481 Write SELECT Statements to Access Data from More Than One Table Using Equijoins and Nonequijoins... 508 Write SELECT Statements to Access Data from More Than One Table Using Equijoin
Trang 1Create a Simple Table 304
Create and Use Temporary Tables 304
Constraints 304
Indexes 304
Views 304
Synonyms 305
Sequences 305
Self Test 305
Self Test Answers 311
Chapter 8 DML and Concurrency 315
Exam Objectives 315
Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements 316
INSERT 316
UPDATE 320
DELETE 323
TRUNCATE 325
MERGE 326
DML Statement Failures 328
Control Transactions 330
Database Transactions 330
Executing SQL Statements 331
Transaction Control: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SELECT FOR UPDATE 335
Identify and Administer PL/SQL Objects 340
Stored and Anonymous PL/SQL 340
PL/SQL Objects 341
Monitor and Resolve Locking Conflicts 346
Shared and Exclusive Locks 346
The Enqueue Mechanism 347
Lock Contention 347
Deadlocks 350
Overview of Undo 351
Transactions and Undo Data 352
Managing Undo 354
Error Conditions Related to Undo 354
Parameters for Undo Management, and Retention Guarantee 355 Sizing and Monitoring the Undo Tablespace 356
Creating and Managing Undo Tablespaces 358
Two-Minute Drill 359
Describe Each Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statement 359
Control Transactions 360
Manage Data Using DML 360
Identify and Administer PL/SQL Objects 360
Monitor and Resolve Locking Conflicts 360
Overview of Undo 360
Trang 2Transactions and Undo Data 361
Managing Undo 361
Self Test 361
Self Test Answers 365
Chapter 9 Retrieving, Restricting, and Sorting Data Using SQL 367
Exam Objectives 367
List the Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements 368
Introducing the SQL SELECT Statement 368
The DESCRIBE Table Command 369
Capabilities of the SELECT Statement 370
Data Normalization 371
Create the Demonstration Schemas 375
The HR and WEBSTORE Schemas 375
Demonstration Schema Creation 379
Execute a Basic SELECT Statement 381
Syntax of the Primitive SELECT Statement 382
Rules Are Meant to Be Followed 383
SQL Expressions and Operators 386
NULL Is Nothing 390
Limit the Rows Retrieved by a Query 392
The WHERE Clause 392
Comparison Operators 395
Boolean Operators 400
Precedence Rules 402
Sort the Rows Retrieved by a Query 403
The ORDER BY Clause 403
Ampersand Substitution 405
Substitution Variables 406
Define and Verify 409
Two-Minute Drill 412
List the Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements 412
Execute a Basic SELECT Statement 412
Limit the Rows Retrieved by a Query 413
Sort the Rows Retrieved by a Query 413
Ampersand Substitution 413
Self Test 414
Self Test Answers 416
Chapter 10 Single-Row and Conversion Functions 419
Exam Objectives 419
Describe and Use Character, Number, and Date Functions in SQL 420
Defining a Function 420
Types of Functions 420
Using Case Conversion Functions 421
Using Character Manipulations Functions 423
Trang 3Using Numeric Functions 427
Working with Dates 429
Describe Various Types of Conversion Functions Available in SQL 434
Conversion Functions 434
Use the TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE Conversion Functions 436
Using the Conversion Functions 436
Apply Conditional Expressions in a SELECT Statement 444
Nested Functions 444
Conditional Functions 445
Two-Minute Drill 453
Describe Various Types of Functions Available in SQL 453
Use Character, Number, and Date Functions in SELECT Statements 453
Describe Various Types of Conversion Functions Available in SQL 454
Use the TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE Conversion Functions 454
Apply Conditional Expressions in a SELECT Statement 454
Self Test 454
Self Test Answers 457
Chapter 11 Group Functions 459
Exam Objectives 459
The Group Functions 460
Definition of Group Functions 460
Using Group Functions 461
Group Data Using the GROUP BY Clause 465
Creating Groups of Data 465
The GROUP BY Clause 466
Grouping by Multiple Columns 468
Nested Group Functions 470
Include or Exclude Grouped Rows Using the HAVING Clause 471
Restricting Group Results 472
The HAVING Clause 473
Two-Minute Drill 475
Describe the Group Functions 475
Identify the Available Group Functions 475
Group Data Using the GROUP BY Clause 475
Include or Exclude Grouped Rows Using the HAVING Clause 476
Self Test 476
Self Test Answers 478
Chapter 12 SQL Joins 481
Exam Objectives 481
Write SELECT Statements to Access Data from More Than One Table Using Equijoins and Nonequijoins 482
Types of Joins 482
Trang 4Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax 487
Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names 487
The NATURAL JOIN Clause 489
The Natural JOIN USING Clause 492
The Natural JOIN ON Clause 492
N-Way Joins and Additional Join Conditions 495
Nonequijoins 496
Join a Table to Itself Using a Self-Join 498
Joining a Table to Itself Using the JOIN ON Clause 498
View Data That Does Not Meet a Join Condition by Using Outer Joins 500
Inner Versus Outer Joins 500
Left Outer Joins 501
Right Outer Joins 503
Full Outer Joins 503
Generate a Cartesian Product of Two or More Tables 505
Creating Cartesian Products Using Cross Joins 506
Two-Minute Drill 508
Write SELECT Statements to Access Data from More Than One Table Using Equijoins and Nonequijoins 508
Join a Table to Itself Using a Self-Join 509
View Data That Does Not Meet a Join Condition Using Outer Joins 509
Generate a Cartesian Product of Two or More Tables 509
Self Test 510
Self Test Answers 512
Chapter 13 Subqueries and Set Operators 515
Exam Objectives 515
Define Subqueries 516
Describe the Types of Problems That the Subqueries Can Solve 517
Use of a Subquery Result Set for Comparison Purposes 517
Generate a Table from Which to SELECT 518
Generate Values for Projection 518
Generate Rows to Be Passed to a DML Statement 519
List the Types of Subqueries 520
Single- and Multiple-Row Subqueries 520
Correlated Subqueries 521
Write Single-Row and Multiple-Row Subqueries 524
Describe the Set Operators 525
Sets and Venn Diagrams 525
Set Operator General Principles 526
Use a Set Operator to Combine Multiple Queries into a Single Query 529
The UNION ALL Operator 529
The UNION Operator 530
Trang 5The INTERSECT Operator 530
The MINUS Operator 531
More Complex Examples 531
Control the Order of Rows Returned 533
Two-Minute Drill 533
Define Subqueries 533
Describe the Types of Problems That the Subqueries Can Solve 533 List the Types of Subqueries 534
Write Single-Row and Multiple-Row Subqueries 534
Describe the Set Operators 534
Use a Set Operator to Combine Multiple Queries into a Single Query 534
Control the Order of Rows Returned 534
Self Test 535
Self Test Answers 539
PART III Advanced Database Administration Chapter 14 Configuring the Database for Backup and Recovery 543
Exam Objectives 543
Backup and Recovery Issues 544
Categories of Failures 546
Statement Failure 546
User Process Failure 547
Network Failure 548
User Errors 549
Media Failure 551
Instance Failure 552
Instance Recovery 552
The Mechanics of Instance Recovery 553
The Impossibility of Database Corruption 554
Tuning Instance Recovery 555
The MTTR Advisor and Checkpoint Auto-Tuning 555
Checkpointing 557
Preparing the Database for Recoverability 558
Protecting the Controlfile 558
Protecting the Online Redo Log Files 560
Archivelog Mode and the Archiver Process 563
Protecting the Archive Redo Log Files 566
The Flash Recovery Area 567
Recovery Files 567
Configure the Flash Recovery Area 568
Flash Recovery Area Space Usage 569
Two-Minute Drill 570
Identify the Types of Failure That Can Occur in an Oracle Database 570
Describe Ways to Tune Instance Recovery 571
Trang 6Identify the Importance of Checkpoints, Redo Log Files,
and Archived Log Files 571
Configure ARCHIVELOG Mode 571
Configure Multiple Archive Log File Destinations to Increase Availability 571
Overview of the Flash Recovery Area 572
Configure the Flash Recovery Area 572
Use the Flash Recovery Area 572
Self Test 572
Self Test Answers 575
Chapter 15 Back Up with RMAN 577
Exam Objectives 577
Backup Concepts and Terminology 578
Using the RMAN BACKUP Command to Create Backups 580
Server-Managed Consistent Backups 580
Server-Managed Open Backups 582
Incremental Backups 583
Image Copies 588
Protect Your Backups 588
Parallelizing Backup Operations 590
Encrypting Backups 591
Configuring RMAN Defaults 592
Managing and Monitoring RMAN Backups 594
The LIST, REPORT, and DELETE Commands 594
Archival Backups 596
The Dynamic Performance Views 597
Crosschecking Backups 597
Two-Minute Drill 599
Create Consistent Database Backups 599
Back Up Your Database Without Shutting It Down 599
Create Incremental Backups 599
Automate Database Backups 600
Manage Backups, View Backup Reports, and Monitor the Flash Recovery Area 600
Define, Apply, and Use a Retention Policy 600
Create Image File Backups 600
Create a Whole Database Backup 600
Enable Fast Incremental Backup 600
Create Duplex Backups and Back Up Backup Sets 600
Create an Archival Backup for Long-Term Retention 601
Create a Multisection, Compressed, and Encrypted Backup 601
Report On and Maintain Backups 601
Configure Backup Settings 601
Allocate Channels to Use in Backing Up 601
Configure Backup Optimization 601
Self Test 602
Self Test Answers 604
Trang 7Chapter 16 Restore and Recover with RMAN 607
Exam Objectives 607
The Data Recovery Advisor 608
The Health Monitor and the ADR 608
The Capabilities and Limitations of the DRA 609
Using the Data Recovery Advisor 610
Database Restore and Recovery 613
Complete Recovery from Data File Loss Using RMAN 614
Recovery of Datafiles in Noarchivelog Mode 614
Recovery of a Noncritical File in Archivelog Mode 616
Recovering from Loss of a Critical Datafile 619
Incomplete Recovery 620
Autobackup and Restore of the Controlfile 623
Using Image Copies for Recovery 627
Block Recovery 629
Detection of Corrupt Blocks 629
Block Media Recovery 630
The BLOCK RECOVER Command 630
Two-Minute Drill 631
Describe the Data Recovery Advisor 631
Use the Data Recovery Advisor to Perform Recovery (Controlfile, Redo Log File, and Datafile) 631
Perform Complete Recovery from a Critical or Noncritical Data File Loss Using RMAN 631
Perform Incomplete Recovery Using RMAN 632
Recover Using Incrementally Updated Backups 632
Switch to Image Copies for Fast Recovery 632
Recover Using a Backup Control File 632
Perform Block Media Recovery 633
Self Test 633
Self Test Answers 637
Chapter 17 Advanced RMAN Facilities 641
Exam Objectives 641
The Recovery Catalog 642
The Need for a Recovery Catalog 642
Creating and Connecting to the Catalog 643
The Virtual Private Catalog 645
Protecting and Rebuilding the Catalog 646
Stored Scripts 649
Using RMAN to Create Databases 651
Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery (TSPITR) 654
The TSPITR Methodology 654
Perform Automated TSPITR 655
RMAN Performance and Monitoring 658
Monitoring RMAN Sessions and Jobs 658
Trang 8Tuning RMAN 662
Tuning the BACKUP Command 665
Configure RMAN for Asynchronous I/O 665
Two-Minute Drill 667
Identify Situations That Require an RMAN Recovery Catalog 667
Create and Configure a Recovery Catalog 667
Synchronize the Recovery Catalog 667
Create and Use RMAN Stored Scripts 668
Back Up the Recovery Catalog 668
Create and Use a Virtual Private Catalog 668
Create a Duplicate Database 668
Use a Duplicate Database 669
Restore a Database onto a New Host 669
Perform Disaster Recovery 669
Identify the Situations That Require TSPITR 669
Perform Automated TSPITR 670
Monitor RMAN Sessions and Jobs 670
Tune RMAN 670
Configure RMAN for Asynchronous I/O 671
Self Test 671
Self Test Answers 674
Chapter 18 User-Managed Backup, Restore, and Recovery 677
Exam Objectives 677
Backup and Recovery in One Page 678
User-Managed Database Backup 678
Backup in Noarchivelog Mode 678
Backup in Archivelog Mode 680
Backup of the Password and Parameter Files 682
Media Failure That Does Not Affect Datafiles 683
Recovery from Loss of a Multiplexed Controlfile 683
Recovery from Loss of a Multiplexed Online Redo Log File 685
Recovery from Loss of a Tempfile 688
Recovery from Loss of Datafiles 688
Recovery of Datafiles in Noarchivelog Mode 688
Recovery of a Noncritical Datafile in Archivelog Mode 689
Recovering a Critical Datafile in Archivelog Mode 690
User-Managed Incomplete Recovery 691
Two-Minute Drill 693
Recover from a Lost TEMP File 693
Recover from a Lost Redo Log Group 693
Recover from the Loss of a Password File 694
Perform User-Managed Complete Database Recovery 694
Perform User-Managed Incomplete Database Recovery 694
Perform User-Managed Backups 694
Identify the Need for Backup Mode 695
Back Up and Recover a Controlfile 695
Trang 9Self Test 695
Self Test Answers 697
Chapter 19 Flashback 699
Exam Objectives 699
The Different Flashback Technologies 700
Flashback Database 700
Flashback Query, Transaction, and Table 701
Flashback Drop 701
Flashback Data Archive 702
When to Use Flashback Technology 702
Flashback Database 704
Flashback Database Architecture 704
Configuring Flashback Database 705
Monitoring Flashback Database 707
Using Flashback Database 709
Limiting the Amount of Flashback Data Generated 713
Flashback Drop 715
The Implementation of Flashback Drop 715
Using Flashback Drop 717
Managing the Recycle Bin 720
Flashback Query 723
Basic Flashback Query 724
Flashback Table Query 725
Flashback Versions Query 728
Flashback Transaction Query 729
Flashback and Undo Data 735
The Flashback Data Archive 736
Two-Minute Drill 739
Restore Dropped Tables from the Recycle Bin 739
Perform Flashback Query 739
Use Flashback Transaction 739
Perform Flashback Table Operations 740
Configure and Monitor Flashback Database and Perform Flashback Database Operations 740
Set Up and Use a Flashback Data Archive 740
Self Test 740
Self Test Answers 744
Chapter 20 Automatic Storage Management 747
Exam Objectives 747
The Purpose of a Logical Volume Manager 748
RAID Levels 748
Volume Sizes 749
Choice of RAID Level 750
ASM Compared with Third-Party LVMs 750
Trang 10The ASM Architecture 751
The Cluster Synchronization Service 751
The ASM Disks and Disk Groups 751
The ASM Instance 753
The RDBMS Instance 754
The ASM Files 755
Creating Raw Devices 756
Creating, Starting, and Stopping an ASM Instance 757
Creating ASM Disk Groups 760
Creating and Using ASM Files 762
ASM and RMAN 763
The ASMCMD Utility 765
Two-Minute Drill 766
Describe Automatic Storage Management (ASM) 766
Set Up Initialization Parameter Files for ASM and Database Instances 767
Start Up and Shut Down ASM Instances 767
Administer ASM Disk Groups 767
Self Test 768
Self Test Answers 771
Chapter 21 The Resource Manager 773
Exam Objectives 773
The Need for Resource Management 774
The Resource Manager Architecture 775
Consumer Groups 775
Resource Manager Plans 776
Resource Manager Configuration Tools 778
Managing Users and Consumer Groups 781
Resource Manager Plans 781
CPU Method 782
Use of the Ratio CPU Method 786
The Active Session Pool Method 787
Limiting the Degree of Parallelism 789
Controlling Jobs by Execution Time 790
Terminating Sessions by Idle Time 791
Restricting Generation of Undo Data 793
Automatic Consumer Group Switching 794
Adaptive Consumer Group Mapping 795
Two-Minute Drill 799
Understand the Database Resource Manager 799
Create and Use Database Resource Manager Components 800
Self Test 800
Self Test Answers 803