ?

24 I wish to study English, ?

25 What a nice dress, ?

26 One can be one’s master, ?

27 You’d better stay at home, ?

28 You’d rather learn English, ?

29 You don’t believe Peter can do it, ?

30 These are 3 oranges you bought yesterday, ?

A aren’t they B are they C are these D aren’t these

31 He seldom helps her, ?

32 They never go to the library with US, ?

33 Mary and Peter don’t like English, ?

A do they B do Mary and Peter C are they D aren’t they

34 I am not a liar, ?

35 What you have just said is not true, ?

36 Lucy has been studying English for 4 years, ?

37 It seems that you are telling me a lie, ?

38 You need take a rest, ?

39 Let me take care of you, ?

40 The ticket to London doesn’t cost a lot, ?

41 They must study hard, ?

A mustn’t they B need they C must they D needn’t they

42 You mustn’t come late, ?

A need you B must you C needn’t you D mustn’t you

43 She wishes to go to Singapore, ?

44 Let’s go for a walk, ?

45 You must have left your purse at home, ?

A don’t he B haven’t you C doesn’t he D did they

46 She must have been very happy when you told her the news, ?

47 You must be tired now, ?

A needn’t you B aren’t you C mustn’t you D haven’t you

48 You’ve never been to Italy, ?

49 This picture is yours, ?

50 He ought to be home by seven o’clock, ?

A shouldn’t he B mayn’t he C needn’t he D mustn’t he

2 DANH ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU (GERUND AND INFINITIVE)

2.1 Những động từ theo sau bởi “Ving”

17 Consider doing st xem xét, cân nhắc làm gì

25 Look forward to doing st mong đợi làm gì

27 There is no point in doing st

= It’s no use/good doing st

không đáng làm gì

28 Get/be accustomed/used to doing st quen làm gì

30 Waste time doing st lãng phí thời gian làm gì

31 Have difficulty (in) doing st gặp khó khăn trong việc làm gì

32 Can’t help/stand/bear doing st không thể chịu/nhịn được

2.2 Những động từ theo sau bởi “TO V”

37 Would like to do st muốn, thích làm gì

38 Yearn/desire to do st khát khao làm gì

39 Ask/tell sb to do st bảo ai đó làm gì

40 Assume sb to do st cho rằng ai đó làm gì

42 Believe sb to do st tin tưởng ai làm gì

44 Challenge sb to do st mời ai đó tham gia vào

45 Command sb to do st yêu cầu ai làm gì

60 Request sb to do st đòi hỏi ai làm gì

61 Warn sb not to do st cảnh báo ai không làm gì

66 To/in order to/so as to + V để làm gì (chỉ mục đích)

67 It takes sb + time + to V ai đó tốn bao nhiêu thời gian để làm gì

68 Be about to V = be going to V chuẩn bị làm gì

69 How/when/where/what/who/whether+ To V

70 Find it adj + to V thấy cái gì như thế nào để làm gì

71 The first/second/ third/ /last/ only + to V đầu tiên/thứ hai/thứ ba, /cuối cùng/duynhất làm gì

2.3 Những động từ theo sau bởi cả “TO V, Ving hoặc V(bare)”

1 Try to do st

Try doing st

cố gắng làm gìthử làm gì

2 Remember to do st

Remember doing st

nhớ phải làm gìnhớ đã làm gì

3 Forget to do st

Forget doing st

quên phải làm gìquên đã làm gì

4 Advise sb to do st

Advise doing st

khuyên ai đó làm gìkhuyên làm gì

5 Allow/permit sb to do st

Allow/permit doing st

cho phép ai đó làm gìcho phép làm gì

6 Recommend sb to do st khuyên bảo/dặn/đề nghị ai đó làm gì

13 Need to do st

Need doing st

cần phải làm gìcần phải được làm

14 Help sb do/to do st giúp ai đó làm gì

Be/get used to doing st

thường làm gì trong quá khứthường làm gì ở hiện tại

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 2

1 Students stopped noise when the teacher came in

2 She couldn’t bear tears when she saw the film “Romeo and Juliet”

3 Ann likes but she hates up

A cook/washing B to cook/wash C cooking/washed D cooking/washing

4 I’d expected weight on when I gave up smoking, but I didn’t

5 I enjoy to classical music

6 I really regret your feeling when I asked you such a silly question

7 He’ll try the same mistake again

A not make B to not make C not making D not to make

8 Would you mind me a newspaper?

9 Would you like the next dance with me?

10 It is no use - no one ever gets out of here

A trying to escape B to try to escape C trying escaping D to try escaping

11 Did you remember Ann? - Oh, no I completely forgot it

12 Does the city government intend anything about pollution?

13 Those shirts need but you needn’t them now

A iron/iron B to iron/to iron C ironing/iron D ironed/to iron

14 They finished and then they wanted out for pleasure

A learn/to go B to learn/go C learnt/goes D learning/to go

15 I hope that tiring work again

16 They postponed an Element School for the lack of finance

17 It’s no use him He never allows anybody him advice

A advise/give B to advise/to give C advising/giving D advising/to give

18 Are his ideas worth to?

19 He always avoids me in the streets

20 My parents decided a taxi because it was late

21 Do you agree me some money?

22 Tom refuses his address

23 The passengers asked her how to the police station?

24 My friends arranged at the airport in time

25 Do you plan out or at home at this weekend?

26 I dislike _ in line.- So do I That’s why I prefer at night when there are fewer people

in the supermarket

A wait/shop B to wait/shopping C waiting/shopping D waiting/to shop

27 He continued after his illness

28 My watch’s hands keep

29 My grandfather is used to up early in the morning

30 Don’t forget her my message when you see her

31 I can’t help his opinions

A consider B to consider C considering D considered

32 You should try any shirts you want to buy

33 He used to fall asleep without his shoes off

34 He spent many hours to repair his car

35 Mary agreed to the circus with Ann

36 Mike is considering a new car

37 Mrs Green prefers TV to to the cinema

A watching/go B to watch/going C watching/going D watches/go

38 She expects him tomorrow, but I look forward to _ him right away

39 They advised me a raincoat

40 You’d better what you think in front of the conference

41 I regret able to attend your birthday party yesterday

42 I had to ask the boys billiards all the day

A to stop/playing B to stop/to play C stopping/playing D stops/to play

43 My teacher promised me for my next examination

A help/prepare B to help/prepare C helping/to prepare D helped/preparing

44 Did you manage these parcels alone?

A finishing/to pack B finishing/packing C to finish/to pack D to finish/packing

45 American women have got used to independently recently

46 We won’t let you what we are going to do with him.

47 I suggest money for the poor people in our neighborhood

48 The candidates are not allowed their mobile phones for their exams

49 This coffee is too hot for me

50 My English teacher encouraged me English grammar more carefully

3 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

Câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên một giả thiết về một sự việc, mà sự việc đó chỉ có thể xảy ra khi điều kiện

được nói đến xảy ra

Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần (hai mệnh đề):

+ Mệnh đề chính (main clause) là mệnh đề chỉ kết quả

+ Mệnh đề if (if-clause) là mệnh đề phụ chỉ điều kiện

Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể đổi chỗ cho nhau được Nếu muốn nhấn mạnh điều kiện, ta đặt clause ở đầu câu và có dấu phẩy (,) ở giữa hai mệnh đề Nếu muốn nhấn mạnh kết quả, ta đặt “mainclause” ở đầu và giữa hai mệnh đề không có dấu phẩy

if-Các loại câu điêu kiện

Có 3 loại câu điều kiện: Loại 1 (câu điều kiện có thật trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai), loại 2 (câu điều kiện không có thật trong hiện tại), loại 3 (câu điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ).

3.1 Câu điều kiện loại 1

If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), S + will/can/may/should/ought

to/must + V

If it rains, we will stay at home

(Nếu trời mưa, chúng tôi sẽ ở nhà).

- diễn tả về tìnhhuống có thể xảy ra ởhiện tại hoặc tươnglai

If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), V/don’t V +

If you know the answer, raise your hand

(Nếu bạn biết câu trả lời, hãy giơ tay).

If you need the help, don’t hesitate to call me

(Nếu bạn cấn giúp đỡ, đừng chần chừ gọi cho mình nhé).

- dùng để đưa ra lờichỉ dẫn, yêu cầu hoặcmệnh lệnh

If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), S + V(hiện tại đơn)

If you eat too much, you are overweight

(Nếu bạn ăn nhiều, bạn sẽ béo phì).

If you put a bowl of water in the sun, it evaporates

(Nếu bạn để một bát nước dưới trời nắng, nó sẽ bốc hơn).

- diễn tả sự thật hiểnnhiên, một quy luật

tự nhiên hoặc mộthành động xảy rathường xuyên

Should + S + V (bare), S + will/can/may + V

Should you see her, remind her to call me as soon as possible

(Nếu bạn gặp cô ấy, nhắc cô ấy gọi cho mình càng sớm càng tốt

nhé”).

- để câu nói thêmtrang trọng ta dùngđảo ngữ (thay “if’bằng “should”)

3.2 Câu điều kiện loại 2

If + S + V(quá khứ đơn), S + would/could/might +

V(bare)

If I had money now, I would buy a new car

(Nếu tôi có tiền bây giờ, tôi sẽ mua một chiếc ô tô mới).

- diễn tả những giả định tráingược với thực tế ở hiện tại

Were + S + (to V) , S + would/could/might + V(bare)

Were you in my situation, what would you do?

(Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn ở trong hoàn cảnh của tôi?)

- để câu nói thêm trangtrọng ta dùng đảo ngữ

3.3 Câu điều kiện loại 3

Had + S + Vp2, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2

Had I known you were coming to Ha Noi, I wouldn’t have gone

on holiday

(Nếu tôi biết bạn tới Hà Nội thì tôi có lẽ đã không đi du lịch).

- để câu nói thêmtrang trọng ta dùngđảo ngữ (đảo “had”của mệnh đề “if”lên đầu)

If it hadn’t been for + N, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2

= Had it not been for + N, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2

= But for/without + N, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2

(nếu không có thì đã)

If it hadn’t been for his father’s help, he wouldn’t have succeeded

= Had it not been for his father’s help, he wouldn’t have

succeeded

= But for/without his father’s help, he wouldn’t have succeeded

(Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của bô’ anh ấy, anh ấy có lẽ đã không

thành công).

- để nhấn mạnhdanh từ trong câuđiều kiện loại 3

3.4 Câu điều kiện kết hợp

If + S + V(quá khứ hoàn thành), S + would/could + V(bare)

If I had had breakfast, I wouldn’t feel hungry now

(Nếu tôi đã ăn sáng thì bây giờ tôi đã không thấy đói).

kết hợp câu điềukiện loại 3 và loại2

If + S + V(quá khứ đơn), S + would/could/might + have + Vp2

If I didn’t I have to go to school today, I would have gone on

holiday with my parents yesterday

(Nếu như hôm nay tôi không phải đi học thì có lẽ hôm qua tôi đã đi

nghỉ mát với ba mẹ rồi).

kết hợp câu điềukiện loại 2 và loại3

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 3

1 , he would have been able to pass the exam

A If he had been studied more B Had he studied more

2 According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he the rest of the world

A had conquered B would conquer C would have conquered D conquered

3 Tony would have forgotten the appointment if I him

A don’t remind B didn’t remind C hadn’t reminded D reminded

4 “I’m going out now.” -” you happen to pass a chemist’s, please get me some aspirins.”

5 “What would you do in my position?” - “Were like that, I would complain to the manager.”

A I be treated B I treated C I to be treated D to treat

6 Had I studied harder, I better in the last exam

7 The book would have been perfect the ending

A had it not been for B it had not been for

C it hadn’t been for D hadn’t it been for

8 He said if he had not answered the phone at the petroleum station then, he a fine

9 If taller, I might be better at basketball

10 the book, please return it to me

A Should you find B You find C Were you to find D If you found

11 If she sick, she would have been to the party with me

12 anyone object, the plan will be reconsidered

13 Had I known that you were ill last week,

A I would have gone to see you B I would go to see you

C I will go to see you D I shall have gone to see you

14 Students will not be allowed into the exam room if they their student cards

15 Without your help, I the technical problem with my computer the other day

16 If Martin were here now, he US to solve this difficult problem

17 If he didn’t have to work today, he his children to the zoo

18 If you didn’t have to leave today, I you around the city

19 If our teacher were here now, he US with this difficult exercise

20 If he were younger, he a professional running competition now

A will join B had joined C would have joined D would join

21 If you watch this film, you about the cultures of Southeast Asian countries

A learned B were learning C will learn D would learn

22 If he were better qualified, he get the job

23 If life predictable it would cease to be life, and be without flavor

24 That sounds like a good offer I it if I you

A would accept - were B accepted - would be

25 If he improved his IT skills, he a job

C will easily have got D would easily have got

26 If it had not rained last night, the roads in the city so slippery now

C could not have been D would not have been

27 ten minutes earlier, you would have got a better seat

28 If it their encouragement, he could have given it up

29 But for his kind support, I

A would not have succeeded B did not succeed

30 - Jean: “Why didn’t you tell me about the plans for the merge?”

- Jack: “I would have told you .”

31 We on the beach now if we hadn’t missed the plane

A will lie B could be lying C will be lying D might have lain

32 If I were in charge, I things differently

A had done B would do C would have done D will do

33 If a drop of oil is placed in a glass of water, it to the top

A will float B would float C does float D should float

34 anyone call, just say I’ll be back in the office at four o’clock

35 me twice my current salary, I wouldn’t work for them

C Were they not to pay D Had they not paid

36 If I just one year younger, I would be eligible for the scholarship

37 If we are not busy this weekend, we the new fruit farm in the countryside

A will visit B would visit C would have visited D visited

38 If you follow my directions, you her house easily

A would find B would have found C found D will find

39 advised on what and how to prepare for the interview, he might have got the job

A Had he been B If he had C Unless he had been D Were he to be

40 If my father bankrupt last year, he could own the luxurious car now

A didn’t go B hadn’t gone C wasn’t going D weren’t to go

41 If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English

42 If you to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now

A listen B had listened C will listen D listened

43 If you Tom, tell him I have a message for him

44 If I lived nearer the centre, I always late for work

45 If we had known your new address, we to see you

46 she agreed, you would have done it

47 If you to be chosen for the job, you’ll have to be experienced in the field.

48 If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy saved

49 If there enough water, the rice fields could have been more productive

50 If he a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post

-She is a goodstudent

every, always, constantly (luôn luôn), usually, often, frequently,

generally, normally

(thường), sometimes, occasionally (thỉnh

thoảng), seldom (ít khi), rarely (hiếm khi), never (không bao giờ), on Mondays, Tuesdays, ……

-Diễn tả 1 thóiquen, 1 hđ xảy rathường xuyên ởHT

-Diễn tả 1 chân lý,

1 sự thật hiểnnhiên

now, right now, at the moment, at present, this (summer, year …), ngoại trừ this morning

look, listen, be quiet, keep silent ….

-Diễn tả 1 hđ đangdiễn ra và kéo dài

1 time ở HT-Thường tiếp theosau câu đề nghị,mệnh lệnh

-Diễn tả hđ sắpxảy ra

3

Present

Perfect

S + have / has + V3/ed

S + have / has + not + V3/ed

Have / has + S + V3/ed?

-I have just seen mysister in the park-Daisy has read thatnovel several times

-Mary has lived inthis house for tenyears

-I have gone to Hanoi

just (vừa mới), recently (gần đây), lately (vừa rồi), already (vừa xong), yet (chưa), never (chưa bao giờ), once (1 lần), twice (2 lần), three times, several times, mamy times, since (từ khi), for (khoảng tg),

so far = until now = up to now = up to the present (cho tới bây giờ), this is the first / second / third

-Diễn tả 1 hđ đượclặp đi lặp lại ở QK-Diễn tả 1 hđ bắtđầu từ QK mà cònkéo dài tới HT -Diễn tả 1 hđ xảy

ra trong QK màkhông biết rõ tg

HT và còn có khảnăng tiếp tục ở TL

ago, yesterday, in + year

in the past, last (week, month, year), in the past,

in those days,

-Diễn tả 1 hđ xảy

ra trg QK, chấmdứt rồi và biết rõtg

-Diễn tả sự kiệnlịch sử

6 Past

Contin

uous

S + was / were + V-ing

S + was / were + not +

V-ing

Was / were + S + V-ing ?

-Yesterday, he waslistening to music inhis room all theafternoon

-What were youdoing at this timeyesterday?

-When I cameyesterday, he wassleeping

-I was cooking while

my sister wasstudying last night

at + hour in the past (at 2.30 yesterday), at that time, at this time + time

in the past (at this time in 2000), all + time (all tha day), during + time (during the day), when, while

-Diễn tả hđ xảy ra

và kéo dài 1 tg ởQK

-Diễn tả hđ xảy ravào 1 thời điểm ởQK

- Diễn tả hđ đangxảy ra ở QK thì có

hđ khác xen vào-Diễn tả 2 hđ đangcùng xảy ra trongQK

S + had + hardly + V3/ed + when + S + V2/ed

- Diễn tả hđ xảy ratrước 1hđ khác trg

QK, hoặc trước 1thời điểm trg QK

8 Past

Perfect

Contin

uous

S + had + been + V-ing -The men had been

playing cards for 2hours before I came-By July last year, Ihad been living inParis for 3 years

by + time in the past + for + time (by July last year for 3 year…), before …

- Diễn tả hđ QK đãxảy ra và kéo dàicho đến khi hđ QKthứ hai xảy ra

S + will + be + V-ing -What will you be

doing when I cometomorrow?

-He will be doingresearch at this timetomorrow

when, while, at + time in the future (at 2.30 tomorrow), at this time tomorrow

- Diễn tả hđ sẽ xảy

ra và kéo dài suốt

1 tg ở TL

- Diễn tả hđ sẽđang xảy ra vào 1thời điểm ở TL

- Diễn tả hđ sẽhoàn tất trước 1thời điểm ở TLhoặc trước 1 hđkhác ở TL

6 years

-Diễn tả hđ sẽhoàn tất trước 1thời điểm ở TLhoặc trước 1 hđkhác ở TL nhấnmạnh tính liên tụccủa hđ

4.2 Sự phối thì

Một số cách hòa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian:

Main clause (Mệnh đề chính)

Adverbial clause of time (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

1 TLĐ + until / when / as soon as + HTĐ I will wait here until she comes back.

2 TLĐ + after + HTHT He will go home after he has finished his work.

3 while / when / as + QKTD, QKĐ While I was going to school, I met my friend.

4 QKĐ + while / when / as + QKTD

It (start) - to rain while the boys (play) - football

5 QKTD + while + QKTD

Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games

6 HTHT + since + QKĐ I (work) - here since I (graduate) -.

7 TLHT + by / by the time + HTĐ He will have left by the time you arrive.

8 QKHT + by the time / before + QKĐ He (leave) - by the time I came.

9 After + QKHT, QKĐ After I had finished my homework, I (go) - to bed.

10 QKĐ + after + QKHT I (go) - to bed after I (finish) - my work.

11 Before + QKĐ + QKHT Before she (have) - dinner, she (write) - letter.

12 QKHT + before + QKĐ She (write) - a letter before she (have) - dinner.

13 QKĐ + since then + HTHT I (graduate) - in 2002 since then I (work) - here

* Đổi thì quá khứ đơn sang hiện tại hoàn thành

1 S + last + V quá khứ đơn + thời gian + ago.

 S + V hiện tại hoàn thành (phủ định) + for + thời gian

 It’s + thời gian + since + S + last + V quá khứ đơn

 The last time + S + V quá khứ đơn + was + thời gian + ago

2 This is the first time + S + HTHT khẳng định

 S + HTHT never + before

3 S + began / started + V-ing +

 S + have / has + V3/-ed + for / since

-Ex: We last went to London two years ago

= We

= It’s

= The last time

This is the first time I have visited Hanoi

- I

I began learning English five years ago

- I have

-BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 4

1 Jane law at Harvard for four years now

A is studying B has been studying C studies D studied

2 This time tomorrow on the beach sunbathing and drinking freshly squeezed fruit juice!

3 We for three hours and we are very tired

A waited B have been waiting C wait D had waited

4 She for hours That’s why her eyes are red now

A cried B has been crying C was crying D has cried

5 When I last saw him, he in London

A is living B has been living C was living D lived

6 By the time he arrives here tomorrow, they for London

A would have left B will have left C will left D are leaving

7 Mr Pike English at our school for 20 years before he retired last year

8 They for Japan at 10.30 tomorrow

A will be leaving B have left C will have left D will leave

9 When I to the airport, I realized that I my passport at home

A got/had left B got/left C had got/had left D got/was left

10 I was angry when you saw me because I with my sister

A have been arguing B had been arguing C argued D would argue

11 Call me as soon as you your test results

12 I to Greece until Sally and I went there last summer

A have never been B had never been C was never being D were never

13 I along the street when I suddenly heard footsteps behind me

14 He occasionally a headache in the morning

15 The boy fell while he down the stairs

16 I will come and see you before I for America

17 When the first child was born, they _ for three years

18 It a long time since we were apart I did not recognize her

19 Many of the people who attended Mr David’s funeral him for many years

A didn’t see B wouldn’t see C haven’t seen D hadn’t seen

20 We were both very excited about the visit, as we each other for ages

A never saw B didn’t see C hadn’t seen D haven’t seen

21 In one year’s time, she for this company for 15 years

C will work D has worked

22 His health has improved a lot since he doing exercises regularly

23 She hurt herself while she hide-and-seek with her friends

24 .What at 9 o’clock last night? I phoned you but couldn’t get through to you

A did you do B were you doing C would you do D had you done

25 It is raining heavily with rolls of thunder We such a terrible thunderstorm

A would never see B had never seen C have never seen D never see

26 I _ my old teacher last week

27 My brother usually me for help when he has any difficulties with his homework

28 I all of my homework last night

A finish B will finish C have finished D finished

29 Lan learning English a few years ago

30 Only after she from a severe illness did she realize the importance of good health

31 Only after the bus for a few miles did Jane realize she was on the wrong route

32 The children to bed before their parents came home from work

A were all going B had all gone C had all been going D have all gone

33 Paul noticed a job advertisement while he along the street

34 I haven’t met him again since we school ten years ago

35 For the last 20 years, we significant changes in the world of science and technology

A witness B have witnessed C witnessed D are witnessing

36 My best friend Lan to England 10 years ago

37 Mr.Pike for this company for more than thirty years, and he intends to stay here untilhe

C has been working/retires D is working/will retire

38 While I at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction

39 By the end of last March, I English for five years

A had been studied B had been studying

C will have been studying D will have studied

40 Alan for hours but he hasn’t answered his mobile I hope nothing’s wrong

A I call B I’ve been calling C I’m calling D called

41 We in silence when he suddenly me to help him

A walked - was asking B were walking - asked

C were walking - was asking D walked - asked

42 By the time the software on sale next month, the company $2 million on developingit

C has gone - will spend D goes - will have spent

43 When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television

A called /was watching B had called /watched

C called /have watched D was calling /watched

44 Linda took great photos of butterflies while she in the forest

45 When I for my sister in front of the supermarket, a strange man came to talk with me

46 Over the past 30 years, the average robot price by half in real terms, and even further relative

to labor costs

A is fallen B has fallen C were fallen D have fallen

47 When I came to visit her last night, she a bath

48 John in the same house since he left school

49 Since Tom , I have heard nothing from him

50 He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he _ dinner

A finish B has finished C will finish D finished

5.1 THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG- PASSIVE VOICE

I Cách chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

Active: Chủ động S + V + O

S + be* + P.P + by + O (* be chia theo thì của V) Passive: Bị động

Ex: They are painting the house.

→ The house is being painted

They had destroyed all the documents when we arrived

→ All the documents had been destroyed when we arrived.

II Thay đổi hình thức động từ cụ thể trong từng thì:

Present continuous S + am / is / are + V-ing S + am / is / are + being + PP

Past continuous S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were + being + PP Present Perfect S + have / has + PP S + have / has + been + PP

Modal verbs can

may must

S + have to + V1 should used to

be going to

can may must

S + have to + be + V3 should

used to

be going to

Ex:

1 John delivers the newspapers every morning.

The newspapers are delivered by John every morning.

2 My mother wrote that letter.

That letter was written by my mother.

3 They will build a new school here next month.

A new school will be built here next month.

4 He is asking me a lot of questions.

I am being asked a lot of questions.

5 She was doing her homework at that time.

Her homework was being done at that time.

6 My mother has made that cake.

That cake has been made by my mother.

7 They had prepared a party before we came.

A party had been prepared before we came.

8 Sue is going to write the book

The book is going to be written by Sue

9 You must finish this report

This report must be finished

NOTES: LƯU Ý:

1 Khi chủ ngữ và túc từ trong câu chủ động là đại từ, ta phải thay đổi cho phù hợp.

Ex: The teacher punished me.

 I was punished by the teacher

2 Khi chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là: people, I, we, you, they, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, anybody…khi đổi sang bị động thường được bỏ đi

Ex: They built this bridge last year

 This bridge was built last year (by them)

3 Khi trong câu chủ động có 2 túc từ thì dùng tức từ nào làm chủ ngữ cũng được, tuy nhiên, túc từ chỉ người được sử dụng nhiều hơn.

Ex: My mother bought me a new shirt

 I was bought a new shirt by my mother

 A new shirt was bought for me by my mother.

4 Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là Noone/ noboby khi đổi sang bị động ta bỏ by noone/ nobody nhưng động từ phải đổi sang thể phủ định.

Ex: No one believes his story

 His story isn’t believed

5 Vị trí của trạng từ.

Trạng từ chỉ thể cách được đặt trứơc Past Participle.

Ex: I do my homework carefully

 My homework is carefully done

Trạng từ chỉ thời gian có thể đặt ở đầu câu hoặc sau by + O

Ex: I lent him money yesterday

 He was lent money yesterday

 Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn được đặt trước by + O

Ex: Mary bought the gift from that shop

 the gift was bought from that shop by Mary

III MỘT SỐ DẠNG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT:

1 Verbs of opinion (Động từ chỉ ý kiến): say, think, believe, know, report, consider, expect, feel, hope,

Ex People say that he is a famous doctor.

It is said that he is a famous doctor.

He is said to be a famous doctor.

People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

He is believed to have driven through the town at 90 km an hour.

2 Causative forms(Thể nhờ bảo): have, get

Have Active S + have + O (person) + Vo + O (thing)

Passive S + have + O (thing) + V3/ed

Get Active S + get + O (person) + to V + O (thing)

Passive S + get + O (thing) + V3/ed

Ex: 1 I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.

I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.

2 I get her to make some coffee

I get some coffee made.

3 Verbs of perception (Động từ chỉ giác quan): see, hear, watch, smell…

Active: S +see/ hear/ watch/ smell + O +Vo / V-ing

Passive: S + be + seen/ heard/ watched/smelt + to Vo/ V-ing.

Ex: They saw the man run away / They saw the man running away

 The man was seen to run away / The man was seen running away

4 Với động từ make/ let + O + bare - infinitive

Active: S + make + O + bare - infinitive

Passive: S + be + made + to - infinitive.

Ex: Teacher make the students do a lot of homework

 Students are made to do a lot of homework.

Active: S + let + O + bare infinitive

Passive: S + be + allowed + to - infinitive.

Ex: She lets her son play computer games on Sunday afternoon

 Her son is allowed to play computer games on Sunday afternoon.

5 Với động từ: want/ need + to + V  want/need + V-ing/to be + V-ed/V3

Ex: He needs you to believe his ability.

 He needs to be believed his ability.

Ex: They need to repaint the house

 The house needs repainting = The house needs to be repainted

6 Remember/ hate/ keep…+ someone + V-ing.

Ex: I remember my mother taking me to school on the first day.

 I remember being taken to school on the first day by my mother

7 Imperative form (thể mệnh lệnh)

Active: Verb + object + adjunct

Passive: Let + object + be + past participle + adjunct.

Ex1: Keep your hand clean

 Let your hand be kept clean

Ex2: Don’t talk the secret to her

 Don’t let the secret be talked to her

8 It is your duty to do something  You are supposed to do something (bổn phận của bạn là….)

Ex: It’s your duty to lock all the doors

 You are supposed to lock all the doors

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG

I Change the following sentences into the passive voice.

1 They grow rice in tropical countries

29 Her mother bought her a doll last week.

→ _

30 The police found the robber in the forest yesterday

→

31 The hairdresser is cutting Mary’s hair now

→ Mary is having her hair _

→ Mary is having the hairdresser

32 People know that English is an international language

II Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1 These T-shirts and jeans in the US in 1900

2 The building is very dangerous It down next week

3 The room looks nice It

4 We ………… each other for 10 years

A know B knew C have known D had known

5 Our twenty houses when the fire engine

A had burnt up / arrived B burnt up / had arrived

C had been burnt up / arrived D will have burnt / arrives

6 After I the grass, it to rain

A have watered / will begin B water / began

C had watered / began D had watered / will have begun

7 Next week when there a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher

8 English is all over the world

A spoken B speak C speaks D to speak

9 Where will these coconut trees ?

10 Before Jane won the lottery, she any kind of contest

A hasn’t entered B doesn’t enter C wasn’t entering D hadn’t entered

11 My parents tomorrow to stay with me for a few days.

12 She left home in 1993 and since then

A hasn’t seen B didn’t see C hasn’t been seen D wasn’t seen

13. your house painted last year?

14 What you at 8 o’clock last night?

15 - “We are having a party at the weekend.” -“Great! Who _?”

A will being invited B Is going to invite \

C is going to be invited D will invite

16 This is the fifth time you the same question

17 This church was said in the 19th century

A to build B to be built C to have been built D being built

18 In England, the academic year into three terms Each term by a one-weekbreak

A is divided / separated B divided / is separated

C is divided / is separated D divided / separated

19 Gold in California in the 19th century

C has been discovered D they discovered

20 I am going to have my car

21 Two tablets twice a day to have you recover from the illness quickly.

A must take B must be taken C must have taken D must be taking

22 The next meeting in May

A will hold B will be held C will be holding D will have held

23 They had a boy _ that yesterday

24 We got our mail _ yesterday

25 James _ the news as soon as possible

A should tell B should be told C should told D should be telled

26 My wedding ring _ yellow and white gold

27 Mr Wilson is _ as Willie to his friend

28 References _ in the examination room

29 Laura _ in Boston

30 His car needs

A be fixed B fixing C to be fixing D fixed

31 Her watch needs _

32 My mother is going _ this house

33 There’s somebody behind us I think we are _

34 Have you _ by a dog?

35 The room is being _ at the moment

36 It _ that the strike will end soon

37 It is _ that many people are homeless after the floods

38 He was said _ this building

39 Ted _ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden

40 These tennis courts don’t _ very often Not many people want to play

41 I’ll get Minh _ this for you

42 Those letters _ now You can do the typing later

A need typing B needn't be typed C need to type D needn't typing

43 “What a beautiful dress you are wearing”- “thanks, it _ especially for me by a French tailor.”

44 Somebody cleans the room every day

A The room everyday is cleaned B The room is every day cleaned

C The room is cleaned every day D The room is cleaned by somebody every day

45 People don’t use this road very often

A This road is not used very often B Not very often this road is not used

C This road very often is not used D This road not very often is used

46 How do people learn languages?

A How are languages learned? B How are languages learned by people?

C How languages are learned? D Languages are learned how?

47 Tom bought that book yesterday

A That book was bought by Tom yesterday B That book was bought yesterday by Tom

C That book yesterday was bought by Tom D That book was bought yesterday

48 The new computer system _ next month

A is be installed B is being installed by people

49 Traffic rules strictly

A followed B must followed C must be followed D must follow

50 Over 1500 new houses _ each year Last year, 1720 new houses _

A were built/were built B are built/were built

C are building/were built D were built/were built

III Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to show the underlined part that needs correction

1 The children were frightening by the thunder and lightning

A B C D

2 Two people got hurt in the accident and were took to the hospital by an ambulance

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN

Danh từ đứng trước

(Antecedent)

Chủ ngữ (Subject)

Tân ngữ (Object)

Sở hữu cách (Possesive Case)

1 Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

a WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son

 I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son

- The woman is standing over there She is my sister

The woman who is standing over there is my sister

b WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl.

 I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to

- The man is my teacher Your father is talking to him

 The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher

c WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company It makes cars

 She works for a company which makes cars

- The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages

 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big

- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó

Ex: He passed his exam This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)

d THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son

- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to

- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars

- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big

* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

All that is mine is yours.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.

- You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)

* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher

- Sau giới từ

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale

e WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).

Ex: - John found the cat Its leg was broken

 John found the cat whose leg /(the leg of which) was broken

- This is the student I borrowed his book

This is the student whose book I borrowed

f OF WHICH / OF WHOM:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers.

 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers

- He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them.

 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer

g Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)

Ex: - The man speaks English very fast I talked to him last night.

 The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast

- The house is for sale I was born in it.

 The house in which I was born is for sale

* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.

2 Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)

a WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn

Ex: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place

 The movie theater is the place where we can see films

b WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian

Ex: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day

 Do you remember the day when we first met ?

c WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do

Ex: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason

 Tell me the reason why you are so sad

EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.

1 The girl is my cousin She chatted with you yesterday

Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động

Ex: a The man who is standing there is my brother

b The man standing there is my brother

b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)

Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động

a I like books which were written by Nguyen Du

b I like books written by Nguyen Du.

2) Dùng cụm to inf: ( Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P )

-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :

ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND

Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)

This is the only student to do the problem

-Động từ là HAVE

Ex: I have something that I must do now (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)

I have something to do now

-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)

Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)

There are six letters to be written today

Ex: a Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health

 Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health

 Football, a popular sport, is very good for health

Ex: b Do you like the book which is on the table?

Do you like the book on the table?

EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses

1 The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with

MAKE THE BEST CHOICE

1 This is the place _ I met my wife

2 Simon is the man _ Mary loves

3 My wife, _ is a doctor, works at Community Hospital

4 Only one of the people _ work in the company is qualified

A what B which C who D where

5 She is the one _ I told you about

6 Those _ had studied hard passed their exams

7 The magazine _ you lent me is interesting

8 The man _ is resting is very tired

9 The boy _ sat next to you is my friend

10.We are using books _ were printed last year

11.The painting _Ms Wallace bought was very expensive

12.The homeless people _story appeared in the paper last week have now found a place to live

13.Were the Wright brothers the ones built the first aeroplane?

14.I don't like stories have unhappy endings

15.Jan didn't check she had enough petrol before she left, was careless of her

16.This is a town many people live

17.She, is your sister, lives far away

18.I see some girls are pretty

19.Give back the money you took

20.He was killed by a man friends we know

21.He spoke to the messengers with you were leaving

22.We captured a town is in Spain

23.The farmers we saw were in the field

24.The women I gave the money were glad

25.I know a boy name is John

26.The man you sent to the general has reported the victory

27.I saw those slaves had been led to the city

28.It is a car I bought last year

29.He is the man _ son is a doctor

30.The woman _next door is a famous singer

31.The house in the storm has now been rebuilt