Kinh nghiệm viết đúng ngữ pháp tiếng anh phần 1

Dong tiif chi hanh dong c6 hai loai la ngoai dong tif va noi d$ng til| Ngoai dong tff can phai co mot bo ngff trffc tiep.. yy\e*> De b iet dong tiif dtfdc suf dung la dong tuf lien k et

Hiidng dan viet dung ngU phap tieng Anh

T H A N H T H A O - T H A N H H O A

N h o m b i e n s o a n

HlTdNG DAN VIET DUNG NGU* PHAP TIENG ANH

> Dung dung cac tti loai

> P h a t trien ky nang viet dung ngii phap

> Hdn 200 bai t&p va vi du co kem dap an

V Tu kiem tra va cung co kien thiic.

L C f l N O I D A U

M$t trong nhtfng vSfn d i m i hiu hSt c i c ht?c viSn tiS'ng Anh, k&

c i hoc sinh - sinh viSn, c[uan tim l i lim sao cd th S tu ki&m tra nhOng diSu minh ndi hay viS’t AH dung ngO phip chira, ho£c ddi luc ti/ thjfy bd'i rS'i khSng biS’t nSn dung theo c ic h n io cho dung ngtf phip hoSc nin chon tir th£ nio cho c iu v2n ngin gcpn, sue t(ch Xu/t p h it tCr mtfi quan tim d6, dSng thbi cung nhJlm giup htpc viSn tu tin hern khi sd dijng tlS'ng Anh chung tS i biSn soan c\uy$r\

"Hudng dSn viS't dung ngO phip t\£ng Anh" trinh I?Ay nhUng vkn dS

c in b in m i hoc viSn c in nim vOng d S c6 t h i dung dung ngQ phip tiin g Anh trong c i c b ii viSt v i b ii nghiSn cuu cda mmh.

5 ic h gSm 5 phin, duqc b8 eye thinh 14 chucmg theo tung chJ di£m rd rin g nhim hudng d in c ic h dung dung c i c tuf loai nhu dSng tCr, danh tir tmh tt>, dal tir, v.v ; phin biSt c i c iSi ngO phip thudng g ip nhu tSi chi'm c iu , iSi chfnh t i , iSi viS’t hoa, v i iSi cu

p hip; viS't c iu dung v i hoin chlnh; p h it t r iin b ii viS't theo vin phong riSng c Ja minh nhung nhim dung v io muc dfch v i loai dSi tLlong m i minh quan t im d i b ii viS't dat hiSu <\ui thu hut cao.

P i c biSt, cuS’i m3i chuong c6 phin tu kiim tra duoc trinh b iy

d dang cac c iu hdi dung sai, c i c c iu hdi dang hoin th in h c iu vi

c iu hdi t r ie nghiSm kdm theo d ip in nhim muc dich giup hcpc viSn cung d lai nhdng kiS'n there d i hcpc KiSng phin "Ciu hdi t r ie nghiSm"

v i m$t s 6 c iu hdi dang hoin th in h ciu , chung tdi trinh b iy nhu mdt b ii t i p tiin g Anh d i hoc viSn iim quen vdi dang dS thi tr ie nghiSm trong cac ky kiim tra tlS'ng Anh.

C h ic ch in vdi b6 cue v i c ic h trinh b iy cua quyin s ic h niy, hQC viSn sS t h iy vi$c hcpc ngCt p h ip tlS'ng Anh trd nen thu vj hem nhiiu Hem nOa, khi d i nim vung nSn tin g cua ngon ngO thi ban dQC cung trd nSn tu tin hem trong c i c b ii viSt cua minh.

Tae g ii

—^ Gioi tu (Preposition)Dai tu (Pronoun)Cong tu (Verb)

Trong chiTOng nay, ban se on tap ve tCr loai mot cach chuan mu’c de biet cac tir ghep lai vdi nhau tao ra nghia nhu” the nao Trong

cac chiTOng sau, ban se hoc cach siTa loi do dung sai tir loai

6

Tieng Anh la mot ngon ngtf rSft linli hoat Nghla cua tuf khong nhffng bSt ngu6n tir cach viet va pliat 3m ma con tuf cach suf dung tuf do trong cau Khi ban

on tap tuf loai, hay nhcl rang cach dung tuf trong cau quyet dinli no la tuf loai nao VI du:

Danh tuf: I ate fish for d in n er.

Toi da a n cd vdo bita toi.

Dong tuf: We fish in the lake on every Tuesday.

C hung toi cau cd o' ho vdo moi thit ba.

Tinh tit

Tinh tuf la tuf dung de mieu ta danh tu* va dai tir Tinh tu" tra Idi nhffng

cau hoi nhtf: What kind (Loai gi)? How much (Bao nhieu)? Which one (Cai nao)? How many (May cai)? Vi du nhu":

Which one? second chance those chocolates

Co nam loai tinh tu": tinh tu" chung, tinh tuf rieng, tinh tijf ghep, mao ti*

va tinh tu" bat dinh

1 Tinh tir chung mieu ta danh tffhoac dai tijf

Strong man

Green plant

Beautiful view

2 Tinh tif rieng difOc tao ra tuf danh tir rieng

California vegetables (tir danh tir “California”)

Mexican food (tir danh tir “M exico”)

3 Tinh tir ghep diTOc tao nen tir hai tir trd len

Far-off country

Teenage person

4 Mao tCr la mot dang tinh tff d&c biet Co ba mao tff la: a, an, the.

The dffdc goi \k “mao tir x4c dinh” vi no chi nhffng vat x£c dinh

A va an dffOc goi la “mao tir bat dinh” vi chung chi nhffng vat

chung chung Sffdunga vdi tirbifr d a u b in g phu am; dilng an trffdc

tvr b<it dau bkng nguyen am

5 Tinh tir bat dinh khong xdc dinh so lffdng cu the cua sir vat

Hay theo nhffng nguyen tac sau day khi dung tinh tff:

1 Sff dung tinh tff de mieu ta danh tff hoSc dai tff

Jesse was unwilling to leave the circus.

Jesse khong chiu rdi rap xiec.

2 Dung tinh tff sinh dong de lam cho bai viet cua ban cu the va mieu

ta ro rang hOn

Take a larger slice of the luscious cake.

Hay lay mot mieng bdnh thefm ngon to hem.

3 Dung tinh tff sau mot dong tff lien ket Dong tff lien ket co tac dung no'i chu ngff vdti mot tff mieu ta Nhffng dong tff lien ket thong dung

nhat la be (is, am, are, was, were va van van), seem, appear, look,

feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, remain, stay \ d turn.

Chicken made this way tastes more delicious (khona phai deli­

ciously).

Gd dutfc chebien theo kieu nay thi ngon hem

8

yy\c^o- f\i\&

Tinh tuf vi ngfl la tinh tiif cach dan h tijf hofic d ai tijf bdi mot dong tCf lien k£t Tinh tuf vi ngfl co chufc nSng mieu ta chu ngff cua cSu

T he w eath er was cold all week

Thbi tiet lanh leo cd tudn.

Trang tit

Trang tuf la tCr mieu ta dong tff, tinh tff hoSc trang tff kM c Trang tff tra

Idi nhffng cau h6i nhff: When (khi nao)? Where (d dau)? How (nhff the" nao)? hoSc To what extent (Tdi mffc nao)?

To what extent? partly finished

Hau het trang tff dffdc thanh lap b^ng cach them - ly vao sau tinh tff

Vi du:

begin now move up danced badly eat completely

Day la mot vai trang tff khong - ly thffdng dung:

Hay theo nhffng nguyen tic n&y khi ban dilng trang tff:

1 Sfrdung trang tff de mieu ta dong tff

Experiments using dynamite must be done carefully.

verb adv

Cac thi nghiem dung chat no dinamit phdi thuc hien mot cach c \ than.

2 Diing trang tff de mieu ta tinh tff

Sam had an unbelievably huge appetite for chips,

adv Adj

Sam me an khoai tdy ran den mice khong tudng tuong noi.

3 Dung trang tff de mieu ta mot trang tff khac

They sang so clearly.

k et ditac suf dung de noi ttt, noi y va

consequently finally for exam ple fu rth erm o re

however indeed m oreover on th e o th e r handotherwise

v

n evertheless then th e re fo re

Ct2n tit

Lien tff noi tff hoac cum tff va cho biet cac tff co lien he vdi nhau nhtf

the" nao Co ba loai lien tff: lien tff dang lap (coordinating conjunctions), lien tff tffdng lien (correlative conjunctions) va lien tiTchinh phu (subor­

dinating conjunctions).

10

1 Lien tff d in g lap lien ket nhffng tff hoac cum tff tiWng du’dng Co bay lien tff dang lap:

y y \c

Suf dung t£f sau day de nlicf bay lien tuf dang lap:

FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

2 Lien tff tffdng lien cung lien ket nhffng tff hoac cum tff tU’dng dU’dng nhffng luon di theo cSp Day la cac lien tff tffdng lien:

both and either or

n e ith e r nor not only but also w h eth er or

3 Lien tff chinh phu lien ket mot menh de doc lap (mot cau hoan

chinh) vdi mot menh de phu (fragment - cau chtfa hoan chinh)

Sau day la nhffng lien tff chinh phu thirdng dung nhat:

• Oh! What a shock you gave me with that gorilla suit.

Oi! Ban lam toi l / uu sdc vdi bo do khi dot do.

• Wow! T hat’s not a gorilla suit!

Wow! Do khong phdi la bo do khi dot!

Danh til

Danh tiif la tff de goi ten ngirdi, ndi chon, sff vat Danh tir gom c ic loa|

sau: danh tir chung, danh tir rieng, danh tir gh6p va danh tir tap hdp

1 Danh tir chung goi ten bat cff ai hay vat gi thuoc mot ldp ngirdi, nci chon hay sir vat

2 Danh tir rieng goi ten mot ngirdi, ndi chon hoSc vat cu the Danh ti| rieng luon dffdc viet hoa

3 Danh tir gh6p la hai hay nhieu danh tir cilng lam chffc nang cua| mot ddn vi tir Mot danh tir gh6p cd the la hai tir rieng bi<?t, tir dffdc ghep bang mot dau ndi hoac hai tir viet dinh lai vdi nhau

Tir rieng biet: time capsule

Tir cd dau ndi: great-uncle

Tir dinh lien: basketball

4 Danh tir tap hdp goi ten mot nhdm ngirdi hoiic sir vat

D a n h tuf sd h tfu ( p o s s e s s iv e n o u n s )

Trong ngur phap, possession the hien quyen sd hito Hay theo nhffng

nguyen tac sau de tao nen danh tff sd hffu

1 Vdi danh tff sd it, them vao mot dau lffdc va chff s

dog —> dog’s bone

singer —> singer’s voice

2 Vdi danh tff sd nhieu tan cung la s, them mot dau lffdc sau chff j

singers -> ingers’ bones

3 Vdi danh tff sd nhieu tan cilng khong cd 9, them mot dau lu’dc va chff 5

men -* m en’s books

mice -> m ice’s tails

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D a n h tiif s o n h ie u

Day la nhffng nguyen L&c thanh lap danh tff sd nhieu.

1 Them s de tao th&nh danh tff sd nhieu doi vdi da so" danh tff

2 Them es neu danh tff tan ciing bkng s, sh, ch ho&c x

Gidi tijf luon co mot danh tff ho3c dai tir theo sau Mot cum gidi tir bac gom mot gidi tvr va doi tffdng cua no Cum gidi tff cd the gom hai hoac ba

tir

Tuy nhien, cum gidi tirco the dai hdn nhieu, tiiy thuoc vao do dai cua gidi tir va cac tir bo nghla cho doi tffdng cua gidi tir

Near the violently swaying oak trees

Gan may cay soi dang du dua dCt d(>i

On account o /h is nearly depleted bank account

Vi tdi khodn ngan hang gdn can kiet cua anh ay

Dal til

Dai tir la tir dffdc dung de thay the" danh tir hoac dai tir khac Dai tir

giup ban tranh lap lai mot cach khong can thiet khi viet va ndi Dai tir lay nghla cua danh tir ma no thay the" Danh tir do dffdc goi la tien ngff (ante­

cedent).

Although Seattle is damp, it is my favorite city.

antecedent pronoun

Mac du Seattle dm udt, do la thanh pho.

Cd nhieu loai dai tff khac nhau Hau het dai tffdeu cd tien ngff, nhffng mot so" it thi khong can tien ngff

Tir tien ngtf (a n teced ent) co nguon goc tiT tieng La

tin h , nglua la “di triidc” Tuy n h ie n , tien ngff khong

n h a t th ie t pliai xuat hien trifdc dai tijf trong cau nlitfng thUdng la th e , de lam cho cau ro rang va tra n h hieu sai

1 Dai tffnhan xffng (personal pronoun) dung de chi mot ngirdi, ndi

chon, do vat cu the

i/i

S o ft So'nhieuNgoi thtf nhat I, me, mine, my we, us, our, ours

Ngoi thtf hai you, your, yours you, your, yours

Ngoi thtf ba he, him, his, she, they, them, their, theirs, its

her, hers, it

2 Dai tir sd htfu (possessive pronoun) dung de chi quyen sd thuoc Dai

tir sd htfu la your, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their, theirs, whose.

Is this beautiful plant yours?

Co phdi cai cay dep de nay Id cua ban khong?

Yes, it’s ours

Vang, no la cua chung toi.

Difng nliam lan dai tif nhan xtfng vdi tijf ru t gon Dai tiif nlian xtfng khong bao gid co dSu IiTOc, trong khi tuf ru t gon Iuon co dau lifdc Hay suf dung bang sau:

3 Dai tiif phan than (reflexive pronoun) tang them thong tin cho cau

bang cach chi nguUc lai danh tif hoac dai tir gan dau cau Dai tir

phan than tan cung bang - s e lf hoac -selves.

Tricia bought herself a new car.

Tricia tu mua cho minh mot chiec xe hdi mdi.

All her friends enjoyed themselves riding in the beautiful car.

Tat cd ban be cua co d'y rat thich thu khi duoc chay trong chiec xe dep.

4 Dai tir nhan manh (intensive pronoun) cung tan cung b&ng -5d

hoilc -selves nhUng chi nhan manh them cho danh tir h o ic dai tij

Tricia herself picked out the car.

m

Tu Tricia chon chiec xe.

5 Dai tir chi dinh (demonstrative pronoun) htfdng sir chu <j tdi mcj

ngtfdi, ndi chon hay mot vat cu the Chi co bon dai tir chi djnh la|

this, that, these, those.

This is my favorite movie.

Day la bo phim Ua thich cua toi

That was a fierce rain storm.

Do la mot cctn mUa bdo ditdoi.

6 Dai tuf quan he (relative pronoun) dtfng dau mot m enh de phu C<j nam dai tuf quan he la: that, which, who, whom, whose.

Jasper claim ed that he could run the washing machine.

Jasper cho rang anh co the van hdnh cai may giat.

Louise was the repair person who fixed the machine after Jasper

washed his sneakers

Louise Id ngudi su:a cai may sau khi Jasper giat giay cua minh.

S o ft So" nhieu So it h o ac so" n h ilu

Who would like to cook dinner?

Ai muon nau bCta toi?

Which side does the fork go on?

Ngd ba di tiep ben nao ?

8 Dai tir bat dinh (indefinite pronoun) dilng de chi ngffdi, ndi chon, do

vat ma khong chi ra mot cai cu the nao Nhffng dai tff bat dinh dffdc liet ke cf trang trffdc

Oong til

Dong tff dilng de chi mot hanh dong hoSc mieu ta mot trang th£i ton

ai Cau nao cung phai co dong tff Co ba loai dong tff can ban la: dong

ff chi hanh dong (action verb), dong tff lien ket (linking verb) va trd dong

ff (helping verb).

D o u g tif c h i h a n h d o n g

Dong tff chi hanh dong cho ta biet chu ngff lam gi Hanh dong co the

hay bang m&t (jump, kiss, laugh) hoac trong tinh than (think, learn, study) The cat broke Louise’s china.

Con meo da lam vd mon do sii cua U)uise.

Louise considered buying a new china cabinet.

Louise can nhac xem co nen mua mot cai tu sut mdi khong.

Dong tiif chi hanh dong c6 hai loai la ngoai dong tif va noi d$ng til|

Ngoai dong tff can phai co mot bo ngff trffc tiep

The boss dropped the ball.

Ong chu lam rdi qua banh.

The workers picked it up.

Cac cong nhan nhat no len.

Noi dong tif khong can bo ngff trtfc tiep

Who called?

A ig o id a y?

The tem perature fell over night.

Nhiet do tut xuong vdo ban dem.

Trong m ot cau, d<? b ie t dong tuf co pB ai'la ngoai dong tuf hay khong, liay hoi “W ho?” ho3c “ W hat?” theo sau dong tuf Neu b an tim ditoc cau tra lcJi trong cau do tlii dong tff ay la ngoai dong tff

D o n g tif lie n k e t

Dong tff lien ket (linking verb) noi chu ngff va vi ngff lai vdi nhau

Dong tff nay khong chi hanh dong ma giup cho tff d cuoi cau dinh ro

hoac mieu ta chu ngff Trong phan trffdc cua chffdng nay, nhffng dpng tff

lien ket thong dung bao gom: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear,

sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become Nhffng dang cua dong tff to be bao

gom am, are, is, was, were, am being, can be, have been va van van The m anager was happy about the job change.

Gidm doc rat phan khdi khi doi nghe.

Ong ay Id mot cong nhan gidi.

Nhieu dong tCr lien ket cung co the lam dong tir chi hanh dong

Lien ket: The kids looked sad.

Bon tre trong co ve buon.

Hanh dong: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain.

Toi tim con cho trong con mua tdm ta.

yy\e*>

De b iet dong tiif dtfdc suf dung la dong tuf lien k et hay dong tuf chi h an h dong, hay thay th§” dong tijf do

bang am , are hofic is Neu dpc len thay co nghla thi

dong tuf ban dau la dong tuf lien ket

Tr<jf d o n g tuf

Trd dong tif (helping verbs) dufOc them vao mot dong tuf khac de lam

nghla Trc( dong tuf bao gom moi dang cua cac dong tir to be, do ,does,

d, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must

jm dong tuf diTdc tao thanh bcfi mot dong tuf chinh va mot hoac vai trO

mg tir

They will run before dawn.

Ho se chay trudc binh minh.

They still have not yet found a smooth track.

Ho van chua tim diMc mot dudng chay bang phdng.

Tom ta t

Tieng A n h cd tam loai tit:

Tinh tu Trang tur Li?n tu

Thin tur Danh tur

Gidi tu Dai tu D<?ng tu

Thong qua cdch suf dung tCr trong cau, ta c6 the xac dinh dUdc n6 lai

loai nao

Tif kiem tra

1 Mot danh tijf dinh danh cho ngirdi, ndi chon ho£c sir va

2 Danh tif chung dinh danh bat cti ai ho£c vat nao tror mot ldp ngUdi, ndi chon hoSc sir vat

3 Danh tijf rieng cho biet ten cua mot ngirdi, ndi chon hoi sir vat cu the Danh tiif rieng khong bao gid viet hoa

4 Danh tCr sd nhieu cho biet quan he sd thuoc

5 Dong tir dien ta hanh dong, tinh trang hoSc trang th, ton tai

6 Co sau loai dong tuf can ban la: dong tir chi hanh don; dong tir lien ket, trd dong tir, ngoai dong tir, noi dor

tir, va dong tir so" nhieu

7 Trd dong tir dtfdc them vao mot dong tir khac de lam i

nghla Trd dong tir bao gom tat ca cac dang cua to be

8 Tinh tir dung de mieu ta danh tir va dai tir

9 Khong bao gid dtfdc dung tinh tir sau mot dong tir lie ket

10 Trang tir dung de mieu ta dong tir, tinh tir hoac trang I khac

11 Tat ca trang ttfdeu dtfdc thanh lap bang cach them - vao sau tinh tir

12 Gidi tir dung de lien ket dong tir vdi mot tir khac.

13 Dai tir lay nghia cua danh tir ma no thay the Danh tir

d6 dtfdc goi la tien ngff

14 Lien tir dung de lien ket tffho&c nh6m tir

15 Thdn tir the hien cam xuc manh liet va thffdng cach ra bang dau cham than (!)

Cau lutt danq (to4u tkmtk cau

Chon tir trong ngoSc thich hdp nhat vdi moi cau

1 Tinh tir rieng dtfOc thanh lap tir (danh tir chung, danh tir

rieng.)

2. C6 ba mao tir la a, an va (the, then).

3 The dtfOc goi la (mao tir bat dinh, mao tir xac dinh)

4 (Tinh tir vi ngff, tinh tff rieng) mieu ta chu ngff cua cau

va nam cach danh tff hoac dai tff bdi mot dong tff lien ket

5 (Thdn tff, Trang tff lien ket) dtfOc sff dung de noi cac tff khac, ndi cac y va doan van lai vdi nhau

6 Cd (ba, bay) loai lien tff din g lap

7 Lien tff tiTOng lien cung lien ket nhffng tff hoac nhom tff tffdng dffdng, nhirng luon di (theo dip, mot minh)

8 Danh tff tap hop (dinh danh nhom, chi quan he sd thuoc)

9 (I, Which) la dai tff nhan xUng.

10 (Yours, Herself) la dai tff sd hffu.

11 Dai tff nhan manh, khac vdi dai tff phan than, (dffng dau mot menh de phu, co tac dung nhan manh them)

12 (Dai tff nghi van, Dai tff bat djnh) dung de dat cau hoi,

bao gom what, which, who, whom, whose.

13 Cau nao cung phai co mot danh tff va mot (gidi tff, dong tff)

14 Dong tff chi hanh dong co the thay bang mat hoac (thuoc

ve tinh than, co tinh lien ket)

15 Trong cau "Luis dropped his hat", dong tif dropped 1

(ngoai dong tif, noi dong tif)

16 Trong cau "Nita awoke early," dong lif awoke la (ngos

dong tif, noi dong tir)

17 De xac dinh dong tif c6 phai la ngoai dong tir ha khong, hay tif hoi ("W ho?7”W hat?", "How many?’ sau dong tif

18 (Trd dong tif, Dong tif lien ket) ket ndi chu ngff vil \ ngff va khong dien ta hanh dong

19 Trd dong tff dffdc them vao mot dong iff khac de lar

ro nghla va co the bao gom moi dang cua (to be, to see

20 Trong cau "I traded my sandwich for three oatmea

cookies," tff oatmeal la mot (danh tff, tinh tff).

Xac dinh tif loai cua nhffng tff dUdc gach dirdi trong cau

1 The outside of the boat needs scraping

4 The ambulance is parked right outside the yard, next to the beehive.

11 Tang sff nhan manh

12 Dai tff nghi van

13 Dong tff

14 Thupc ve tinh than

Q h u q n g 2

(Dung, d a i t it (ttutg, mfCt p h a p

Dung dai tu nhan xung dung ngir p h ip Sua cach dung dai tu

Xem lai c ic h dung dai tu phan b i f t gidi tinh

Su dung who, which, that

26

c t d u

Sau khi doc chtfdng 1, b an da bi£t d ai tiif (pronoun)

la tiif dtfdc dung thay the cho danh tuf hoac mot d ai tif khac Dai tif lay nghla cua danh tiif ma no thay th e ,

va danh tuf do dtfdc goi la tien ngtf (antecedent)

Cach (case) dung de clii dang thtfc cua danh ttf hoac dai ttf; no cho bieit danh tif hoac dai tif dtfdc suf dung nhtf th£ nao trong cau

Tong quan v i cach ciia dai tit

Chi co hai loai ttf: danh ttf va dai ttf la co cach (case) Dieu nay co

nghla la danh ttf va dai ttf thay doi dang thtfc cua chung tuy vao vai tro cua chung trong cau Trong tieng Anh co ba cdch: chu ngff cach hay

thtfdng goi la danh cach (nominative), tan ngff cdch (objective) va sd hffu cach (possessive).

• Trong chu cach, dai tff dtfdc dung lam chu ngff

I threw the ball.

Toi nem trdi banh.

• Trong tan ngff cach, dai tff dtfdc dung lam tan ngff

Give the ball to me.

Dua trdi banh cho toi.

• Trong sd hffu cach, dai tff dtfdc dung de chi quan he sd thuoc The ball is mine.

Trdi banh la cua toi.

Bang sau day cho thay ba cach cua dai tff nhan xffng:

Chu ngff cach Tan ngff cach Sd hffu cach

(Pronoun as subject) (Pronoun as object) (Ownership)

Dai tff lam chu ngff Dai tff lam tan ngff Quan he sd thuoc

she her her, hers

De trin h dilng dai tff nhan xffng sai ngff phip, ban phai

cang thing, thtfc ra cung chlng kh6 l£m dau!

Sfi dung chil ngtt cach

1 Dung chu ngff cach de chi ra chu the cua dong tff

Father and (I, me) like *o shop at flea markets

Trd Idi: I la chu ngff cua cau Vi vay, dai tff d chu ngff cich

“Father and I like to shop at flea m arkets.”

“Bo va toi thich di mua sum d cuta hang do cu ”

De xac dinh dai tff cho dung, ta hay bo di chu ngff dau tien roi thff tffng trtfdng hdp, xem c ii nao dung hdn Vi du:

I like to shop at flea markets

Me like to shop at flea markets.

Ro rang la cau dau nghe dung hOn

-N

y y \& &

Khi b an liet ke tif hai chu ngff trd len thi n en nh6 la luon

luon de b a n th a n m inh sau cung Vi v ay , cau do

p h ai viet la “ F a th e r and I” , cliff khong bao gid la “ I and F a th e r.”

(Who, Whom) do you believe is the better shopper?

Trd Idi: Who la chu ngff cua dong tff is Vi vay, cau phai la "Who

do you believe is the better shopper?”

“Ban cho ai Id nguui mua sum gidi hem?”

28

Hay loai bo nhffng cum tff chen vao nhff do you believe, you think,

o you suppose (va nhffng cum tffdng tff) Chung khong anh hffdng tdi

dch cua dai tff

2 Dilng chu ngff cach cho vi chu ngff

Vi chu ngff (predicate nominative) la mot danh tff hoSc dai tff

theo sau m ot dong tff lien k et va co chtfc nang m ieu ta hofic dilng de chi chu ngff trong cau Hay nhd r&ng dong tff lien ket cd t£c dung noi chu ngff vdi mot tff bo sung cho chu ngff do dong

tff lien ket chi ra trang thai ton tai (am, is, are, v.v), lien he vdi cac gi^c quan (look, smell, taste, v.v) hoac chi mot tinh trang

(appear, seem, become, v.v).

The salesman of the month was (I, me)

Trd Idi: Dung /, vi dai tff nay lap lai ten cua chu ngff, the sales­

man of the month “The salesman of the month was I ”

Nhan vien ban hang cua thdng Id toi.

Cau nao dung: “It is / ” hay “It is me”? Tren ly thuyet thi dang dung phai la “It is I ,” vi chung ta dang suf dung mot vi chu ngff Tuy nhien, “It is m e ” (va “It is u s”) ngay cang dffdc nhieu ngtfdi chap nhan va sff dung pho bien

John’s suit no longer fits (he, him)

Trd Idi: John’s suit no longer fits him.

Bo do cua John mac khong vita nita.

(Who, Whom) did she finally invite to the dinner party?

Trd Idi: She la chu ngff, ngffdi thffc hien hanh dong Vi vay, cau

tren phai viet la "Whom did she finally invite to the dinner

p a rty ? ”

Of course, she can invite (whoever, whomever) she wants

Trd Idi: Of course, she can invite whomever she wants.

DT nhien, cd ay cd the mdi ai tuy y.

Khi b a n co m ot d ai tiif k<;t h<?p vdi d an h tif (vl du

nlnf tve guests, us guests), hay thuf d a t cSu m a khflng

co dan h tif B an co the “ nghe” thuf xem d ai tif nao

la dung

It is always a pleasure for we to atten d th e ir p arty

It is always a pleasure for us to atten d th e ir p arty

C hung toi luon th a y vui kh i dit tiec cua ho.

CSu thuf hai la dung

J

2 Dung tan ngff cach de chi mot tan nguf gian tiep (indirect object)

Tan ngff gian tiep cho ta biet sff viec dtfOc thtfc hien doi vdi ai

(to whom) hoac cho ai (for whom) Ban co the biet tif nao la tan

ngff gian tiep neu ban co the them to hoac for vao trffdc no ma khong lam thay doi nghla Vi du: “The book gave (to) my boss

and (to) me some new strategies.”

The bill gave (we, us) a shock

To hoa don khien chung toi sung sot.

Trd Idi: The bill gave us a shock.

3 Sff dung tan ngff cach cho tan ngff cua gidi tff

Hay nhd gidi tff la mot tff nho co tac dung noi danh tff hoSc dai tif theo sau no vdi mot tff khac trong cau

Sit by (I, me)

Trd Idi: Dai tff la tan ngff cua gidi tff, vi vay cau tren phai viet la

“Sit by m e”.

Hay ngoi ke ben toi.

30

it dung sd hitu cach

J D in g sd hffu cdch de chi quan he sd thuoc

The child refused to admit that the sweater was (her’s, hers)

Trd Idi: Hers 1^ dang dung cua sd hffu c&ch vii can phai dung d

day de chi quan he sd thuoc (thuoc ve co ay) Vi vay, cau nay phai

viet la: “The child refused to admit that the sweater was hers ”

Dtia be khong ch{u nhan cai do len Id cua no.

2 Dilng sd hffu cdch trtfdc dong danh tff (gerund).

Dong danh tff 1& mot dang cua dong tff nhffng co chffc nang nhtf

m ot danh tff Dpng danh tff luon tan cung b^ng -ing, va luon

ddng vai tro cua danh tff

(You, Your) walking in the rain didn’t cause your cold

Trd Idi: Dong danh tff walking can phai co dai tff sd hffu your Vi

vay, cau tren phai viet la: “Your walking in the rain didn’t cause

your cold ”

Ban di mi/a khong khien ban bi cam.

Do you mind (my, me) borrowing your cell phone?

Trd Idi: Do you mind my borrowing your cell phone?

Ban cd phien neu toi mUtln di$n thoai di d(>ng cua ban khong?

3 Dung dai tff sd hffu mot minh de chi quan he sd thuoc

This cell phone is mine, not yours.

Cdi di<?n thoai nay la cua toi, khong phai cua ban.

a nguyin tdc khac khi dung dai til

Day la ba nguyen tSc khac ap dung cho dai tff va cach

1 Dai tff co chffc nang dong vi (apposition) vdi danh tff thi cung cach vdi danh tff do

Cum tff dong vi (appositive phrase) la mot danh tff hoSc mot dai tff

co chffc nang bo sung thong tin va chi tiet Trong cau co the bo di cum tff dong vi nen chung dffdc ngan cach vdi phan con lai cua cau bang dau phay Cum tff dong vi dffdc gach dffdi trong cau sau

Two police officers, Alice and (she, h er), w ere com m ended fa bravery.

Tra Idi: Dai tir dong vi vdi danh ti* police officers, polic officers lai d chu ngff cach nen dai tff phai d chu ngff cdch (she

Vi vay, cau tren phai viet hi Two police officers, Alice and sk

w ere commended for bravery

Hai vien canh sat, Alice va co ay, duac tuyen duong ve ldn\ dung cam.

N goai le: Dai tff dffdc dilng lam chu the hanh dpng cua

dong tff nguyen mau (infinitive) phai d tan ngff cdch Vi du: “Juan expects Luz and (I, me) to host the reception.” Dai tff dung ( day phai la me, vi no la chu the h&nh dpng cua dong tff nguyS^ mau to host.

y y \ & o

Dai tff bi£u thi quan h6 scl thufic khong bao gift co

dSu ltftfc H ay d£ y cac d a i tff quan h£ sau: yours,

his, hers, its, ours, theirs.

2 Dung dang - s e lf cho dung vdi nhffng trffdng hdp phan than (re­

flexive) va nhan manh (intensive).

Nhff da noi d Chffdng 1, dai tff phan than phan anh lai chu ngfl ho^c tan ngff

The child em barrassed himself

DiCa be tu gay lung tung cho minh.

Dffng dung dai tff phan than de thay the cho chu ngff xh tan ngil

The boss and (myself, I) had a meeting

Trd Idi: Dung dai tff / chff khong phai dang phan than Vi vay

cau tren phai viet la: “The boss and I had a m eetin g ”

Ong chu va toi co myt cuoc hop.

3 Who d chu ngff cach; con whom d tan ngff cach.

Khong ai phan doi viec who va whom la nhffng dai tff r^c roi nhat trong tieng Anh Mac dii chung ta da ban ve who va whom trone

chffdng trtfdc, nhffng nhffng tff nay gay khd nhieu phien toai nen

can phai danh rieng mot phan de n6i ve who v& whom Ta hay b£t dau b&ng cich nhin lai bang mieu ta c£ch dilng dai tff sau.

Chu ngff TSn ngff Tff sd hffu

(Chu ngff c£ch) (Tan ngff cdch) (Sd hffu c£ch)

Bay gid la mpt so nguyen tic:

• Dilng who h o ic whoever khi dai tff la chu ngff cua dong tff.

Who won the Nobel Prize this year?

Ai da doqt gidi Nobel ndm nay?

• Dilng who hoSc whoever khi dai tff la vi chu ngff.

The winner was who?

NgUdi chien thang Id ai?

• Dilng whom hoSc whomever khi dai tff la tan ngff trffc tiep cua

dong tff ho&c lam tan ngff cho gidi tff

Whom did he fire this week?

Tuan nay ong ta sa thdi ai?

'Jung dai til ll$n hd dung ngQ phap

Dai tff lay nghla tff tien ngff (antecedent) Tien ngff la danh tff hoSc

lai tff ma n6 de cap tdi Neu dung dai tff lien he vdi tien ngff khong r5 ang thi se gay kh6 hieu khi noi va v ie t

DSt vi tri cua dai tff mot cach cau tha co the tao ra nhffng cau rat ttfc tfcJi lan khd hieu Hay xem xet sff khac nhau giffa dieu ngtfdi viet ighi vdi nghla cua n6 trong cac cau sau:

Last w eek, a wart appeared on my right thumb, and I want it re-

noved

Tuan trUtfc, mot cai mun coc xud't hien tren ngon cai tay phai cua

edi, va toi muon bo no.

(Are you removing the wart or the thumb?)

(Ban dinh loai bo cai mun coc hay Id ngon tay cai?)

Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you and

your friends You must get rid of them.

Toi loi vd sU tdn nhan co the gay tdn thU(tng tinh cam cho ban vc ban be Ban nen tong khii chung.

(Are you getting rid of the guilt or your friends?)

(Ban djnh tong khu toi loi hay la ban be cua ban?)

Co ba cdch de tranh gay khd hieu khi dung dai tif

1 Mot dai tir phai de cap rd rang tdi mot tien ngff duy nhat

2 Bat dai tff gan vdi tien ngff cua no

3 Lam cho dai tff de cap tdi mot tien ngff xac dinh

Ta hay tim hieu tffng nguyen tic nhe

1 Mot dai tff phai de cap rd rang tdi mot tien ngff duy nhat Mot lo thffdng gap khi ndi va viet la khi cung mot dai tff lai de cap td

hdn mot tien ngff Vi du, trong cau cuoi cua phan trtfdc, them a the de cap tdi guilt, unkindness, hoac your friends.

Nhd la mot dai tff cd chffc nang thay the cho mot danh tff Muoi chic ch in ban viet va ndi rd rang thi hay luon luon dung danh tiJ trtfdc khi dung dai tff Lam cho cau rd rang hdn bang cach ddnf danh tff thay cho dai tff gay map md Nhff the, tat ca nhffng dai til con lai se de cap rd rang tdi mot tien ngtf duy nhat

Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you ant

your friends You must get rid of them.

Toi loi vd sU tan nhan co the gay tdn thUtfng tinh cam cho ban vi ban be Ban nen loai bo nhCtng dieu nay.

Day la hai cach sffa lai cau nay:

Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you am

your friends You must get rid of these issues.

Toi loi va su tan nhan co the gay tdn thvtong tinh cam cho ban vi ban be Ban nen loai bo nluTng van de nay.

Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you an<

your friends You must get rid of these destructive pnmtinnc

Tgi loi vd sit tan nhan co the gay ton thucmg tinh cam cho ban va ban be Ban nen loai bo nhitng cam xuc gay thuctng ton nay.

2 DSt dai tff gan vdi tien ngff cua n6 Neu co qud nhieu cum tff

chen giffa dai tff vk tien ngff cua n6 thi cau se trd nen kho doc va

khd hieu Dieu n£y cd the xay ra ngay ca khi phan chen vao c6 men lien he logic vdi phan con lai cua cau Hay xem cau sau:

A fter m eeting a few guests, the President entered the recep ­tion At that point, Senator Chin and the other elected officials

began to pose for pictures Even so, he did not join them.

Sau khi gap mot vai v/ khdch, Thu tudng budc vdo phong dai tiec Vdo luc do, Thuang nghi si Chin va cac vien chiic duoc bau khac bat dau dting chup anh Du vay, ong ay khong tham gia vdi ho.

Trong cau nay, he cach xa tien ngff the President cua no Mot giai phap la thay the he bang the President Cach khac la viet lai

cau sau cho dai tff dffOc dtfa lai gan tien ngff hOn

After meeting a few guests, the President entered the reception

At that point, Senator Chin and the other elected officials began

to pose for pictures Even so, the President did not join them

Sau khi gap mot vdi vi khdch, Thu tudng budc vdo phong dai tiec Vdo luc do, Thuctng nghi si Chin vd cac vien chiic duuc bau khac bat dau dicng chup anh Du vay, Thu tudng khong tham gia vdi ho.

A fter m eeting a few guests, the President entered the recep ­tion He did not join Senator Chin and the other elected offi­cials, even though they began to pose for pictures

Sau khi gap m()t vdi vi khdch, Thu tudng budc vdo phdng dai tiec Ong khong tham gia vdi Thuong nghi si Chin vd cac vien chiic dU(fc bau khac, mac du ho dd bat dau dting chup anh.

y y \e -&

Khi b an b at dau viet mot doan van mdi, hay lap lai danh tff trong doan trffdc thay vi dung dai tff d£ thay the no Lap lai danh tff (thffdng la ten rieng) co tliS’ giup ngffcfi dpc d ! dang liiS’u dffpc logic cua ban

3 Lam cho mot dai tiif de cap tdi mQt tien ngff x&c dinh Hay din bao la tat ca dai tff chi de cap tdi mpt tien ngff duy nhat Dai tiif it,

this, that va which d ie biet de gay nham lan Hay xem cau sau

I told my friends that I was going to be a rock star, which an noyed my mother

Toi bao vdi ban be la toi sap thanh ngoi sao nhac rock, dieu na\ khien me tdi buc minh.

Kieu cau sau day tot hdn vl n6 it md ho hdn:

My mother was annoyed because I told my friends that I wa going to be a rock star

Me toi buc minh vi toi bao vdi ban be la toi sap thanh ngoi sa nhac rock.

Thay doi cach dung dai til glong due

Dai tff co so ltfdng (number), ngoi (person) va giong (gender).

Djnh nghla

So ltfdng cho biet so ltfdng nhieu hay it

Ngoi (person) chi ra dai tff de cap tdi

ngoi thtf nhat (I: ngtfdi dang noi), ngoi

thtf hai (you: ngtfdi nghe), ho5c ngoi

thff ba (she: ngirdi, ndi chon hoac vat

dffdc noi tdi)

Vi duLenny has changed hisplans

Lenny do thay doi ke hoach cua minh.

Lenny and Sam have changed their plans

Lenny va Sam da thay doi ke hoach cua hQ .1 like to read mysteries Tdi thich doc tieu thuye than bi.

You can get them in th

library

Ban cd the lay sdch do trong thu vien.

Jill is studying math,

which she needs

Jill dang hoc todn, mon

ma co d'y can.

Giong c6 the li giong dffc, giong c ii He is a butcher; she is a

dng ay la ngUdi ban th\t;

cd ay la ngUdi lam banh

It is a fine car.

Do la mot chiec xe dep

Luc trtfdc, dai ttf giong dffc dtfdc dilng de chi mot tien ngtf ddn le thong xac dinh dtfdc la giong nao

A student should turn in his assignments on time.

Sinh vien nen nc)p bai cua anh ta dung han.

C ich ddng n£y hien nay khong con dtfdc cho la dung ntfa, vi no la

':dch noi phan b if t gidi tinh Ban c6 the dilng ca dai ttf giong dtfc va

;iong c ii ho&c viet lai cau de bien dai ttf trd th&nh so nhieu:

A student should turn in his or her assignments on time.

Sinh vien nen nop bai cua anh ay hoac cd ay dung han.

Students should turn in their assignments on time.

Sinh vien nen nyp bai cua ho dung han.

Stf ltfa chon nao la tot nhat day? Hay chon cdch viet lai cau de bien tai ttf thanh so' nhieu vi cau cu nghe troi chay hdn

Dung 'Who Which That

C6 nhffng nguyen tac dSc biet chi phoi cdch dilng dai tff quan he vho, which va that.

1 Who dilng de chi ngffdi hoac dong vat (chi nhffng dong vat co

ten hoSc tai nang d ie biet, nhff Lassie ching han)

She is not the actress who was orignally cast in the role.

Co ay khong Id nit dien vien duoc ch<pn vao vai do ngay tit dau.

2 That va which dung de chi do vat, nh6m va dong vat kh6nf

dtfdc dat ten

Chon dung which hay that la tiJy thupc vao viec menh de ma dai ttf dtfng dau la menh de gidi han (restrictive clause) hay ment

de khong gidi han (nonrestrictive clause).

• M enh de gidi han la yeu to bat buoc phai co trong cau

• M enh de khong gidi han co chtfc nang bo nghla, dtfdc del bang dau phay, va c6 the bo khoi cau

Dung that cho menh de gidi han va which vdi menh de khon{

gidi han

Once, at a social gathering, Gladstone said to Disraeli, “I pre

diet, sir, that you will die either by hanging or by some vile

disease.” (menh de gidi han)

Mot Ian no, trong buoi gap m at x d giao, G ladstone noi vth Disraeli, “Thua ngai, tdi doan rang ngai se chet vi bi treo ci hoac mac mot can benh nang ”

Disraeli replied, “That all depends, sir, upon w hether I embraci

your principles or your m istress.” (menh de gidi han)

Disraeli dap trd, “Tat cd nhCtng dieu do cdn tuy, thua ngai, xei

la tdi dm cac nguyen tac cua ngai hay dm vd cua ngai ”

Postage meters, which are easy to use, are available at the bool store, (menh de khong gidi han)

May dong dau tem, loai may rat de sd dung, cd d nha sdch.

Khi dam thoai ti£ng Anh, ivho va w hom ever cang

ngay cang it ditoc dung tdi Ngtfdi ta thtfdng dung

who va whoever m ot cach thSn m at trong hau h£t

ta t ca cac tinh liuong

38

Tom ta t

C ich (case) la m ot dang cua danh tur ho2c dai

tu No chi cho ta bi<Tt danh tu ho2c dai tu ducrc dung nhu th?f nao trong c iu

TiSng Anh cd ba cach: chu ngu c ic h , ta n ngu

c ic h va sd hu u cich.

Dung chu ngu c ic h i t chi chu th i cua dong

tu ; d u n g ta n ngu c a ch m uc ti§ u chi doi tuqfng t a c d o n g c u a do n g tu ; d u n g sd h u u

c ic h i t chi quan h? sd thuoc

Hay lam cho dai tur li£n h f rd ran g vdi m ot

t il n ngu don x i c djnh

P i t dai tu g i n vdi tiln ngu cua no

Tif kiem tra

Cau Icitt cttiug - bai

1 Cach (case) dung de cho biet cach mot danh tCr hay dai ti* bien doi tuy vao cach ta dung tCr do trong cau

2 Tieng Anh co ba cach la: chu ngff cdch, tan ngff cach

va sd hffu cach

3 Trong chu ngff cach, dai tff dffdc dung de chi quan he

sd thuoc

4 Trong sd hffu cach, dai tff dffdc dung lam tan ngff

5 Who d chu ngff cach; whom d tan ngff cach.

6 Vj chu ngff la danh tff hoac dai tff theo sau mot dong tff lien ket va xac dinh hoac goi lai ten cua chu ngff

7 Dung tan ngff cach de chi tan ngff cua danh tff, dong tff hoac tinh tff

Cau hdi

8 Dong danh tiif luon tan cilng b&ng - e d vik luon c6 chiit

nang lam dong tif

9 Dai tir dong vi vdi danh tir thi d cilng cach vdi danh tir

10 Dai tir dffdc diing lam chu tir cua mot dpng tir nguyet mau thi d chu ngff cich

11 Dai tff chi quan hp sd thuoc luon luon cd dau ltftjc

12 Dung dai tff phan than de thay the cho chu ngtfvi tan ngff

13 Dai tff phai lien he r5 rang tdi mot tien ngff x ic dint duy nhat

14 Phai dat dai tff gan vdi tien ngff cua no

15 Who dung de chi ngtfdi hoSc con vat, trong khi that vi

which chi do vat, nhom va loai vat khong dtfdc d&t ten

Cfiu dang luuUt iJutick cau.

Chon tff thich hdp de hoan thanh cau

1 Trish and (I, me) have decided to m ove to Brazil

2 The new em ployees are (they, them)

3 The problem is unquestionably (she, her)

4 Human beings, (who, whom) are the most fascinat ing species on earth, are also the most admirable

5 Those (whom, who) are early to bed and early to risi are healthy, wealthy, and very tired

6 The best dressed employee has always been (him, he)

7 The winning contestants are the G riffels and (they them)

8 The concept (which, that) intrigued (we, us) had no yet been publicized

9 My car, (who, which) was brand new, had relativel} little damage

10 The car (which, that) hit me was speeding

11 From (who, whom) did you buy that beautiful purse'