After reading the material in this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the hierarchical operations planning process in terms of materials planning (APP, MPS, MRP) and capacity planning (RRP, RCCP, CRP); describe MRP, closed-loop MRP, MRP-II, DRP, ERP, and their relationships; understand the terms used in MRP computations;…
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Trang 4n The present lecture will elaborate the advance planning processes in
supply chain management. It will focus on operations planning, aggregate production plan, production scheduling, bill of material, material
requirement planning, capacity planning, distribution requirement
planning, development and implementation of enterprise resource
planning, ERP software applications and providers
Trang 6Operations Planning
Operations planning is usually hierarchical & can be divided into three broad categories:
n Longrange – Aggregate Production Plan (APP) also called
strategic plans are designed with the entire organization in mind and begin with an organization's mission. Toplevel managers, such as CEOs or presidents, will design and execute strategic plans to paint a picture of the desired future and longterm goals of the organization. Essentially, strategic plans look ahead to where the organization
wants to be in three, five, even ten years. Strategic plans, provided by toplevel managers, serve as the framework for lowerlevel planning. They involves the construction of facilities & major equipment
purchase
n Intermediate – Shows the quantity & timing of end items (i.e.,
master production schedule – MPS) also called Tactical plans support strategic plans by translating them into specific plans relevant
to a distinct area of the organization. Tactical plans are concerned
Trang 7with the responsibility and functionality of lowerlevel departments to fulfill their parts of the strategic plan.
n Shortrange detailed planning process for components & parts to
support the master production schedule (i.e., materials requirement planning – MRP); they are the plans that are made by frontline, or lowlevel, managers. All operational plans are focused on the specific procedures and processes that occur within the lowest levels of the organization. Managers must plan the routine tasks of the department using a high level of detail.
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Trang 8Computer based “push” resource systems:
Closedloop MRP A system used for production planning and inventory control, with an information feedback feature that enables plans to be checked and adjusted. Closed Loop MRPs synchronize the purchasing or materials
procurement plans with the master production schedule. The system feeds
back information about completed manufacture and materials on hand into the MRP system, so that these plans can be adjusted according to capacity and other requirements. The system is called a closed loop MRP because of its feedback feature, which is also referred to as closing the loop
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) incorporates the business & sales plans with the closedloop MRP system. It is defined as a method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company. Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning, and has a
simulation capability to answer "whatif" questions and extension of closedloop MRP. This is not exclusively a software function, but the
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Trang 9n Enterprise requirements planning (ERP) is an extension of MRPII.
It is a process by which a company (often a manufacturer) manages and integrates the important parts of its business. An ERP management
information system integrates areas such as planning, purchasing,
inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, etc. ERP is most frequently used in the context of software. As the methodology has
become more popular, large software applications have been developed to help companies implement ERP in their organization.
Think of ERP as the glue that binds the different computer systems for a large organization. Typically each department would have their own
system optimized for that division's particular tasks. With ERP, each
department still has their own system, but they can communicate and
share information easier with the rest of the company. 9
Trang 10n Distribution requirement planning (DRP) describes the timephased
net requirements from warehouses & distribution centers customer demand minus any on hand intransit inventories. It is a method used in business administration for planning orders within a supply chain. DRP enables the user to set certain inventory control parameters (like a safety stock) and calculate the timephased inventory requirements.
Trang 11Hierarchical planning process that translates annual business & marketing plans & demand forecasts into a production plan for a product family
(products that share similar characteristics) in a plant or facility leading to the Aggregate Production Plan (APP)
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Trang 13Three basic production strategies :
Chase Strategy Adjusts capacity to match demand. Firm hires & lays off
workers to match demand. Finished goods inventory remains constant. Works well for maketoorder firms Companies that use the chase
strategy, or demand matching strategy, produce only enough goods to meet or exactly match the demand for goods. Think of this strategy in terms of a restaurant, which produces meals only when a customer
orders, therefore matching the actual production with customer demand. The chase strategy has several advantages; it keeps inventories low,
which frees up cash that otherwise can be used to buy raw materials or components, and reduces inventory carrying costs that are associated with holding inventory in stock. Cost of capital, warehousing,
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Trang 14strategy, the company continuously produces goods equal to the average demand for the goods. Scheduling consistently arranges the same
quantity of goods for production based on the total demand for the
goods. So, if for three months a company wants to produce 20,000 units
of a certain item and there are a total of 56 working days, it can level production to 358 units per day
Mixed Production Strategy Maintains stable core workforce while using
other shortterm means, such as overtime, subcontracting & part time helpers to manage shortterm demand. It is more common to use a
strategy that mixes the chase and level strategies, and also utilizes
overtime and subcontracting to supply small peaks in demand. Most
firms find it advantageous to utilize a combination of the level and chase strategy. A combination strategy (sometimes called a hybrid or mixed strategy) can be found to better meet organizational goals and policies and achieve lower costs than either of the pure strategies used
independently.
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Trang 15A master production schedule (MPS) is a plan for individual commodities to produce in each time period such as production, staffing, inventory, etc.[1] It
is usually linked to manufacturing where the plan indicates when and how
much of each product will be demanded. This plan quantifies significant
processes, parts, and other resources in order to optimize production, to
identify bottlenecks, and to anticipate needs and completed goods. Since an MPS drives much factory activity, its accuracy and viability dramatically
affect profitability. Typical MPS's are created by software with user tweaking
Due to software limitations, but especially the intense work required by the "master production schedulers", schedules do not include every aspect of production, but only key elements that have proven their control affectivity, such as forecast demand, production costs, inventory costs, lead time, working hours, capacity, inventory levels, available storage,
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Trang 16The MPS translates the business plan, including forecast demand, into a production plan using planned orders in a true multilevel optional component scheduling environment. Using MPS helps avoid shortages, costly expediting, last minute scheduling, and inefficient allocation of resources. Working with MPS allows businesses to consolidate planned parts, produce master schedules and forecasts for any level of the Bill of Material (BOM) for any type of part. Thus, it is a detailed disaggregation of the aggregate production plan, listing the exact end items to be produced by a specific period.
n More detailed than APP & easier to plan under stable demand
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Trang 17n Planning horizon is shorter than APP, but longer than the lead time to
produce the item
Note: For the service industry, the master production schedule may just be the appointment log or book, where capacity (e.g., skilled labor or professional service) is balanced with demand
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Trang 18The MPS the production quantity to meet demand from all sources & is used for computing the requirements of all timephased end items
Trang 19n Bill of Materials (BOM) document that shows an inclusive listing of all
component parts & assemblies making up the final product. A bill of
materials or product structure (sometimes bill of material, BOM or associated list) is a list of the raw materials, subassemblies, intermediate assemblies, subcomponents, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture an end product. A BOM may be used for communication between manufacturing partners, or confined to a single manufacturing plant
A BOM can define products as they are designed ( engineering bill of
materials), as they are ordered (sales bill of materials), as they are built
( manufacturing bill of materials), or as they are maintained (service bill of materials or pseudo bill of material). The different types of BOMs depend on the business need and use for which they are intended. In process industries,
the BOM is also known as the formula, recipe, or ingredients list. In
electronics, the BOM represents the list of components used on the printed wiring board or printed circuit board. Once the design of the 19
Trang 20circuit is completed, the BOM list is passed on to the PCB layout engineer
as well as component engineer who will procure the components required for the design
n Dependent Demand the internal demand for parts based on the
demand of the final product in which the parts are used (e.g., subassemblies)
n Independent Demand demand for final products affected by
trends, seasonal patterns, & general market conditions
n Multilevel Bill of Materials shows the parentcomponent
relationships & the specific units of components known as the planning factor. Often presented as an indented bill of materials
n Super Bill of Materials (AKA planning BOM, pseudo BOM,
phantom BOM, or family BOM) enables the firm to forecast the total demand end products
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Trang 2121
Trang 22n Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning,
scheduling and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are softwarebased, while it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well
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Trang 2323
Trang 24Independent vs. Dependent Demand
Independent demand is demand originating outside the plant or
production system, while dependent demand is demand for components. The Bill of Materials (BOM) specifies the relationship between the end product (independent demand) and the components (dependent demand). MRP take as input the information contained in the BOM
Functions
The basic functions of an MRP system include: inventory control, bill of material processing, and elementary scheduling. MRP helps organizations to maintain low inventory levels. It is used to plan manufacturing, purchasing and delivering activities. "Manufacturing organizations, whatever their
products, face the same daily practical problem that customers want products
to be available in a shorter time than it takes to
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Trang 25make them. This means that some level of planning is required."
Companies need to control the types and quantities of materials they
purchase, plan which products are to be produced and in what quantities and ensure that they are able to meet current and future customer demand, all at the lowest possible cost. Making a bad decision in any of these areas will
make the company lose money. A few examples are given below:
n If a company purchases insufficient quantities of an item used in
manufacturing (or the wrong item) it may be unable to meet contract obligations to supply products on time
n If a company purchases excessive quantities of an item, money is
wasted the excess quantity ties up cash while it remains as stock and may never even be used at all
n Beginning production of an order at the wrong time can cause
customer deadlines to be missed
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Trang 26MRP is a tool to deal with these problems. It provides answers for several questions:
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Trang 28n Output 2 is the "Recommended Purchasing Schedule". This lays out
both the dates that the purchased items should be received into the facility AND the dates that the Purchase orders, or Blanket Order Release should occur to match the production schedules
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Trang 29n Scheduled receipt A committed order awaiting delivery for a
specific period
n Projected onhand inventory Projected closing inventory at end of
period. Beginning inventory minus gross requirement, plus scheduled receipt & planned receipt & planned receipt from planned order releases
n Planned order release Specific order to be released to the shop or
to the supplier
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Trang 31Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) information system
connecting all functional areas & operations of an organization &, in some cases, suppliers and customers via common software infrastructure and
database
n ERP provides means for supply chain members to share
information so that scarce resources can be fully utilized to meet demand, while minimizing supply chain inventories
(ERP) is business management software—typically a suite of integrated applications—that a company can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from many business activities, including:
Trang 32time, using common database maintained by a database management sysytem. ERP systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production
capacity—and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. The applications that make up the system share data across the various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.) that provide the data. ERP facilitates information flow between all business
functions, and manages connections to outside stakeholders
The ERP system is considered a vital organizational tool because it integrates varied organizational systems and facilitates errorfree transactions and
production. However, ERP system development is different from traditional systems development. ERP systems run on a variety of computer hardware and network configurations, typically using a database as an information
repository
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Trang 33and Servers
Engineering Salesand
Market ing
Human Resources
Dat a Support Syst em Operat ions
Headquart ers and Branches
Cust omer Relat ionship Management
Supplier
Relat ionship
Management
Logist ics and Warehouse
Finance and Account ing
Central Database
and Servers
Engineering Salesand
Market ing
Human Resources
Dat a Support Syst em Operat ions
Headquart ers and Branches
Cust omer Relat ionship Management
Supplier
Relat ionship
Management
Logist ics and Warehouse
Finance and Account ing
Central Database
and Servers
Central Database
and Servers
Central Database
and Servers
Engineering Salesand
Market ing
Sales and Market ing
Human ResourcesHumanResources
Dat a Support Syst em
Dat a Support Syst em Operat ions
Headquart ers and Branches
Headquart ers and Branches
Cust omer Relat ionship Management
Cust omer Relat ionship Management
Logist ics and Warehouse
Finance and Account ing
Finance and Account ing