Hướng dẫn viết đúng ngữ pháp tiếng anh phần 2 thanh thảo, thanh hoa

Loai cum tijf d ud ica iba n Cum gidi tff cd chffc nang nhff mot tinh tff Cum gidi tff cd chffc nang nhff mot trang tff Danh tff hoac dai tff dung de chi mot danh tff hoac dai tff khac

Cum gioi tiif, dong vj ngir, cum dong tu

* ^ Su khac biSt giua m?nh & doc 12 p va mfnh & phi)

thuoc

MSnh di trang tu, m?nh di tmh tu, m?nh d£ quan h?

vk m2nh di danh tu

146

Clnfdng nay md d iu bang p h in ban luan cum tuf, mot trong nhtfng ph an quan trpng cau th an h cau

Co nhigu loai cum ttf, bao gom cum gidi ttf ca cum tinh ttf va cum tran g ttf, dong vi ngff va cum dong ttf Sau

d o , b a n se on ve m enh d e , mot nhom ttf co chu ngff va d6ng ttf rieng

TSng quan cum tit

Cum tff (phrase) la mot nhom tff co chffc nang nhu mot tff loai trong

cau Mot cum tff khong co chu ngff hay dong tff, v'l vay no khong the dffng mot minh nhff mot ddn vi doc lap dffdc - no chi cd chffc nang nhff mot tff loai thoi Khi viet, ban dung cum tff de tang tinh chi tiet bang cach mieu

ta Cum tff giup ban dien dat rd rang hdn

Loai cum tijf

d ud ica iba n

Cum gidi tff cd chffc nang nhff mot tinh tff

Cum gidi tff cd chffc nang nhff mot trang tff

Danh tff hoac dai tff dung de chi mot danh tff hoac dai tff khac

Vi du

Near the house over the moon under the desk

Gan nha; qua mat trang;

Marci has a scarf with green stripes.

Marci co mot cai khan quang soc xanh.

The fans shouted with hoarse voices.

Ngudi ham mo la het den khan giong.

Fran, a teacher, enjoys

summer vacation

Fran, mot gido vien, thich

ky nghi he.

147

Dong ttf

Dong tinh tiif

Dong danh tijf

Dong tijf

nguyen mau

Dang dong tif dtfdc dung nhir mot tir loai khac tir nguyen m luCum dong tir c6 chtfc nang nhir mQt tinh tir

Cum dong tir co chute nang nhir mot danh tir

Cum dong tirco chute nang nhir m Q t danh tir, tinh tir hoiic trang tir

Xem phan Dong tinh

tir, dong danh tir vik dQng tir nguyen mau

Screaming loudly, the

baby was disconsolate

La rat to, diia be khong the do dUQc.

Working overtime

requires great sacrifice

Lam vi^c ngoai gid can phai co sU hy sinh rat Itk

To clean house on a spring day is depressing Don nha vao mot ngdy mua xuan that Id chan.

Cum giat til

Cum gidi tir (prepositional phrase) la mot nhom tir bat dau b&ng mQt

gidi tir va ket thuc bang mot danh tir hoac dai tir Danh tir hoac dai tif n&y dude goi la “doi ttfdng cua gidi ttf ”

1 Cum tinh ttf (adjectival phrase)

Khi mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf, no dtfdc goi to cum tinh ttf Cung giong nhtf tinh ttf, cum tinh ttf mieu ta mQt danh ttf hoac dai ttf De biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot cum tinh ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no co tra Idi cho nhtfng cau h6i sau

khong: “which one?" (Cai ndo?) va “what kind?" (Loai ndo?) The cost o f the jeans was surprisingly high.

Gid quan jean cao mot cach dang kinh ngac.

Cum tinh ttf “o f the jeans ” mieu ta danh ttf cost.

148

The clown with the mask terrifies the children.

Anh he vdi mat ng lam bon tre sd chet khiep.

Cum tinh tiif “with the m ask” mieu ta danh tif clown.

2 Cum trang tir (adverbial phrase)

Khi mot cum gidi ttfc6 chtfc nang nhtf mot trang ttf, nd dtfdc goi la cum trang ttf Trong trtfdng hdp n&y, nd mieu ta mot dong ttf, tinh ttf hoiic trang ttf B e biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot cum trang ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no cd trd Idi cho nhffng cau

hoi sau khong: “Where?” (d dau?), “When?” (khi nao?), “In what manner?" (theo cdch nao?) va “To what extent?” (tdi mtfc nao?) The Mets played at Shea Stadium.

Doi Mets chdi d sdn van dong Shea.

Cum trang ttf “at Shea Stadium ” bd nghla cho dong ttf played The game lasted into the fourteenth inning.

Tran dau keo dai tdi lUdt thu mudi bon.

Cum trang ttf “into the fourteenth inning” bd nghla cho dong ttf lasted.

Dong 171 ngtt vd cum dong vf

Bong vj ngtf (appositive) la mot danh ttf hoac dai ttf dung de neu lai

mpt danh ttf hoac dai ttf khac Bong vi ngff dtfdc dat ngay sau danh ttf

hoac dai ttf ma nd bd nghla Cum dong vi (appositive phrase) la danh ttf

hoac dai ttfdi vdi phan bd nghla

Lisa, a friend, should have understood my fear.

Lisa, m()t ngudi ban, le ra phai hieu ndi sd cua tdi.

Bong vi ngtf “a frie n d ” dung de chi danh ttf Lisa.

Tom ’s new car, a PT Cruiser, ran out of gas on the highway Chiec xe nidi cua Tom, mot chiec PT Cruiser, het xdng tren dudng cao tdc.

Bong vi ngtf “a PT Cruiser” dung de chi danh ttf car.

149

Lisa, a dear old friend, should have understood my fear.

Lisa, mot ngudi ban cu rat than, le ra phai hieu noi so cua tdi Cum dong vi “a dear old frie n d ” dilng de chi danh tif Lisa.

Tom ’s new car, a cherry red convertible PT Cruiser, ran out of gas

Cum dong til

Dang dong tir (verbal) la mot dang cua dong tir diTdc dung nhir mot tir

loai khac Dang dong tir co ba bien the: dong tinh tir (participle), dpng

danh tir (gerund) va dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive) Moi loai c6 chtfc

nang khac nhau trong cau:

• Dong tinh tir co chute nang nhir tinh tir

• Dong danh tir co chufc nang nhir danh tir

• Dong tir nguyen mau co chute nang nhir danh tir, tinh tir hoic trang tir

Mac du dang dong tir khong co chute nang nhu" dong tir trong cau nhiTng

no van giuT hai tinh chat cua dong tif:

• Dang dong tir co the diTdc bd nghla bdi trang tir hoiic cum trang ttf

• Dang dong tir co the them tir bd nghla va bien thanh cum dong ttf

(verbal phrase).

3 Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrases)

Dong tinh tif (participle) la mot dang cua dong tirco chufc nang nhtf mot tinh tir Co hai loai dong tinh tir: dong tinh tir hien tai (present participle) va dong tinh tir qua khi? (past participle)

• Dong tinh tir hien tai tan cung la -in g (jumping, burning, speaking)

• Dong tinh tir qua khuf thudng tan cung bang -ed, -t hoac -e n (jumped, burnt, spoken).

150

The wailing cats disturbed the neighbors.

Lu meo keu gdo lam ndo d()ng cac nhd hang xdm.

Dpng tinh tir hien tai “wailing ” bd nghla cho danh tCr cats

Annoyed, the customer stalked out of the store.

Gian dit, ngudi khdch hang budc ra khoi ciia hang.

Dong tinh tir qua khuf “annoyed" bd nghla cho danh tir customer

Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrase) bao gom mot dong tinh tir

dtfdc bd nghla bdi mot trang ttf hoac mot cum trang ttf Cum dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf va cd the dat trtfdc hoSc sau ttf ma

nd bd nghla

Walking carefully, I avoided the spilled juice.

Budc di can than, toi tranh cho nude ep bi do.

Cum dong tinh ttf “walking carefully” bd nghla cho dai ttf I.

Nina, bothered by the mess, cleaned it up.

Nina, buc b(>i vdi cho ban, chui nd di.

Cum dong tinh ttf “bothered by the m ess” bd nghla cho danh ttf Nina.

4 Cum dong danh ttf (gerund phrase)

Dong danh ttf (gerund) la mot dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf Dong danh ttf cd the lam chu ngtf, tan ngff trffc tiep (direct object), tan ngff gian tiep (indirect object), tan ngff cua gidi tff (object o f a preposition), chu vi ngit (predicate nominative), va dong vi ngd (ap­ positive).

• Dong danh tff luon tan cung bang -ing.

• Dong danh tff luon cd chffc nang nhtf danh ttf

In adult education, the Kitters discovered dancing.

Trong Idp hoc tai chiic, nhom Kitters dd phat hien ra mon khieu vu Dong danh ttf “dancing ” la mot tan ngtf trtfc tiep.

Giong nhtf dong tinh ttf, dong danh ttf co the la mot phan cua cum

tir

151

The slow, steady dripping annoyed him.

Nude chay nhd giot deu deu khien anh ta buc bqi.

Cum dong danh tiif lii “the slow, steady dripping ’

Jill’s morning schedule includes exercising fo r a fu ll hour.

Lich lam vi$c buoi sang cua Jill bao gom tap the due du nu}t titfng Cum dong danh tir la “exercising fo r a fu ll hour ’

Cum ddng til nguyen mclu

Dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive) la mot dang cua dong tir; n6 di sau tir to va c6 chtfc nang nhtf mot danh ttf, tinh ttf hoSc trang tif Mpt cum dong ttf nguyen mau bao gom c ic ttf bd nghla gop lai v& thtfc

hien chtfc nang cua mot ttf loai

His goal, to get promoted before age 30, didn’t seem realistic Muc tieu cua anh ay, dUOc thang chiic trudc ndm 30 tuoi, dU(fng nhu khong thuc te lam.

Cum dong ttf nguyen mau “to get promoted before age 3 0 ” bd nghla cho danh ttf goal.

The honorees did not want to attend the banquet in the evening Nhitng ngudi dUOc vinh danh khong muon tham du bda ti?c toi Cum dong ttf nguyen mau la “to attend the banquet in the evening."

Mot menh de (clause) la mot nh6m ttf vdi chu ngff va dong ttf rieng

cua nd Giong nhtf cum ttf, menh de cd tac dung lam bai viet hoSc b&i ndi

ban chinh xac hdn M enh de cung cho phdp ban ket hdp y ttfdng lai de the hien moi quan he giffa chung Viec nay lam tang tinh logic vd mach lac cho bai ndi hoSc viet cua ban

Co hai loai menh de: M enh de doc lap, con goi la m enh de chinh) vi menh de phu thuoc con goi la menh de quan he

152

Bdng sau day cho vi du ve cdc loai

M£nh de phu thupc

When opossums are playing

’possum,

Khi con thu opot dang gid chet,

In the great fire of

they are not “playing ”

chung khong phai “dang choi ”

half of London was burnt down

mot ntfa thdnh pho London

bi thieu rui.

all office-seekers in the RomanEmpire were obliged to w ear acertain white toga

tat cd nhtfng ngudi muon lam cong chtfc trong de che La Md buoc phai mac m Q t loai do dai trdng.

Menh de phu thuoc (dependent clause) lam tang thong tin cho menh

de chinh, nhtfng khong can co no mdi day du </ Mac dll moi menh de phu

thuoc trong bang tren deu co chu ngtf va dong ttf nhtfng n6 khong dien dat mpt ^ hoan chinh Vi vay, no khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc

Mpnh de phu thuQC thtfdng bat dau b&ng mot ttf khien cho menh de

khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc Hay xem lai ba m enh de phu thuoc trong

bang d tren Nhffng tff dffdc dung d day bao gom when, in va for Cac tff nay dtfdc goi la lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction).

y y \ c ^

B an kh6ng tht; xac dinh mot m enh de la doc lap hay phu thu6c ng'u chi dtfa vao d6 d ai cua no

153

Moi loai m enh d£ d&u co th£ r^ t dai hoftc rift ngSn - hoiic vifa phai Ngtfdi viSt klieo thtfdng bi£n tifu d6 dai cua cac m^nh d£ d£ tao ra nhip di$u, stf cSn bang va y nghla trong bai vi£t cua hp.

Lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) c6 tic dung lien ket

m enh de doc lap vdi menh de phu thuoc Moi hen ttf phu thuoc dien dat mot mdi quan he gitfa menh de phu thuoc vd menh de doc lap Vi du nhu mot sd lien ttf chi thtf ttf thdi gian, trong khi sd khac lai chi quan h? nhan qua

Bang sau day liet ke nhtfng lien ttf phu thupc thtfdng dung nhat vk moi quan he ma chung dien dat:

L ien tff phu thuQC

Unless, provided that, if, even if

Because, as, as if

Rather than, than, whether

Though, although, even though, but

W here, w herever

In order that, so, so that, that

While, once, when, since, as

whenever, after, before, until, as soon

-yy\c-&

Khi m enh de phu thuoc b a t dSu bang lien ttf phu thuoc va dtfng trtfdc m enh de doc lap tlii chung thtfdng cach nhau bcfi mot dau ph5y

W hen you a re in G reece, you should visit the P a rth e n o n (dtfng trtfdc)

K hi ban den H y L a p , ban h a y den th a m den P arthenon

\ o u should visit the P arth e n o n when you a re in Rome.(dtfng sau)

B a n nen den th am den P arthenon kh i ban d en R om e.

Md'i quan h<?

dieu kien nguyen nhan ltfa chon ttfdng phan ndi chon ket qua, he qua thdi gian

154

C6 ba loai menh de phu thupc: menh de trang tir (adverb clause),

i<?nh de tinh tir (adjective clause), va menh de danh tir (noun clause).

1 Menh de trang tir

Menh de trang tir la mot menh de phu thuoc bo nghla cho mot dong tir, tinh tir hoSc trang tir khac Giong nhir trang tir, menh de trang tir tra Idi cho nhffng cau hoi sau:

W here? Why? When?

To what extent? Under what condition? In what manner?

Ban co the dat menh de trang tir 6 dau, giffa hoac cuoi cau

• Menh de trang tff d dau cau:

Wherever Misty goes, she leaves broken hearts behind.

Misty di tdi dau, co ay deu de lai nhtfng trdi tim tan vd phia sau Menh de trang tff “wherever Misty goes” bd nghla cho dong tff

“leaves

• Menh de trang tff d giffa cau:

Fritz liked the meal more than Tish did because she is a picky eater Fritz thich btfa an hdn Tish bdi vi co ay Id ngtfdi ken an.

Menh de trang tff “more than Tish d id ” bo nghla cho trang tff more.

• Menh de trang tff d cuoi cau:

Harvey wanted to change his appearance because he was wanted for embezzlement.

Harvey muon thay doi ngoai hinh vi anh ta bj truy nd ve toi tham o Menh de trang tff “because he was wanted for embezzlement” bd nghla cho dong tff change.

2 Menh de tinh tff

Menh de tinh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc bd nghla cho danh tff va dai tff Giong nhff tinh tff, mot menh de tinh tff tra Idi nhffng cau hoisau:

W hat kind? Which one? How many? How much?

Hau het cac menh de tinh tff deu bat dau bang cac dai tff who, whom, why, whose, which, that, when, where.

155

The traffic is never light on the days when I ’m in a hurry.

Xe co khong bao gid it vao nhtfng ngay toi cd vifc gap.

M enh de tinh tiif “when I ’m in a hurry " bo nghla cho danh tir dan

W e selected the candidates who were best qualified fo r the job Chung toi chon nhtfng ting vien dap ting dieu ki?n tot nhat cho cong viec.

M enh de tinh tif “who were best qualified fo r the job * bd nghla cho

danh tir candidates.

3 M enh de quan he (relative clause)

M enh de tinh tif bdt dau bdng nhffng dai tff quan he dffdc goi li

menh de quan he Cac dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose,

which, that Dai tff quan he c6 chffc nang lien ket mot menh de tinh

tff vdi tff md nd bd nghla

Ms Harris, whose son is an athlete, is used to having their home

filled with sporting equipment

Ba Harris, ngtfdi cd con Id van dong vien, quen vdi vi$c trong nhu luon day dung cu the thao.

M enh de quan he “whose son is an athlete ” bd nghla cho danh tif

Ms Harris.

The person o f whom you spoke is my cousin.

Ngtfdi md ban dd noi chuygn la em ho cua tdi.

M enh de quan he “o f whom you spoke” bd nghla cho danh l\lper­ son.

4 M enh de danh tff

M enh de danh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc co chffc nang nhir mpt danh tff

Tracey does whatever her parents ask her to do.

Tracey lam bdt cti viec gi bd me yeu cdu cd lam.

M enh de danh tff la “whatever her parents ask her to do

The teacher did not accept my excuse that the dog ate my home­ work.

156

Thay khong chap nhan Idi bao chita la con cho dd an mat bdi tap ve nhd cua toi.

Menh de danh tuf li “that the dog ate my homework ”

Cum tu (phrase) li mpt nhom tu khong co chu ngu ho2c dpng tu, co chuc n3ng nhu mpt tu loai Cum tu khong thf dung mot minh nhu mpt don vj dpc lip

Cum gidi tu (prepositional phrase) b it diu vdi mot gidi tur vi k<5t thuc being mpt danh tur hoSc dai tu; cum gidi

tur co chuc n3ng nhu mot cum tinh tu (adjectival phrase) ho3c cum trang tu (adverbial phrase)

f>ong vj ngu (appositive) dung dS chi mpt danh tu ho3c

dai tu khic; cum dong vi (appositive phrase) bao gom

ci phin bo nghla

Dang dong tur (verbal) li cic dang cua dong tu dupe dung nhu mot tu loai khic Pong tinh tur (participle) co chuc ning nhu tinh tu; dpng danh tu (gerund) co chuc ning nhu danh tu; dong tur nguySn mlu (infinitive) co chuc nang nhu danh tu, tinh tu ho|c trang tur

M|nh di doc lap / mfnh di chinh (independent / main

clause) li mot ciu hoin chinh

M?nh di phu thupc / mfnh di phu (dependent / sub­

ordinate clause) li mpt phin cua ciu; no khong thf dung mot minh

157

4 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau la mot cum gidi tff:

Frisky, my loyal Irish setter, can always sense when

I ’m upset

Frisky, con cho giong Ailen trung thanh cua toi, lutmco the cam nhan dtfdc khi toi buon.

5 Cum tinh tff mieu ta danh tff hoac dai tff

6 B e biet mot cum gidi tffco lam chffc nang cua cum tinh tff hay khong, hay tra Idi nhffng cau hdi sau: "Theo phtfdng thtfc nao?" hoac "Tdi mtfc nao?"

7 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhir mot cum tinh tff:

The fireworks continued late into the night.

Phdo hoa tiep tuc ban tdi khuya.

8 Cum trang tff mieu ta mot dong tff, tinh tff hoac trang tir

9 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau cd chffc nang nhff mot cum trang tff:

The Little League team competed in the local arena Doi Little League thi dau tren sdn nhd.

10 M enh de la mot danh tff hoac dai tff goi lai ten cua danh tff hoac dai tff khac

11 Dang dong tff la mot dang dong iff dtfdc xem nhtf mot tff loai khac

158

12 Dang dong tiif cung y het nhu1 cum dong vi.

13 Dong tinh ttfco chtfc nang nhtf tinh ttf

14 Dong ttf nguyen mau co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf

15 Dong danh ttf co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf, tinh ttf hoac trang ttf

16 Dong tinh ttf hien tai luon luon tan cung being -ing (kiss­ ing, leaping, moaning.)

17 Dong tinh ttf qua khtf thtfdng tan ciing bang -ed, -t hoSc -en nhtf trong smoked va burnt.

18 Dong danh ttf luon tan cilng bling -ing va co chtfc nang

nhtf dong ttf

19 Cum ttf in nghieng trong cau sau la dong ttf nguyen mau:

Why did the chicken cross the road?

Tai sao con ga lai bang qua dudng?

To Ernest Hemingway: To die In the rain.

Tdi Ernest Hemingway: Chet Trong mUa.

20 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot cum tinh ttf:

I met a woman who works with your uncle.

Tdi gap mot ngudi phu nit lam viec vdi cau cua ban.

21 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot cum tinh ttf:

Whenever he travels, Steve collects souvenirs.

Di tdi dau, Steve deu sUu tap do luu niem.

22 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot cum trang ttf:

He ran as if he had a torn ligament.

Anh ay chay nhu the bi rdch day chang vay.

159

23 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc nSng nhff raft cum trang tff:

Whomever you hire must speak Spanish.

Bat ctf ngffdi n io anh thue deu phai noi dffdc tieng Tay Ban Nha

24 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chffc n3ng nhff mpt cum danh tff:

The big question is whether she will be able to attend the meeting.

Van de quan trqng la cd ay cd the tham du cu(>c hop duoc khong.

25 Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc n5ng nhifrnQt menh de doc lap:

Before they invented drawing boards, what did they go

back to?

Trudc khi ngudi ta phat minh ra gid ve, ho dd dung gi?

Chon tff thich hdp nhat trong ngo&c de hoan thanh moi cau

1 M enh de la mot nhdm tff vdi chu ngff va (dai tff quan

he, dong tff) cua rieng nd

2 C6 hai loai menh de lii menh de doc lap vji (menh de dong tff, menh de phu thuoc.)

3 M enh de doc lap con dffdc goi li (menh de chinh, menh

de quan he.)

4 Lien tff (tinh tff, phu thuoc) lien ket menh de doc lap vdi menh de phu thuoc

5 Lien tff unless chi (thdi gian, dieu kien.)

6 Lien tff although chi (sff tffdng phan, ket qua.)

7 M enh de phu thuoc cung y het nhir (dong tff nguyen mau, menh de phu.)

8 Tat ca menh de phu thuoc deu la (menh de phu, cau hoan chinh.)

9 Khi menh de phu thuQC b ii dau b&ng lien tff phu thuoc

v& mpnh de n£y dtfng trtfdc m<?nh de d0c lap thi phai

tdch c ic menh de b&ng (dau phay, dau hai cham.)

10 Vdi trang tir, menh de trang tif tra Idi nhffng cau hoi sau: Cf dau? Tai sao? Khi nao? (Theo phufdng thffc nao? loai n&o?)

11 Menh de tinh tff b^t dau b&ng mot dai tff quan he dtfdc goi la menh de (gidi tff, quan he)

12 Dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose, which, (that, there).

13 Dung which va that neu tien ngff la mot (ngffdi, vat.)

14 Nhdm tff sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc, doc lap):

If the no 2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still no

Cau h hi Oidc HqlueM

Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hdi

1 Which of the following is not a prepositional phrase?

(a) By the desk

(b) In the rearview mirror

(c) Over their heads

(d) That he didn’t invite his relatives to the party

161

2 W hat is the adjectival phrase in this sentence?

Put that box of heavy books on the counter, please.(a) O f heavy books

(b) Put that box

(c) Please

(d) On the counter

3 W hat is the adverbial phrase in this sentence?

The hang glider soared over the cool green lake.(a) The hang glider

(b) Soared

(c) Over the cool green lake

(d) Cool green lake

4 All the following are subordinating conjunctions except

The hotel on the beach is always crowded

(a) The hotel

(b) Is always crowded

(c) On the beach

(d) The beach is

7 What is the appositive in the following sentence?The expressway, built in 1950 with federal funds, is badly in need of repair.

(b) Is badly in need

(c) Of repair

(d) Built in 1950 with federal funds

8 What is the participle phrase in the following sentence? The toast, thoroughly burnt, sent a foul odor through the house, but Skip ate it anyway

(a) The toast

(b) Thoroughly burnt

(c) Sent a foul odor through the house

(d) But Skip ate it anyway

9 What is the independent clause in this sentence?

If work is so terrific, how come they have to pay you to

10 What is the dependent clause in this sentence?

If all the world is a stage, where is the audience sit­ting?

(a) If all the world is a stage

(b) If all the world

(c) Is a stage

(d) W here is the audience sitting

163

11 What is the italic word group in the following sentence called?

Our house, shaded completely by old trees, stays cool in

the summer

(a) Independent clause

(b) Prepositional phrase(c) Participle clause

(d) Participle phrase

12 W hat is the italic word group in the following sentence called?

Waiting fo r the train exhausted her patience.

(a) Noun clause

(b) Gerund phrase(c) Prepositional phrase

(d) Independent clause

13 W hat is the italic word group in the following sentence called?

The visitors forgot to give their address.

(a) Prepositional phrase(b) Infinitive clause(c) Infinitive phrase

164

15 What is the italic word group in the following sentence called?

Hermione wanted her name changed because it was hard to pronounce.

Bon dang c2u

Xic dinh vi sua loi hai cau dinh liln (run-on sentence) Xic dinh vi sua ciu chua hoin chinh (fragment) vi hai

cau dinh liln noi voi nhau b&ng d«fu phay (comma splice)

167

K l i d i d o n g

0 day chung ta se tip trung v io c iu v i nhtfng thinh

p h in c iu trdng co ve nhtf mQt c iu h o in chinh Trtfdc tien, ban se kham pha c ic h x ic d|nh c iu dtfa trfin chtfc n in g va dang thtfc cua c iu Sau d6 ban se t|p sufa ISi c iu chtfa hoan chinh v i c iu sai.

Thi ndo la mQt cdu/

Cau: Halt!

Ditng lai!

Cau: You halt!

Anh ditng lai!

Cau: Please halt right now, before you go any further.

Xin ditng lai ngay, trade khi anh di xa han.

Moi nhom ttf tren l i mot cau hoin chinh vl chdng d£u dip ting ba diiu kien de trcf thanh cau B e dtfdc goi l i cau, mQt nhdm tif phii

• Co mot chu ngff (danh tff h o ic dai tff)

• Co mot vi ngff (dong tff h o ic cum d0ng tit)

• Bien dat mot y hoan chinh

Mot cau c6 hai phan: chu ngff v i vi ngff Chu ngff bao gdm danh tif

hoic dai tff giup ta biet chu ngff ndi ve c ii gi Phin vj ngff bao gom dQng

tff co chtfc nang mieu ta viec m i chu ngff dang lim

maturity.

chdn.

168

Several tourists are lost in the winding roads of

Corfu.

Nhiiu du khdch bi lac tren nhtfng con dudng

ngoan ngoeo d Corfu.

Some toothpastes contain antifreeze.

MQt s d kem ddnh rdng chtfa chat chdng dong.

VI vay, cau l i mQt nhdm tiif c6 hai phan chinh l i phan chu ngff v i phan

vj ngtf Chu ngff v i -vi ngff cilng nhau dien dat mQt ^ tffdng h o in chinh.

Neu nhan ra dffQc chu ngff v i dQng tff trong cau, ban se c6 the dam

bio ciu cua ban hoin chinh v i ro ring B e kiem tra xem ban da dtfa chti ngff v i d0ng tff v io cau hay chffa, hay lim theo c ic bffdc sau:

• B e tim chu ngff, hay hdi “Cau n iy dang mi6u tl tff n io ? ”

• Be tim dQng tff chi hinh d0ng, hay hdi “Chii ngff lim gi?”

• Neu ban khong the tim ra dQng tff chi hinh dQng, hay tim mQt dQng tff lien ket.

YV \q&

Trong cfiu hoi, d6ng tff thtfdng dffng trtfdc chu ngff

Vi dy: “Is the ice cream in the freezer?” (C6 p h a i

kem b trong tu khong?) Ddng tff l i is; chu ngff l i ice

cream.

Bin M e ndng khac nhau c&a cdu

Ben canh cich phan bi?t cau dffa tren so ltfdng menh de trong ciu ,

chdng ta c6 the phan loai cau theo chffc nlng cua chung Trong tiefng Anh, cSu c6 bdn chffc ning: tffdng thuat (declarative), elm thin (exclama­

tory), nghi van (interrogative) va menh lpnh (imperative).

1 C iu tffdng thuat (declarative sentence) neu 16n mQt ^ tffdng Cuoi cau l i m0t dau cham.

Grasshoppers contain more than 60 percent protein.

Chdu chdu chtfa protein han 60 phdn trdm.

Insects are rich in necessary vitamins and minerals.

Con trung rat gidu vitamin va khodng chat.

Crickets are packed with calcium, a mineral crucial for bone growth

Dechiia day canxi, mot thic khodng chat thiet yeu de phat trien xUctng

Termites and caterpillars are a rich source of iron.

Moi vd sau budm Id nguon cung cap sat rat It'tn.

2 Cau cam than (exclamatory sentence) dien dat cam xuc manh li?t

Cuoi cau la dau cham than.

I can’t believe you left the car at the station overnight!

Toi khong the tin la ban bo xe ngoai ga cd dem!

What a mess you made in the kitchen!

Coi ban bay ra mot dong l<)n xon trong bep ne!

Our evening is ruined!

Btfa toi cua chung ta hong cd roi!

The china is smashed!

W here did you put the eraser?

Ban de cuc tdy d dau roi?

Would you please help me with this package?

Ban co the giup tdi vdi kien hang nay khong ?

W hat do you call this dish?

Ban goi mon nay Id gi ?

4 Cau menh lenh (imperative sentence) dung de ra lenh ho&c chi dan,

va cuoi cau la dau cham ho&c cham than Cau menh lenh thifdng

bo bdt chu ngu’, nhu thtfdng thay trong cac menh lenh

Take this route to save 5 miles

Di dudng nay bdt duoc 5 dam dudng.

170

Clean up your room!

Dqn phdng cua minh di!

Sit down and listen!

Ngoi xuong ma nghe ne!

Fasten your seatbelts when the sign is illuminated

Hay that day an todn khi den bao sang len.

B&n loai cdu khac nhau

Trong chtfdng 7, ban da on ve menh de doc lap va menh de phu thuoc Cic nh6m ttf nay c6 the dilng theo nhieu cach de tao nen bon loai cau can

bdn la: cau ddn (simple), cau ghep^compound), cau phtfc (complex) va cau gh6p phtfc hdp (compound - complex) Bay gid ta hay xem xet ttfng

loai cau nh6

1 Cau ddn

Cau ddn chtfa mot menh de doc lap Dieu nay co nghla la no co mot chu ngff va mot dong ttf - mac du mot trong hai hoSc ca hai co the la ttf gh6p Hdn nffa, mot cau ddn c6 the co tinh ttf va trang ttf trong d6 Phan ma cau ddn khong the co la mot menh de doc lap ho5c bat ctf menh de phu thuoc nao khac

The snow melted quickly in the bright sunshine.

Tuyet tan rat nhanh dudi anh nang choi chang.

(snow): chu ngff

(melted): dong ttf

Oprah Winfrey and Conan O ’Brien host talk shows.

Oprah Winfrey va Conan O ’Brien dan cac chucmg trinh trd chuyen (Oprah Winfrey): chu ngtf

(Conan O ’Brien): chu ngtf

(host): dong ttf

171

The flower bent in the wind but did not break.

Hoa cong trong gid nhitng khong gay.

gia Ernest Hemingway tffng doat giai Nobel dung loi viet chu y£u

la cau ddn nhffng lai rat manh me Trong doan trich tff quyen Gia

tff vu khi (A Farewell to Arms) sau day, Hemingway da dilng ciu

ddn de truyen tai nhffng cam xuc manh liet Nhffng cau ddn da dffdc in nghieng:

My knee w asn’t there My hand went in and my knee was down to

my shin Passini was dead That left three Someone took hold of

me under the arms and someone else lifted up my legs.

“There are three others., ” I said “One is dead ’

“I t’s Manera We went for a stretcher but there wasn’t any How

are you, Tenente?”

“Where are Gordini and Gavuzzi?”

“Gordini ’s at the post getting bandaged Gavuzzi has your legs Hold

on to my neck, Tenente Are you badly h it?”

Dau goi cua tdi khong con d dd Tay tdi khong thay gi vd dau goi d

dudi ong quyen Passini dd chet Gid con ba ngudi Cd ngudi idy tay tdi con ngudi khac nhac chan tdi len.

172

“Con ba ngudi khac nila ” Tdi ndi “MQt ngudi chet roi ”

“Manera ddy Chung toi dd di kiem m Q t chiec bang ca nhung khong

cd Anh sao roi, Tenente?”

“Gordini vd Gavuzzi dau?”

“Gordini dang duoc bang bd d tram Gavuzzi dang gid chan cua anh 6 m co toi ndo, Tenente Anh bi thuong nang idm khong?” Cau gh6p (compound sentence)

Cau gh6p c6 tir hai menh de doc lap trd len Mpnh de doc lap c6

the dtfdc gh6p lai bang mot trong hai cdch sau:

Vdi mpt lien tir ket hdp: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Vdi mot dau cham phay (;)

NhiT cau ddn, cau gh6p khong dtfdc co bat ctf menh de phu thuoc ndo cd

Insect cuisine may not be

standard food in the

United States,

Mon an tCt con trung co the

khong phai la mon chinh

thong d My,

m?nh de d()c lap

Grasshoppers are the most

commonly consumed insect,

Chdu chdu Id loai con trung

ducfc an nhieu nhat,

m$nh de d()c lap

The car is unreliable

Chiec xe khong dang tin cay

percnet of the world’s population savors bugs

nhung tap chi The Gidi Khoa Hoc

lUu y rang 80 phan tram ddn

s d the gidi thich an sau bo lien tCt menh de d(>c lap

protein of all edible insects

nhung ong bap cay cd lUdng protein

nhieu nhat trong s d nhffng loai con trung an duoc.

lien tit m$nh de doc lap

m$nh de d()c lap

it never starts in the rain

no khong bao gid khdi dong luc trdi mua.

dau cham phay menh de doc lap

173

Ban cung c6 the them mpt trang tif lien ket <conjunctive adverb)

vao cau true nay Nhffng tif sau day l i trang tff hen ket:

moreover nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding

on the other hand otherwise regardless still

Cau true cau luc nay se la nhff sau:

menh de doc lap; trang tff lien ket, menh de doc lap

Grasshoppers eat clean however, lobsters eat foul

Nico worked hard; therefore

Nico lam viec rat cham chi; vi vay

menh de doc lap trang tti lien ket

she got a merit raise

co ay duoc tang luefng menh de doc lap

DiKng ghep hai p h a n cua cau ghep bang dSiu phSy

vi ban se bien no th an h hai cau dinh li£n gpi la comma splice Chung ta se b an ve 16i nay trong p h in sau cua chu’dng

Cau phtfc (complex sentence)

Cau phtfc chtfa mot menh de doc lap va it nhat la mot menh de phi

thuoc M enh de doc lap dffdc goi la menh de chinh (main clause)

Cau phtfc dung lien tff phu thuoc de lien ket cac y lai vdi nhau

Lien tff phu thuoc bao gom nhffng tff nhiT: because, as, as if, unless

174

provided that, if, even if Mot danh sdch day du cac hen tiif phu

thuoc da dtfdc dtfa ra trong chtfdng 7

Since insects don’t have much

menh de doc lap

their texture is similar to that of a clam

cdu true ca the cua chung cung tUOng ti/n h u cua con trai vay.

menh de doc lap

when he called the house

khi anh ta goi ctia

menh de phu thuoc

that he was very lazy

viec anh ta rat ludi bieng

menh de phu thuoc

4 Cau ghep phtfc hdp (compound - complex sentence)

Cau ghdp phtfc hdp co it nhat hai menh de doc lap va it nhat mot menh de phu thuoc Menh de phu thuoc co the la mot phan cua menh doc lap

Khi c(fn han hdn den,

but she couldn’t

water restrictions will be

in effect

vd cU ddn d do biet rang viec han che dung nude

se co hieu luc.

menh de doc lap

until her car was repaired

menh de doc lap

nhung khong chitng ndo xe cd ay svta the duoc xong.

menh de doc lap menh de phu thuoc

175

Chon loaf cdu

Bay gi6 ban da c6 bon loai cau de sijf dung khi chuyen </ ttfdng thinh

ngon ngff: cau ddn, cau gh6p, cau phffc v i cau ghep phtfc hdp V$y ban nen chon loai nio?

Ban c6 nen viet chu yeu l i cau ddn nhff Ernest Hemingway khong? 05

le ban nen dilng cau phtfc, loai cau dffdc Charles Dickens v i William

Faulker ffa dung Hay xem x6t ba yeu td quan trong - muc dich, dtfi

tffdng doc v i chu de - khi ban viet cau:

• Muc di'ch: luon luon can nh£c ve muc dich viet trffdc khi chon m0t loai cau nao dd Ban dang viet vdi muc dich giai tri, thuyet phuc,

ke chuyen hay la mieu ta? Cau mieu ta thffdng l i cau dii, trong khi cau thuyet phuc lai c6 the ngln hdn nhieu Tuy nhien, nguyen tic nay nhat dinh la luc nao cung dung: do d ii v i phffc tap cua cau c6n phu thuoc vao doi tffdng ngffdi doc, chu de v i phong cich rieng cua ban.

• Ngffc/i dQC hoac ngffdi nghe: vipc chon loai cau cung phu U iuqc

vao ngffdi doc hoiic ngffdi nghe Vi du nhff, ngffdi doc cilng tinh t£ thi cau cua ban co the phai dai v i phffc tap hdn Ngffdc lai, vdi doi tffdng binh dan hdn thi cau cang ngin va ddn gian cing tot.

• Chu de: khi chon loai cau, ban cung phai can nhlc ve chu de Y tffdng cua ban cang phffc tap thi cau cang ddn gian cang tot Dieu nay se giup cho ngtfdi doc de dang nim b it y ttfdng cua ban hdn Nhin chung, nhffng cau co hieu qua cao thffdng co dong, truyen dat dffdc y ttfdng ma dung cang it tff cang tot Cau co hieu qua la cau nhan manh vao diem chinh hoic chi tiet quan trong nhat Dieu nay se giup ngtfdi doc hieu dtfdc y cua ban Hau het cac nha van - chuyen nghiep cung nhtf nghiep d tf- thtfdng ket hdp ca bon loai cau tren de truyen dat

y ttfdng cua minh.

Du b an chon loai cau nao thi hay nhd la moi cSu

p h ai cung cap thong tin ro ran g va hoan ch inh

176

CBt trong cdu: hat cdu dfnh I tin (run-on sentence>

vd hat cdu dfnh Itin cach nhau b&ng ddu phdy (comma splice>

C6 hai loai loi chinh trong cau la cau chtfa hoan chinh (fragment) va hai cau dinh lien (run-on sentence) C£c loi ve cau true cau neu tren se khi£n cho ngtfdi doc thay roi r im vh l&m toi nghla b£i viet cua ban C ic

loi n&y c6 the lam biii viet hoSc bai n6i lung cung v& thieu trau chuot Ta

hay xem x6t chi tiet ttfng loi tren de c6 the de dang sffa dtfdc cac loi d6.

Nhtf ban da dtfdc hoc, co hai loai menh de 1& menh de doc lap va menh de phu thupc

• Menh de dpc lap (independent clause) 1£ mpt cau ho&n chinh vl n6

c6 mpt chu ngff, dong tff va dien dat mot hoan chinh

I go to the movies every Saturday night

Toi di xem phim moi toi thtf bay.

Richard Nixon’s favorite drink was a dry martini

Thtfc uong Ua thich cua Richard Nixon la ruou martini khong pha.

• Mpnh de phu thupc (dependent clause) khong the dffng mot minh

vl n6 khong dien dat mot y hoan chinh, mac du no van c6 day du

chu ngff vk dpng tff.

Since I enjoy the movies.

Vi toi thich dit>n anh.

(I): chu ngff

(enjoy): dpng tff

Because Richard Nixon’s favorite drink was a dry martini.

Vi thtfc udng Ua thich cua Richard Nixon la rU(Ju martini khong pha (drink): chu ngff

(was): dong tff

Loi hai cau dinh lien (run-on sentence) la hai menh de doc lap bi ghdp sai Loi comma splice la loi hai menh de dinh lien va chi cach

vdi nhau bang mot dau phay Khi cau cua ban bi dinh lai kieu nay

thi </ cua ban co the bj xuyen tac.

177

Hai cfiu dinh liln: Our eyes are always the same size from birtk

our nose and ears never stop growing.

Mat cua chung ta luon cd cung kich cd til luc sinh ra mui vd mdi

khong bao gid ngCtng phat trien.

Sufa lai: Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but oar nose and ears never stop growing.

Mat cua chung ta luon cd cung kich cd tit luc sinh ra, nhtfng mui vd

mat khong bao gid ngitng phat trien.

Hai cSu dfnh liln: A duck’s quack doesn’t echo, no one knows

why.

Stfa lai: A duck’s quack doesn’t echo; no one knows why.

Tieng cap cap cua v/f khong vang, chdng ai biet tqi sao lyi nhtf thi.

Hodcla

A duck’s quack doesn’t echo, and no one knows why.

Tieng cap cap cua vft khong vang; chdng ai bi&t tai sao lyi nhutht

Hai cdu dfnh liin: The traditional sonnet has 14 lines, 10 syllables

make up each line.

Bdi tho trtf tinh truyen thong cd 14 dong, 10 am tuft tao thdnh mQt

YV \e&

Hai cSu dinh lien khong n h at th iet phai la cau dai

§ / )) Thtfc te la mot s6"cau co the rSt ngdn.

Mary fell asleep John left Nick cooked Rita cleaned up Mary ngu thiep di Jo h n ra ve Nick nau 3n Rita d<?n d ep

Ban c6 the sffa loi hai cau dinh lien theo bon cach Ta hay dung vi

2 Them mot lien tuf ket hdp nhir and, nor, but, or, for, yet, so) de tao

thanh cau ghep

Water and wind are the two main causes of erosion, for they con­

stantly change the appearance of the Earth

Nude vd gid Id hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon, vi chung thudng xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.

3 Them mot lien tuf phu thuoc vao de tao thanh cau phtfc

Since water and wind are the two main causes of erosion, they

constantly change the appearance of the Earth

Vi nude vd gid la hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon, chung thudng xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.

179

4 Dilng dau cham phay de tao th in h cSu gh6p.

W ater and wind are the two main causes of erosion; they con­stantly change the appearance of the Earth

Nude vd gid la hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mon; chung thudng xuyen thay doi bq mdt cua Trdi Dat.

Cau se trong nhtf sau khi ban them v io mpt trang tif lien ket (con­ junctive adverb):

W ater and wind are the two main causes of erosion; as a result

they constantly change the appearance of the Earth

Nude vd gid la hai nguyen nhan chinh gay xoi mdn; hau qua la, chung thudng xuyen thay doi bo mat cua Trdi Dat.

Ban chon kieu stfa nao? Hay chon kieu cau thich hdp nhat vdi doi ttfdng ngtfdi doc, muc dich va van phong cua ban Hay ttfh6i nhffng cau sau day de co the quyet dinh:

• Ngtfdi doc se thich kieu stfa nao nhat?

• Kieu sffa nao truyen dat thong diep cua minh ro rang v i co dpng nhat?

• Kieu sufa nao phii hdp vdi phan c6n lai cua doan van nhat?

Cot v i cdu: cdu chua hoan chinh

Tir cai ten, cau chtfa hoan chinh (sentence fragment), ta da biet d6 lit

mot nhom tir khong dien dat mot y hoan chinh Trong hau het cac trtfdng hdp, cau chtfa hoan chinh thtfdng thieu chu ngtf, dong ttf hoSc thieu ca hai Cung co khi cau chtfa hoan chinh co the co chu ngtf v i dong ttf nhffng

van chtfa dien dat dtfdc mot y hoan chinh Cau chtfa hoan chinh c6 the h

cum ttf lan menh de

Trong khi noi ra t hay g&p cau chtfa hoan chinh va cung du^c chap n h a n , nhtfng khi viet thi khong nhiT the - trff phi b an dang ttfdng th u at lai m ot doan d6i thoai trong mau cliuygn hoflc tig’u thuyet

180

Loi cau chtfa ho in chinh thtfdng x iy ra do ba nguyen nhan sau:

1 Khi menh de phu thu0c trong c6 ve nhtf mot cau hoan chinh Because more and more teenagers are staying up far too late

Vi ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.

Since they do not compensate for the sleep they miss

Vi chung khong ngu bu cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu.

2 Cau chtfa ho in chinh cung xay ra khi mot cum ttf bi tic h khoi cau

m i n6 bd nghla

Used to remove a wide variety of stains on carpets and upholstery

Duoc dung de loai bo nhieu loai vet ban tren tham va nem ghe

Trying to prevent the new cotton shirt from shrinking in the dryer

Congdn khong cho cai do cotton mdi bi co rut trong may say kho.

3 Ban cung c6 the viet cau chtfa h o in chinh neu ban dung sai dang

d0ng ttf

The frog gone to the pond by the reservoir.

Con ech dd ra ao gan be chtfa ntfdc.

Saffron being a very costly and pungent spice.

Nghe tay Id loai gia v/ dat tien vd co mui hang.

Dtfng de cliff viet hoa d dau nhom ttf d an h lffa ban Bat dau mot nliom ttf bang mot chff viet hoa khong the bi£n nhom tff do thanh cau Do chi la mot cau chtfa hoan chinh b at dau bang mot chff viet hoa ma tlioi

Ban c6 the stfa loi cau chtfa hoan chinh bang ba cach sau:

1 Them phan bi thieu v io cau

Chtfa ho an chinh: Because more and more teenagers are staying

up far too late

V? ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.

181

H o an chinh: Because more and more teenagers are slaying up fa too late, they are sleep deprived.

Vi ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya, chung bi thieu ngu

Chtfa h o a n chinh: Since they do not com pensate for the sleepthey miss

H oan chinh: Since they do not compensate for the sleep they miss, teenagers often get cranky in the afternoon

Vi chung khong ngu bu cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu, thieu nien thudng cdu klnh vao buoi chieu.

Chtfa h o a n chinh: Used to remove a wide variety of stains on carpets and upholstery

H o an chinh: This product is used to rem ove a wide variety of stains on carpets and upholstery

San phdm nay dtfdc dung de loai bd nhieu loai vet ban tren tham vd nem ghe.

Chtfa h o a n chinh: Trying to prevent the new cotton shirt fromshrinking in the dryer

H o an chinh: Jean was trying to prevent the new cotton shirt fromshrinking in the dryer

Jean dang cdngdn khong cho cai do cotton mdi bi co rut trong mdy say kho.

2 Sura dong ttf bi dung sai

Chtfa h o a n chinh: The frog gone to the pond by the reservoir

H oan chinh: The frog went to the pond by the reservoir.

Con ech dd ra ao gan be chtfa ntfdc.

Chtfa h o an chinh: Saffron being a very costly and pungent spice

H oan chinh: Saffron is a very costly and pungent spice

Nghe tay la loai gia vj ddt tien vd cd mui hang.

3 Loai bo lien ttf phu thuoc ho3c noi n6 vdi mot cau kh£c.

up far too late

Vi ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.

182

Hoan chinh: More and more teenagers are staying up far too late

Ngay cang nhieu thieu nien thtfc rat khuya.

Chffa hoan chinh: Since they do not compensate for the sleep they miss

Vi chung khong ngu bii cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu.

Hoan chinh: They do not compensate for the sleep they miss

Chung khong ngu bu cho nhtfng btfa thieu ngu.

Co bon loai c iu li c iu don (simple), c iu ghep (com­pound), ciu phuc (complex) v l c iu gh£p phuc hop (compound-complex)

Hai c iu dinh liln (run-on sentence) li hai mfnh & doc lip bj ghlp sai; ciu chua hoin chinh (fragment) li mot

ph in cua d u Ci hai dang trSn & u bj coi l i loi sai trong b ii ndi duoc vi?Tt theo loi trang trong (mlc du

d u chua hoin chinh thudng duoc dung trong cac mau doi thoai thong thucrng.)

Ttf kiem tra

C tiu kfa itiuuj — 6fli

1 Mot cau gom co hai phan: chu ngff v i vi ngff

2 Vi ngff bao gom danh tff ho ic dai tff cho biet chu ngff la cai gi Chu ngff bao gom dong tff mieu ta chu ngff dang lim g'l

183

3 Chu ngff v i vi ngff cilng mieu t i mQt <j h o in chinh.

4 Trong mpt cau h6i, dpng tff thffdng di sau c h i ngff

5 Cau tffdng thuat diSn dat mpt f ttfdng Cutfi ciu li dincham

6 Cau sau l i cSu ttfdng thuSt:

Antonia ( ‘Tonie’) Nathan, the 1972 vice-presidential

candidate of the Libertarian party, was the first woman

Antonia (Tonie') Nathan, ting vien phd tong thtfng ndm

1972 cua dang ttf do chu nghla, Id ngudi phu ntfddu tibi trong lich stf ntfdc My dtfpc nhqn phieu bdu cut.

8 Cau sau l i cau cdm thin:

W hat career did Ronald Reagan have before he be­

came president?

Ronald Reegan lam ng hi gl trtfdc khi trd thdnh tting thong?

9 Cau nghi van dilng de ra lpnh h o ic htfdng d in , v i tan

cilng bSng dau cham h o ic chain than

10 Cau sau day l i c iu nghi vin:

W here did you put my mink coat?

Ban cat cai do khodc long chon cua tdi dau roi?

11 Cau menh lenh dilng de ra l?nh hoic htfdng dan, v&

tan cilng b&ng dau cham hoic cham than.

Tat tat cd nhtfng thtfgdy khdi khi dau hi$u dtfQc thdp lin.

14 Cau sau day l i cau ddn:

W hen the Hoovers did not want to be overheard b}

nese

184

Khi ngudi nha Hoovers khong muon khdch trong Nha Trang nghe duoc chuyen cua minh, ho noi vdi nhau bang tieng Hoa.

15 Cau gh6p c6 hai hoac hdn hai m<?nh de doc lap.

16 Cau sau day 1& cau gh6p:

Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth president, was the only self-educated tailor ever to serve as president

Andrew Johnson, vf tong thong thii mudi bay, la ngudi tho may tu hoc duy nhat duoc trd thanh tong thong.

17 DiTng gh6p hai phan cua cau gh6p b&ng dau phay vl ban se tao ra mot loai cau dinh lien goi la cau

18 Cau sau la cau bi dinh lien:

Julie Nixon, daughter of Richard Nixon, married David Eisenhower, son of Dwight D Eisenhower

Julie Nixon, con gdi cua Richard Nixon, dd cudi David Eisenhower, con trai cua Dwight D Eisenhower.

19 Cau sau la cau bi dinh lien:

William Henry Harrison was the first president to die

in office, he was the oldest president ever elected

William Henry Harrison la tong thong dau tien chet trong van phdng, ong la v/ tong thong gid nhat titng duoc bau len.

20 Cau sau la cau chtfa hoan chinh:

Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Davis opposite each

other in the movie Hellcats o f the Navy.

Ronald Reagan vd vo Nancy Davis doi dien nhau trong

bo phim Hellcats o f the Navy.

Cau kiU cUutg kwwi UtauJi emi

Chon tir dung nhat trong ngoiic de hoan thanh cac cau sau

1 Cau co hieu qua la cau nhan manh vao diem (thuf yeu, chinh yeu) hoiic chi tiet quan trong nhat

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