1. I’ve invited millions of people to my par2. The President claims that his administration contains the best brains in the country.3. All of her cattle were affected. She lost over 50 head.4. I don’t know much about the childhood of the world.5. Cancer finally caught up with her.6. Pearl Harbor was a sad event in America’s history.7. Going to university is expensive these days and textbooks alone will cost a fortune.8. This sword is not useless to the warrior.9. Listening to him, we discovered what a great mind he is.10. Do you think you can trust his words?11. Our farm needs more hands.12. If you ride your motorbike at midday, the streets are a furnace.13. The wind howled through the streets.14. There is a storm in the family last night.15. There is still a ray of hope for her.16. When you take that course, plan to study 30 hours a day.17. I will die if she asks me to dance.18. This city is no ordinary city.19. She has many mouths to feed.20. The chair protested against her weight.21. This man is a beast.22. Dont you know that walls have ears?23. She has no time even to sleep.24. The office was flooded with applications.25. We were obliged to dispense with the butlers services last month.26. He tried to take the heat out of the situation.27. The majority of the press support the goverments foreign policy.28. He never got to be president, but he was the biggest man.29. The neighbours agreed to a truce over their barbeque dispute.30. The price of the meal is set at 20 per head.31. He attacked every weak point in my arguments.32. There were 30 hands employed in this company.33. “She is a girl of 20 summers.”34. The police team has cemented close ties with the hospital staft.35. The rain hesitantly dropped on the leaves.36. So he set out to look for his friend from highest mountains to the deepest crevasses.37. The pen is mightier than the sword.38. The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.39. A: How are you going?40. Ive never read Shakespeare in my life.41. Dont argue with him. Hes mentally challenged.43. Ill make him eat his words.44. He is the best pen of the day.45. She has a good head of business.46. She usually sheds floods of tears whenever she is upset.47. We need a force of a thousand rifles.48. You are a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes.49. He washed his hand out of the matter.50. He looks as though he hasnt had a square meal for months.51. Who brought fire and sword into our country?52. Why dont you recognize the power of the purse?53. I found the 52 pounds of books you left for me to carry. Your kindness really moves me.54. The man is a demon for work.55. They organized a fleet of 50 sails.56. She is a girl of 20 summers.57. When you take that course, plan to study 30 hours a day.58. The wind howled angrily around the house all night.59. Grey hair should be respected.60. Spare the rod, spoil the child.61. Their Majesty died a year ago.62. When the White House called, the ambassador came at once.63. My dormitory room is like a cave.64. Come to the dormitory and see what a cave l live in.65. If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the City Hall.66. The princess captures the hearts of the nation.67. He has a kind heart.68. The river ate the bank away.69. The captain was in charge of 100 horses.70. You can depend on Paul; he is a rock when trouble comes.71. Life is a dream.72. Research says that these methods are best.73. Little Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress.74. There was a storm in Parliament last night.75. He worked and worked until he breathed his last.76. We are tired to death of such movies.77. His words can be trusted.78. The boss gave her a hot look.79. He could not bridle his anger.80. The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.81. Death is laying his icy hand on the Queen.82. The pen is mightier than the sword.83. A camel is a ship in a desert.84. Your charm and good looks exceed your wit (tóc dài mà trí ngắn)85. With friends like you, who needs enemies?86. You have to pay the earth for such a masterpiece.87. Luck almost always turns back to those who dare not face difficulty.88. A dead leaf fell in my lap; that was Jack Frosts card.89. The ship plowed the sea.90. The captain exploded with rage when the soldiers disobeyed him.91. He is fishing for compliments.92. Watch out Hes foxing you.93. My dormitary room is like a cave.94. This job requires an outstanding brain.95. Their Majesty died a year ago.96. I am a captain of my soul.97. There is still a ray of hope for her98. There is a storm in the family last night.99. If you ride your motorbike at midday, the streets are a furnace.100. Language is a roadmap of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going.101. The chair protested against her weight.102.The wind howled through the streets.103. I am trying to get the fuel pump back on but the bolt is being uncooperative.104 .Brazil won the World Cup.105. Our farm needs more hands.106. He has many mouths to feed.107. Listening to him, we discovered what a great mind he is.108. Do you think you can trust his words?109. In the 2010 winter Olympics, Canada won 10 gold medals.110. I will die if she asks me to dance.111. I am so hungry. I would give my right hand arm for a piece of pizza.112. Going to university is expensive these days and textbooks alone will cost a fortune.113. This sword is not useless to the warrior.114. This city is no ordinary city.115. He worked and worked until he breathed his last.116. My father was laid to rest in the cemetery.CÒN RẤT NHIỀU TẢI XUỐNG ĐỂ XEM ĐÁP ÁN
Trang 1English Semantics
Hình thái tu t ừ
Simile – so sánh (use words “like”, “as”)
Personification - Phép nhân hóa (là m t ph n c a Metaphor nh ng l i có tri giác) Cách làm:ộ ầ ủ ư ạ
to be described as being able to have intent
Metonymy – Không so sánh, dùng thay cho m t cái gì ó.ộ đ
Synecdoche – T ng th thay cho cái thành ph n Cách làm: A stand for Bổ ể ầ
Hyperbole – Cường i u, nói quá s th t Cách làm: It's impossible for someone to đ ệ ự ậ
Euphemism – Nói tránh (v xã h i : cái ch t, quan h nam n , v sinh cá nhân)ề ộ ế ệ ữ ệ
Litotes – Nói gi m (to emphasize a positive meaning Ex: I don’t think you can’t do that) ả
Cách làm: to be equivalent to (tương đương v i)ớ
Irony – M a maiỉ
Sarcasm – M a mai cay chua, ỉ độc ác
Metaphor - n d Cách làm: to be compared toẨ ụ
Exercises:
1 I’ve invited millions of people to my party.
Hyperbole
→
It is impossible for someone to invite millions of people to the party, which means I’ve invited a lot
→
of people to my party
2 The President claims that his administration contains the best brains in the
country.
Synecdoche
→
The best brains stand for people, which mean the President's administration contains the best
→
people in the country
3 All of her cattle were affected She lost over 50 head.
Synecdoche
→
Head stands for animal, which means she lost over 50 animals
→
4 I don’t know much about the childhood of the world.
Trang 2The world is described as having the childhood like human, which means I don’t know much about
→
the early time of the world
5 Cancer finally caught up with her.
Personification
→
Cancer is described as able to catch up with like human, which means she had cancer
→
6 Pearl Harbor was a sad event in America’s history.
Metonymy
→
Pear Harbor stands for the battle where the US was defeated by the Japan, which means the
→
defeat of Pear Harbor was a sad event
7 Going to university is expensive these days and textbooks alone will cost a
fortune.
Hyperbole
→
It is impossible for textbooks to cost a fortune, which means textbooks alone cost a lot of money
→
P/S: Textbooks alone t m d ch là n i sách giáo khoa.ạ ị ộ
8 This sword is not useless to the warrior.
Litotes
→
Not useless is equivalent to useful, which means this sword is useful to the warrior
→
9 Listening to him, we discovered what a great mind he is.
Metonymy
→
A great mind stands for a talent, which means we discovered what a talent he is
→
10 Do you think you can trust his words?
Metonymy
→
The words stand for the people, which means you can trust him
→
11 Our farm needs more hands.
Trang 3→
Hands stands for workers, which means our farm needs more people
→
12 If you ride your motorbike at midday, the streets are a furnace.
Metaphor
→
The streets are compared to a furnace, which means the streets are very hot
→
13 The wind howled through the streets.
Personification
→
The wind is described as being able to have howl like animals
→
14 There is a storm in the family last night.
Metaphor
→
A storm symbolizes an argument, which means there is an argument in the family last night
→
15 There is still a ray of hope for her.
Metaphor
→
Hope is compared to light, which means there is a little hope for her
→
16 When you take that course, plan to study 30 hours a day.
Hyperbole Vì m t ngày ch có 24 gi , v y ngh a là h c nhi u gi m i ngày
It is impossible for someone to study 30 hours a day, which means you plan to study for a long
→
time every day
17 I will die if she asks me to dance.
Hyperbole
→
It is impossible for someone to die if she asks to dance, which means I will be extremely shocked
→
if she asks me to dance
18 This city is no ordinary city.
Litotes
→
No ordinary is equivalent to excellent, which means this city is an excellent city
→
Trang 419 She has many mouths to feed.
Synecdoche
→
Mouths stands for person, which means she has many persons to feed
→
20 The chair protested against her weight.
Personification
→
The chair is described as being able to have intent and protest like people
→
21 This man is a beast.
Metaphor
→
This man is compared to a beast, which means this man is cruel or dangerous
→
22 Don't you know that walls have ears?
23 She has no time even to sleep.
Hyperbole
→
It is impossible for someone to have no time to sleep, which means she has very little time to
→
sleep
24 The office was flooded with applications.
Metaphor
→
Applications are compared to water, which means the office received too many applications
→
25 We were obliged to dispense with the butler's services last month.
Euphemism
→
Dispense with someone's services is equivalent to fire (dismiss/ sack)
→
26 He tried to take the heat out of the situation.
Metaphor
→
The heat is compared to the tension, which means he tried to take the tension out of the situation
→
27 The majority of the press support the goverment's foreign policy.
Metonymy
→
The press stands for the journalists
→
28 He never got to be president, but he was the biggest man.
Trang 5→
It's impossible for someone to be a biggest man, which means he is the most talented man
→
29 The neighbours agreed to a truce over their barbeque dispute.
Metaphor
→
The barbeque is compared to a war, which means the neighbours agreed to stop their barbeque
→
dispute for a short time
30 The price of the meal is set at 20$ per head.
Metonomy
→
Head stands for person
→
31 He attacked every weak point in my arguments.
Metaphor
→
My arguments are compared to a fortress with weak and strong points, which means he criticized
→
every weak point in my arguments
32 There were 30 hands employed in this company.
Metonomy
→
Hands stand for workers
→
33 “She is a girl of 20 summers.”
“Summer” là synecdoche (phép chuy n ngh a) dùng t ng th “mùa hè” mu n nói thành ph n là
tu i, cái xuân xanh c a i ng i
She is a girl of 20
→
She is twenty years old
→
She is a twenty year old girl
→
34 The police team has cemented close ties with the hospital staft.
Metaphor
→
Ties are compared to physical structures, which means the police team has built close ties with
→
the hospital staft
Trang 635 The rain hesitantly dropped on the leaves.
Personification
→
The rain is described as being able to hesitate like human
→
36 So he set out to look for his friend from highest mountains to the deepest
crevasses.
Hyperbole
→
The highest mountains and deepest crevasses stand for the most remote and dangerous places
→
It's impossible for someone to go from highest mountains to the deepest crevasses, which means
→
so he set out to look for his friend from the most remote and dangerous places
37 The pen is mightier than the sword.
The pen stands for the writer, the sword stands for the soldier This is a Metonymy
(profession-→
means)
The writer is mightier than the soldier
→
N u b n là ngế ạ ười lính, b n có th gi t ạ ể ế được vài người
N u b n là bác s , b n có th gi t ế ạ ĩ ạ ể ế được 100 người
N u b n là tác gi , b n có th gi t ế ạ ả ạ ể ế được hàng ngàn người
Nh ng n u b n là nhà t tư ế ạ ư ưởng, b n có th gi t c m t th h ạ ể ế ả ộ ế ệ
38 The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.
Keep the brake on the pay rises is a Metaphor which means control pay rises (so sánh cái th ng
xe để ề ki m hãm cái gì ang t ng r t nhanh).đ ă ấ
The organization is trying to control pay rises
→
The organization is controlling pay rises
→
39 A: "How are you going?"
B: "I am dead."→Hyperbole
It's impossible for someone to be dead if someone asks how you are, which means B is very tired
→
40 I've never read Shakespeare in my life.
Shakespeare stands for works by Shakespeare
→
Trang 741 Don't argue with him He's mentally challenged.
Euphemism
→
Mentally challenged is equivalent to mad
→
My hands are as cold as ice
Simile
→
My hands are very cold
→
43 I'll make him eat his words.
Metaphor
→
I will make admit that what he has said is wrong
→
44 He is the best pen of the day.
Metonymy
→
He is the best writer of the day
→
45 She has a good head of business.
Metonymy
→
She has a good talent of business
→
46 She usually sheds floods of tears whenever she is upset.
Hyperbole
→
She usually cries a lot whenever she is upset
→
47 We need a force of a thousand rifles.
Metonymy
→
We need a force of a thousand soldiers
→
48 You are a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes.
Metaphor
→
You come and go quickly
→
49 He washed his hand out of the matter.
Trang 8Metaphor Câu này d ch nôm na là anh ta r a tay gác ki m, ngh a là anh ta không nh n trách
nhi m gì v v n ệ ề ấ đề đ ó n a.ữ
He denied all responsibilities for the matter
→
50 He looks as though he hasn't had a square meal for months.
Metaphor C m t “a square meal” ngh a là b a n y ch t dinh d ng, không ph i là b a n
vuông nhé
He looks as though he hadn't had a satisfied meal/ a feast for months
→
51 Who brought fire and sword into our country?
Metonymy (phép hoán d ) C m t "fire and sword" ngh a là gụ ụ ừ ĩ ươm giáo, mu n dùng thay cho chi n ố ế
tranh.Who brought war into our country?
52 Why don't you recognize the power of the purse?
Metonymy
→
Why don't you recognize the power of the money?
→
P/S: Ch "purse" mu n nói ữ ố đến "quy n l c" hay “cái gi ề ự ỏ đựng ti n”.ề
53 I found the 52 pounds of books you left for me to carry Your kindness really moves me.
Irony
→
You were not kind to me at all
→
54 The man is a demon for work.
Metaphor
→
The man is an energetic person who works very hard
→
The man is an energytic person who work tirelessly
P/S: "a demon" - m t ngộ ười tràn đầy n ng lă ượng
55 They organized a fleet of 50 sails.
Synecdoche
→
They organized a fleet of 50 ships
→
Trang 956 She is a girl of 20 summers.
Synecdoche
→
She is a girl of 20
→
57 When you take that course, plan to study 30 hours a day.
Hyperbole
→
When you take that course, plan to study for a long time every day
→
58 The wind howled angrily around the house all night.
“Howled angrily” là Personification, m t cách di n t hành ộ ễ ả động c a ngủ ười, có ngh a là gió th i r t ĩ ổ ấ
m nh nh ti ng tru r ng gi n d c a ngạ ư ế ố ậ ữ ủ ười
The wind blew strongly around the house all night
→
59 Grey hair should be respected.
Synecdoche Vì thành ph n “tóc xám” thay cho t ng th là ng i l n, ng i già
Old/elderly people should be respected
→
60 Spare the rod, spoil the child.
“The rod” trong trường h p này là Metonymy (phép hoán d ), vì roi v t là cái c th (concrete) ợ ụ ọ ụ ể để
thay cho hình ph t là cái tr u tạ ừ ượng (abstract)
If you don’t punish a child when he does wrong, you will spoil his character
61 Their Majesty died a year ago.
Metonymy
→
Their King died a year ago
→
62 When the White House called, the ambassador came at once.
“The White House” là Metonymy (phép hoán d ), vì Nhà Tr ng ch là cái ch a ụ ắ ỉ ứ đựng (container), còn
“the US President” m i là cái ớ được ch a (contained).ứ
When the US President called, the ambassador came at once
63 My dormitory room is like a cave.
Trang 10→
My dormitory room is small and uncomfortable
→
64 Come to the dormitory and see what a cave l live in.
Metaphor
→
Come to the dormitory and see what a small and uncomfortable room I live in
→
65 If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the City Hall.
“The City Hall” là Metonymy (phép hoán d ), vì tòa th s nh là “container”, còn ông th trụ ị ả ị ưởng m i là ớ
“contained” Nói cái tòa th s nh mu n ch ông th trị ả ố ỉ ị ưởng c a thành ph , c ng gi ng nh nói Nhà ủ ố ũ ố ư
Tr ng ám ch T ng th ng.ắ ỉ ổ ố
If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the city’s Mayor
66 The princess captures the hearts of the nation.
“The hearts”, trái tim là m t b ph n c a con ngộ ộ ậ ủ ười [concrete] + [part], trái tim còn mu n ám ch tình ố ỉ
yêu (abstract), v y “the hearts” là Metonymy, ngh a là mu n nói ậ ĩ ố đế ấ ản t t c con ngườ ủ đấ ưới c a t n c ó
đ
All the people that country love the princess
67 He has a kind heart.
“A heart”, trái tim là m t b ph n c a con ngộ ộ ậ ủ ười [concrete] + [part], được dùng thay cho con người [+human], [+concrete] và [+whole] V y “a heart” trong trậ ường h p này là Synecdoche, ngh a là m t ợ ĩ ộ
ngườ ối t t
He is a kind-hearted person
68 The river ate the bank away.
ng t “ n” ch dùng cho ng i nh ng dây c gán cho “dòng sông”, ây là cách nói nhân hóa
(Personification) V y câu này có ngh a là dòng sông làm xói mòn b sông ho c b phá h y d n d n.ậ ĩ ờ ặ ị ủ ầ ầ
Trang 11The river eroded/ gradually destroyed the bank.
69 The captain was in charge of 100 horses.
Metonymy
→
The captain was in charge of 100 cavalries
→
70 You can depend on Paul; he is a rock when trouble comes.
Metaphor
→
You can depend on Paul; he has strong nerves when trouble comes
→
71 Life is a dream.
Metaphor
→
Life is short
→
72 Research says that these methods are best.
Personification
→
Researchers say that these methods are best
→
73 Little Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress.
Metaphor
→
Little Susie is so lovely in her new dress
→
74 There was a storm in Parliament last night.
Metaphor
→
There was a serious argument in Parliament last night
→
75 He worked and worked until he breathed his last.
Euphemism
→
He worked and worked until he died
→
76 We are tired to death of such movies.
Trang 12→
We are extremely tired of such movies
→
77 His words can be trusted.
Metonymy
→
We can trust him
→
78 The boss gave her a hot look.
Metaphor
→
The boss looked at her angrily
→
79 He could not bridle his anger.
Metonymy
→
He could not control his anger
→
80 The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.
Metaphor
→
The organization is trying to control pay rises
→
81 Death is laying his icy hand on the Queen.
Euphemism
→
The Queen is about to die
→
82 The pen is mightier than the sword.
Metonymy
→
The writer is mightier than the soldier
→
83 A camel is a ship in a desert.
Metaphor
→
In the desert, a camel is as useful for transportation as a ship on the sea
→
Interesting facts:
Trang 13 L c à có th nh n ói, nh n khát m t th i gian dài trong sa m c, kho ng h n 3 tháng.ạ đ ể ị đ ị ộ ờ ạ ả ơ
L c à có tr c giác Khi có bão nó n m xu ng cho mình trú bão Ngoài ra, khi tr i êm nhi t ạ đ ự ằ ố ờ đ ệ
trong sa m c r t l nh, thân nhi t l c à có th gi m cho mình
84 Your charm and good looks exceed your wit (tóc dài mà trí ng n) ắ
Irony
→
You are charming and beautiful but not wise enough
→
85 With friends like you, who needs enemies?
Irony
→
You are worst enemies
→
86 You have to pay the earth for such a masterpiece.
Hyperbole
→
You have to pay a lot of money for such a masterpiece
→
87 Luck almost always turns back to those who dare not face difficulty.
Personification
→
Those who dare note face difficulty usually fail in life
→
88 A dead leaf fell in my lap; that was Jack Frost's card.
Personification
→
A dead leaf fell in my lap, the winter is coming here
→
89 The ship plowed the sea.
Metaphor
→
The ship crossed the sea
→
90 The captain exploded with rage when the soldiers disobeyed him.
Metaphor Exploded with rage ( ùng ùng n i gi n), this is a Metaphor which means get angry
suddenly
The captain got angry suddenly when the soldiers disobeyed him
→