I. Sense Relations : What is the relationship between the words in the following pair (Note : Theory : pp5781 ; provide more exercises of this type) 1. clever stupidgradable antonymy clever — normal – stupid 2. savage — attack synonymy3. give—receive relational antonymy if… then…4. take—steal hyponymy5. breakfast—meal hyponymy6. pleasing —satisfying synonymy7. solid—liquid binary antonymy8. dissolve (as in salt dissolves in water) — dissolve (The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991): polysemy9. fish—bird incompatibility10. parent—childrelational antonymy if…then…11. furniture—writing desk. hyponymy12. rude—polite:gradable antonymy rude — usuaf(Qv expected) — polite II. Identify the presupposition in each of the following utterances: (Note : Theory : pp. 109121)1. I regret missing the last lecture.” The speaker missed the lest lecture.2. “ I regret losing my temper at work this morning.” The speaker lost hisher temper at work this morning.3. They were rich. The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they were.4 .”John was quite unpopular.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who John is.5. “If pigs could fly, pork wings wouldn’t taste any better than chicken wings.” pigs cannot fly 6. ” I wish I could surf.” The speaker cannot surf.7. “ We havent heard anything from Barbara.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Barbara is.8. “The exam is not so difficult.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the exam is.9. “I’ve been dreaming of having a house of my own.” The speaker has not hadownedpossessed any house (yet).
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FURTHER EXERCISES and KEY
I Sense Relations : What is the relationship between the words in the following pair
(Note : Theory : pp57-81 ; provide more exercises of this type)
1 clever - stupid gradable antonymy [clever — normal – stupid ]
2 savage — attack synonymy
3- give—receive relational antonymy [if… then…]
4 take—steal hyponymy
5 breakfast—meal hyponymy
6 pleasing —satisfying synonymy
7 solid—liquid binary antonymy
8 dissolve (as in salt dissolves in water) — dissolve (The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991): polysemy
9 fish—bird incompatibility
10 parent—child relational antonymy [if…then…]
11 furniture—writing desk hyponymy
12 rude—polite: gradable antonymy [rude — usuaf(Qv expected) — polite ]
II Identify the presupposition in each of the following utterances:
(Note : Theory : pp 109-121)
1 " I regret missing the last lecture.” The speaker missed the lest lecture
2 “ I regret losing my temper at work this morning.” The speaker lost his/her temper at work this morning
3 " They were rich.' The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they were
4 ”John was quite unpopular.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who John is
5 “If pigs could fly, pork wings wouldn’t taste any better than chicken wings.” pigs cannot fly
6 ” I wish I could surf.” The speaker cannot surf
7 “ We haven't heard anything from Barbara.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Barbara is
8 “The exam is not so difficult.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the exam is
9 “I’ve been dreaming of having a house of my own.” The speaker has not had/owned/possessed any house (yet)
10.”The explosion was so loud that it could be heard from miles away.”
There was an explosion somewhere OR
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what tfie explosion is
11 “ When did you quit smoking?” You/The hearer did quit/quit smoking
12 “ The examination in Semantics is so easy this time.” There have been a number of examinations in Semantics
so far
13.”I am not able to go to Hanoi this weekend.” The speaker is supposed to go to Hanoi this weekend
14 “Did you return tfie book to the library?” You/The hearer had borrowed a book from the library
15 “Even Bill could come.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Bill is
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16 “She is not happy about the chemistry course (that/which) she’s taking.”
She is taking me a chemistry course
17 “ The CD (that/which) you gave me is quite interesting.” you gave me a CD OR
The hearer gave the speaker a CD
18 “ I am so sorry, I am in a hurry and I can't answer your question right now.”
You’ve asked me a question OR The hearer's asked the speaker a, question
19 “When did you give up teaching?” You/The hearer gave up teaching
20 “ Imagine you are a teacher.” The hearer is not a teacher (yet)
21 “It is going to rain for a long time.” (a prediction) It is raining now OR It has been raining
22 “ She was not aware that it would hurt her so much ” it did hurt / hurt her very much
23 “It took us two days to come back from Hanoi by train.? ” We once went to Hanoi
24 “Could you drive me to the airport?” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what tEs airport is and
where it is located
25 “He pretended to be pleased with the gift ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the gift is
He was not pleased with the gift
26 “But for your encouragement, we would have given up ” /You encouraged us
27 “We couldn't have managed without your help ” you help us OR The hearer helped me speaker
28 “We couldn't have managed without your help ” you help us OR The hearer helped the speaker
29 “You shouldn 't have seen sueh a horror film ” you/The hearer did see/saw a horror film
'30 “You could have talked to the dean ” you/The hearer did not talk to the dean
31 “ It is going to be hot for some weeks ” It Is hot now
32 “Have you stopped hugging your sheepdog?” The Hearer has at some past time hugged his/her sheepdog
III Identify two presuppositions in each of the following utterances:
1 “I’m going to buy some milk for the little child ”
The little child drinks milk
The speaker hasn't bought any milk (for the little child) yet
2 “My wife pretended to be pleased with my answer.”
The speaker is already married ( = the speaker has a wife )
My wife was not pleased with my answer ( the speaker’s wife was not pleased with his answer )
3 “ She pretended that the gift had pleased her ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is and what the gift is
The gift did not please her
4 “He didn't manage to support himself.”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is
He tried to support himself
5 “You should have relied on him.”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is
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The hearer relied on him
6 “ It’s odd how tricky the final exam is ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the final exam is
The final exam is tricky
7 “ When will she graduate from high school?"
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is
She will graduate from high school
8 “ We congratulated them on the successful completion of the project ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are and what the project is
They successfully completed the project
9 “Isn’t it believable that they have permitted this trial to go ahead?”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are and what the trial is
The trial was permitted to go ahead
10 “ Who discovered Pluto in 1930? ”
There exists a planet called "Pluto" in the solar system
Pluto was discoverd in 1930
11 “ I wish I hadn’t turned down his proposal ”
He put forward/submitted a proposal
The speaker turned down his proposal
12 “He didn’t realize he had been taken in ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is
He was taken in *
13 “ Their son is not naughty ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are
They have a son
14 “ They are happy with the results of the exam ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are
They have taken an exam an exam *
The exam's results have been announced
15 “ She pretended she was not at home when the bell rang ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows w^o she is
The bell rarig
She was at home [when the bell rang]
16 “ If they had not awaited until the last minute, they would have passed the exam ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are
They waited until the last minute
17 “You mustn’t get up until your temperature has gone down ”
you have a temperature
Your temperature hasn’t gone down yet
Or
The hearer has a temperature
His/Her temperature has not gone down yet
18 “I wonder why Palm ignored us in the street just now ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Palm is
Palm ignored us in the street just now
19 “ Disa doesn't want any more popcorn ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Disa is
Disa has eaten some popcorn
20 “ They didn't realize that they were going m the wrong way] ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are
They were going in the wrong way
21 “ We know that they had no chance to succeed though they were trying a lot ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are
They were trying a lot
They had no chance to succeed
22 “ What was the thief doing when you saw him ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the thief is (the hearer know the fact that there was a thief)
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You/The hearer saw the thief
23 “ What was she talking about when you arrived there? ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is
You/The hearer arrived there
24 “ When he phoned in, I was out for lunch ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is
He phoned in
25 “ It is a pity that she failed his(her?) driving test ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is
She failed his( her?) driving test
26 “ Please take me to the circus again ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the circus is and where it is located
( which circuit the speaker is taking about? )
The speaker was at the circus before ( saw a circus performance before ?)
Or
The speaker has been to the circus before/at least once
The hearer has taken the speaker to the circus before/at least once
27 “ I got an excellent mark for my essay last time ”
I / The speaker wrote an essay
Or
I / The speaker had written an essay
28 “ If only you had taken his offer ”
He has made the hearer a good offer on something
You/The speaker didn't take his offer ( the hearer knows the person who made the offer ?)
29 “ If only she were not so talkative ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is
She is so talkative
30 “ I can't guess when the rain stops? ”
Rain is falling
Or
It is raining
31 “ I am sony I cannot find your book right now ”
You have abook
You have lent it to me
Or
The hearer has a book
The hearer has lent it to the speaker
32 “ I am going to have a new grammar book ”
1 have a grammar book already
1 haven't bought any new one yet
33 “ On the occasion of my friend's birthday, I intend to buy her a new vase ”
I have a friend
She has a vase already
Soon (Adv) comes (Verb) her birthday (Subject)
34 “ I want to send a small present to my friend on the occasion of her graduation ”
I have a friend
She has just graduated from school
35 “ Can you stop playing with your cat? ”
you have a cat
You are playing with it/him/her
36 “ She was not aware that her son had an accident? ”
She had a son
He/Her son had an accident
37 “ I wiah I had not booked the ticket ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the ticket are ( what ticket is spoken about?)
The speaker booked the ticket
38 “ Tom might find the chocolate cake in the kitchen ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Tom is
There is a chocolate cake in the kitchen
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39 “ You will be amazed when you see the view ”
There is beautiful view somewhere
You will see the view soon
40 “ I am going to have/take a final examination in Semantics ”
There will be a, final examination in Semantics soon
The speaker hasnt taken the,final examination in Semantics yet
41 “ We are going to be teachers of English ”
We / persons in question have not been teachers of English yet
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the other members of this group are
42 “ My sister is going to graduate from university ”
I have a sister
She hasn't graduated from university yet
43 “ I missed my class on Monday because I overslept ”
I had a class on Monday
I overslept
44 “ Mary regrets/regretted that she broke your window ”
Both the speaker and the hearer already knows who Mary is
Mary broke your ( the hearer’s ?) window
45 “ Tom didn't regret missing the deadline for the assignment.”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Tom is and what the assignment is
There exists a deadline for the assignment
Tom missed the deadline
46 “ Where did you look for the keys?”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the keys are ( what keys are being spoken about?)
The hearer looked for the keys
47 “ The bus (that) you just missed was the wrong bus anyway ”
The hearer missed a bus
The bus was not the one the hearer needed to take *
48 “ What ( When?) did you stop beating, your wife? ”
You are married
You once beat /used to beat your wife
49 “ Fred continued/didn’t continue speaking.”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Fred is
Fred was speaking previously
50 “ I cleaned /didn’t clean the room.”
The speaker assumes that me hearer already knows what the room is
The room was dirty
51 “ He killed/didn’t kill the bird ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the bird is
The bird was adve
52 “ What was John worried about? ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who John is
John was worried
53 “ Bill drank another glass of beer.”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Bill is
Bill had drunk at least one beer
54 “ I think (that) I will pass the exam.”
There will be an exam soon
I am/The speaker is going to take it *
55 " I hope to have a good result for the exam ”
There will be an exam soon, and the speaker is going to take it
There was an exam soon, and the speaker has taken it
56 “ I’ve got / have a good mark for the exam in American Literature ”
There was an exam in American Literature
The speaker has taken it
57 “ Could you lend me the novel when you finish it? ”
The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the novel is
You have not finished the novel yet ( you will finish it ?)
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IV Write down one conversational implicature that can be drawn from the second speaker's
response in each of the following dialogues
(Note : Theory : pp 128-132 )
Dialogue 1: A: “How do you like the new librarian at the information desk?”
B: “You mean Ron? He's been here as long as I have!”
B's utterance may implicate that Ron is not as new as you thought
Dialogue 2: A: “ Did you finish your report? ”
B: “ I started it ”
B's utterance may implicate that B didn’t finish the report OR B hasn’t finished the report yet
Dialogue 3: A: “ Shall we sit here and talk? ”
B: “ There's no better place than here ”
B's utterance may implicate that this Is the best place for private talks
Dialogue 4: A: “I hear you often travel to other countries ”
B: “Well, sometimes I do ”
B's utterance may implicate that B does not often travel to other countries
Dialogue 5: A: “ Is it OK if I park here? ”
B: '“ It's a driveway.''
B's utterancs may implicate that It is not OK for A to park here
Dialogue 6: A: “ Did Joan take her umbrella today? ”
B: “ It's still downstairs ”
B’s utterance may implicate that Joan has not take her umbrella yet
Dialogue 7: A: “ What was her essay like? ”
B: “ The second draft wasn’t better ”
B's utterance may implicate that her essay was not good / well-written
Dialogue 8: A: “ What time do we have to check out the room? ”
B: “ Let's ask the front desk? ”
B's utterance may implicate that B does not know the check-out time
Dialogue 8: A: “ Would you like a cup of tea? ”
B: “ I've just had some lemonade.”
B's utterance may implicate that B does not want to have tea
Dialogue 9: A: “ Can you tell me what's on TV tonight?”
B: “ I never watch TV.”
B's utterance may implicate that B does not know what is on TV tonight
Dialogue 10: A: “ Was the concert well received? ”
B: “ The audience applauded for a long time ”
B's utterance may implicate that the concert was well received
Dialogue 11: A: “ Do you use your local swimming pool very much? ”
'B “ The salt water hurts my eyes”
B's utterance may implicate that B does not use the local swimming pool much
Dialogue 12: A: “ Who was that man I just saw you with? ”
B: “ That was just someone.”
B's utterance may implicate that B cannot reveal the man's identity
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Dialogue 13: A: “ Do you expect a lot of rain this month? ”
B: “ It hardly ever rains 'in March ”
B's utterance may implicate that B does not expect any rain this month
Dialogue 14: A: “ How are Mr Smith's daughters? ”
B: “ The youngest is OK.”
B's utterance may implicate that Mr Smith's other daughters are not nice or pleasant
Dialogue 15: A: “ Has Betty gone to bed? ”
B: “ Her desk lamp stiffen ”
B's utterance may implicate that Betty has not gone to bed yet
Dialogue 15: A: “ Did many students visit you last week? ”
B: “ Some of the students came”
B's utterance may implicate that many students visited him/her last week
Dialogue 16: Wife: “ Who is picking up the children today? ”
Husband: “ I've got a meeting at 3.30 ”
His utterance may implicate that The husband can't pick up the kids and is suggesting his wife should
V SPEECH ACT- KINDS For the following utterance, give two situations, interpret the utterance in the light of the situations you have provided, and then classify it according to the speech act it performs
(Note : Theory : pp 146-152 )
1 “ It's cold in here ”
SITUATION 1:
Wife: 'It's cold in here ” (= 'Do something to warm the room up, please.')
Husband: 'I'll shut the windows ”
The wife indirectly asks/requests B to do something to warm the room they are in up.This is A DIRECTIVE
SITUATION 2:
Wife: “ I don't think I stay in It's cold in here ”
Husband: “ All right Let's go out for some exercise ”
The wife directly gives the reason why/explains why she doesn't like to stay ia This is A REPRESENTATIVE
2 “Why don't you study French? ”
SITUATION 1:
Roy: “ Why don't you study French? ” (='You should study French.')
Roy's friend: “ That's what I thought, too ”
Roy indirectly advises his friend to take a course in French.This is A DIRECTIVE
SITUATION 2:
Roy's friend: “ Because I don't have time for it right now ”
Roy directly asks for the reason why his friend refuses to take a course in French.This is A ROGATIVE
3 “What a nice hat you're wearing! ”
SITUATION 1:
A: “ What a nice hat you're wearing ”
B: “ Thanks for your nice compliment ”
A directly compliments B on her nice hat This is AN EXPRESSIVE
SITUATION 2:
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B; “ What a nice hat you're wearing.! ” (= Get rid of such an awful hat!')
( Since nice may be an expression of irony which means quite opposite.)
B indirectly asks A to get rid of such an awful hat This is A DIRECTIVE
4 “Look before you leap ”
SITUATION 1:
Teacher: “ John, read the first sentence on page 14 ”
John: “ Look before you leap ”
John just reads aloud what the teacher asks him to do, describe the content of the first sentence on page 14 This is A REPRESENTATIVE
SITUATION 2:
A directly gives a piece of advice This is A DIRECTIVE
5 “Do you know what time it is? ”
SITUATION 1:
Mary: “ Oh, I forget my watch Do you know what time it is? ”
Tom: “ It's 7:05.'
Mary asks Tom for the time This is A ROGATIVE
SITUATION 2:
John: “ Hurry up or else we'll miss the train Do you know what time it is?”
Linda: “ Wait a minute!9
John is really upset because Linda is too slow This is AN EXPRESSIVE
6 “ Smoking is strictly prohibited here ”
SITUATION 1:
Jack: “ Does my smoking bother you?”
Gina: “ It doesn't matter to me, but smoking is strictly prohibited here ”
Gina directly informs Jack of the prohibition of smoking in that place This is A REPRESENTATIVE
SITUATION 2:
Alfred: “ Don't you know that smoking is strictly prohibited here? ” (='Do not smoke in here.')
Kevin: “ Sorry.”
Alfred indirectly orders Kevin no+ +o smoke in that place This is A DIRECTIVE
7 “ We're running out of time ”
SITUATION 1:
B states the fact that there is no time left This is A REPRESENTATIVE
B gives a piece of information (to answer A's question) This is A REPRESENTATIVE
SITUATION 2:
Janet: “ Our oral presentation is not as well-prepared as it should be.'
Mary: “ We're running out of time.'
Mary indirectly suggests that Janet should accept what they've done for the presentation This is A DIRECTIVE
8 “ The ice cream is in the fridge ”
SITUATION 1:
A: “ Where's the dessert? ”
B: " The ice cream is in the fridge.”
B directly informs A of what is prepared for dessert and where it is kept This is A REPRESENTATIVE
SITUATION 2:
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B: “ No, thanks I'm full.'
A indirectly invites B to have some ice cream This is A DIRECTIVE
9 “ Authors always pay their debts ”
SITUATION 1:
A directly states the fact that no one can avoid paying his/her own debt(s) This is A REPRESENTATIVE
SITUATION 2:
Alice: “ When will I receive my reimbursement? ”
Victor: “ Authors always pay their debts ” (= They pay you back later.)
Victor indirectly promises to pay Alice back later This is A COMMISSIVE
10 “ I'm working as fast as I can ”
SITUATION 1:
Bess: “Can you speed up a little bit?”
Worker: “ I’m working as fast as I can ”
The worker directly expresses his/her' annoyance, refuses the boss' s request This is AN EXPRESSIVE
SITUATION 2:
Ted: “ I’m working as fast as I can ”
Ted's wife: 'I know you are ”
Ted directly states the fact that he has been trying his best This is A REPRESENTATIVE
11 “ Who doesn't love money? ”
SITUATION 1:
A:
B:
SITUATION 2:
A:
B:
12 “ Why don't you send it by post? ”
SITUATION 1:
A:
B:
SITUATION 2:
A:
B:
13 “ My daughter is getting married in April.”
SITUATION 1:
A:
B:
SITUATION 2:
A:
B:
14 “ The air condition is not working today ”
SITUATION 1:
A:
B:
SITUATION 2:
A:
B:
VI Distinguish between PRESUPPOSITIONS, IMPLICATURES and SPEECH ACTS
(Note : Theory : pp ;)
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1 Identify the presupposition in the following utterance:
“ Billy really made a big mistake this time.”
ANSWER: The utterance presupposes that both the speaker and the hearer know who Billy is
2 Write down one implicature that can be drawn from the following utterance:
“ Billy really made a big mistake this time ”
ANSWER: The utterance may implicate that Billy's previous mistakes were not big
3 For the following utterance, give two situations, interpret the utterance in the light of the situations you have provided, and then classify it according to the speech act it performs
“ Billy really made a big mistake this time ”
ANSWER:
Situation 1:
Father [in an angry voice]: “ Billy really made a big mistake this time ”
Mother [begging Billy's father]: “ Give him another chance, will you? ”
The father directly expresses his annoyance This is AN EXPRESSIVE
Situation 2:
Father: “ What was Billy's mistake like? ”
Mother: “ Billy really made a big mistake this time ”
Billy's mother directly provides his father with a piece of information This is A REPRESENTATIVE
VII Figures of speech : Interpret the meaning the following sentences and state what kind of figure
of speech (also called figurative language) used in each of them
(Note : Theory : pp 36-48 )
1 Give every man thing ears, bid a few thy voice
The sentence consists of two metonymies Respectively, "thine ears" and "thy voive'which are [+organ in the human body], stands for "listen to everyone" and "talk to a few people'” which are [+human activity]
The sentence means "you should listen to everyone but talk to a few people."
2 His words can be trusted
"His words", which is [+ controlled], stands for " that person himself, which is [+controller] This is a metonymy The sentence means "you can trust him"
3 The bank refused to loan us money
"The bank", which is [+controlled], stands for "the bank manager", which is [+controller] This is a metonymy
4 She seemed to be happy from cradle to death
"Cradle", which is [+sign], stands for "childhood", which is [+a period in human life] This is a metonymy "From cradle to death" means "throughout her life"
5 Pearl Harbor was a sad event in America's history
"Pearl Harbor", which is [+sign], stands for "Japan's sudden attack by planes at the very US naval base in Hawaii
in December 1941", which is [+historical event] This is a metonymy
6 Gray hairs should be respected
"Gray hairs", which is, [+part], stands for " elderly people", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche
7 I need a change I'm tired of seeing the same faces every day
"Faces", which is [+part], stands for "people", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche
8 There were 30 hands employed in this company
"Hands", which is, [+part], stands for "people", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche