Hướng dẫn giải bài tập ngữ pháp tiếng anh phần 2

*Khi ta doi mot cau dieu kien vdi td noi “ IF'” sang “ UNLESS”, nhd ltfu y trddng hdp menh de “ I P ’ d the khang dinh khong ddcfc doi sang the phu dinh khi dung UNLESS ma phai doi men

E X E R C IS E S

Dien v a o c h o t r o n g v d i c a c m a o tif th ic h hofp n eu c a n th ie t

I Jason’s father bought h i m bicycle that he had wantedfor his birthday

2 Statue of Liberty was a g i f t of friendship from

France t o United States

3 Rita is stu d y in g English a n d Math this semester.4 judge a s k e d witness to t e l l truth

5 Please give me cup of coffee with .cream a n d sugar

£> big books o n table are for my history class

7 No one i n Spanish class knew correct answer

t o Mrs Brown’s question

8 M y car is four years old, and it still runs well

9 When you go to store, please buy bottle of chocolate milk a n d dozen oranges

10 There are only few seats left for tonight’smusical show a t university

II John and Mary went to school yesterday and thenstudied i n library before returning home

12 Lake Erie is one of five Great Lakes in North America

13 On our trip t o Spam, we cro s s e d Atlantic Ocean.14 M ount Rushm ore is the site of magnificenttribute t o four great American presidents

15 W hat did you eat f o r breakfast this morning0

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16 David played basket ball and baseball at Boy’s club this year.

17 Rita p la y s violin and her sister p la y s guitar

18 W hile we were in Alaska, we saw Eskimovillage

19 Tom can’t go t o movies tonight because he has to write essay

20 David a tte n d e d Princeton University

21 Harry has been adm itted to School of Medicine at mid western University

22 M el’s grandm other is in hospital, so we went to visit

26 Last night there w a s bird singing outside my house

2 7 chair that you are sitting in is broken

2 8 Civil W ar was fought in 1 United Statesbetween 1861 and 1865

2 9 Florida State University is smaller than .University of Florida

30 There w a s knock o n door I opened it and found small dark man m blue overcoat and .woolen cap

31 Do you k n o w time?

Y e s , clock i n hall just struck nine.

Then it isn’t .time to go yet

;32 b su i,:n g t o teacher is useful for all of us.

i33 Most o f students working i n garden are tired

34 He works a s assistant in same shop as I do

35 Do you think I should go t o police?

36 To prevent possible repetition of this accident, I lent

h im torch

37 Most farmers working hard on their land alm ost getnothing for their lifetime

38 Do you s e e man standing n e a r door

3 9 1 told you a b o u t burglary that we had a t shop,

did n ’t I?

40 practising English everyday of all the students in ourclass is very necessary

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V/ CLAUSES AND PHRASES

(CAC M ENH DE V A CUM TU )

A -C O N D IT IO N A L S E N T E N C E S

CAU DIEU KIEN

Cau dieu kien co hai menh de, mot menh de phu [dependent clause) bat dau bang if va mot menh de chi'nh (main clause).

R ea l c o n d it io n a l s e n t e n c e s (c a u d ie u k ie n c o that)

a -F u tu r e p o s s ib le (c o th e x a y ra d tu’cfng lai)

I f + S + V ( s i n i p le p r e s e n t ) -f S + W i l l / C a n/ M a y / M u s t + V ( i u s i m p l e *on nl_Ex:

I f I have the money, I will buy a new car.

I f I have time, I will go.

I f my headache disappears, we can play tennis

b -H a b itu a l ( t h o i q u e n )

; I f + S + V ( s im p le p r e s e n t ) + S + V (s im p 1 e p r e se n t)Ex:

Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time.

If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients.in

the hopital in the afternoon

2" Prensent unreal conditional sentences (cau dieu kien

khong co that d hien tai)

1 I f ♦ S -f V ( s i m p le p a s t ) t S t W o u l d / C o u l d / M i g h t + V ( i u s i m p l e f o r m ) ]

Trong menh de phu neu co to b e thi dung w e r e cho tat ca cac

ngoi

Ex:

If I had time, I would so to the beach with you this wpekend.

If she didn't speak so quickly, I could understand her.

I could go out tonight if I didn't have to study.

If 7 were rich, I would travel around the world.

She would tell you about it if she were here.

If today were Saturday, I could so to the beach.

3- Past unreal conditional sentences ( cau dieu kien khong

co that of qua khtf)

If + S + V (past perfect) + S + W ould/ Could/ M ight + IlaveH + Past Participle _ Ex:

If I hadn't lost my way , I would have arrived sooner.

Ann would have sold the house if she had found the right

buyer

If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a

letter

*Note: Co the dung ph6p dao nguf trong P re s e n t u n r e a l

conditional sentences neu co w e r e va p ast u n r e a l

4- Trong menh de dieu kien, ta co the thay lien td “ IF hang

“ UNLESS” (neu khong, trd phi) Unless tddng difofng vdi

“ IF NOT”

Ex:

+ If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail in the exam

-> Unless you study hard, you’ll fail in the exam

+ If she doesn't water these trees, they will die

—> Unless she waters these trees, they will die

*Khi ta doi mot cau dieu kien vdi td noi “ IF'” sang

“ UNLESS”, nhd ltfu y trddng hdp menh de “ I P ’ d the khang dinh khong ddcfc doi sang the phu dinh khi dung UNLESS

ma phai doi menh de chinh sang the ngddc lai.

Ex:

• If I have time, I’ll help you

-> Unless I have time, I won’t help you

• If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster

—> Unless we had more ram, our crops w ouldn’t grow faster

• If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d build a school for the poor

—> Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a

school for the poor

* Ta co the rut gon lai cong thiic sau :

I F -C L A U S E -> UNLESS The phu djnh —> khang dinh ( menh de chinh

khong doi)

The khang dinh —> khang dinh ( doi dong td trong

_ menh de chinh sang the ngUdc lai) ,

5- Ta cung co the dien ta cau dieu kien ma khong can dung

IF hay UNLESS bang cach dao chu nguf ra sau dong td

W ER E hoac HAD (trong loai 3) Ldu y khong ddcfc lam vdi dong td khac.

• If they were stronger, they could lift the table.

-> Were they stronger, they could lift the table.

• If h&had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

-> Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

6- Provided (that), On condition (that), As long as, so long

as (mien la, vdi dieu kien la); Suppose, supposing (gia svif nhtf), In case (trongtrifcfng hcfp), Even if (ngay ca khi, du cho) co the dung thay cho If trong cau dieu kien.

Ex: In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.

7-AS IF va AS THOUGH

*Chi hanh dong co the xay ra of hien tai

Subject + verb (present) + As if/ As though + Subject + verb (present) _Ex:

Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having a party.

*Chi hanh dong hay sii kien khong co that 6 hien t a i Subject + verb ( p -s>ent) + As if7As though + Subject + verb ( past) _ Ex:

• Ann walks as if she studied modeling.

• He acts as though he were rich.

■ The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter.

*Chi hanh dong hay sii kien khong co that of qua khuf Subject + verb (past) + As iff As though + Subject +

verb (past perfect) Ex:

209

• Barbara looked as if she had seen a ehost.

• A nn talked about the contest as if she had won the grand

2 If I .,t (know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you.

3 If y o u (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got

a seat.

4 He could get a job easily if he ( have ) a degree.

5 I shouldn’t have believed it if I ( not see) it with my

6 Henry talks to his dog as if i t (understand) him.

7 If they had left the house earlier, th e y ,T(not, be) so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage.

8 If I finish the dress before Saturday, I (give) it to my sister for her birthday.

9 If I had seen the movie, I (tell) you about it last night.

10 If you (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your

-11 If John paid his debts, people (respect) him more.

12 If I 7.’.: (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California.

13 If she (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary.

14 If I (find) the book, I shall give it to you.

15 If yo u (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark.

DM

16 If you A/.V (save) your money, you will be able to go on a vacation.

17 He might get fat if he (stop) smoking.

18 What you i&, (do) if you found a burglar in your house?

19 If she vt :./.r/(not hurry), she may be late.

20 If I (try) again, I think that I would have succeeded.

21 Water (not run ) downhill if there were not gravity.

22 If I tell you a secret, you (promise) not to tell it to anyone else?

23 Mike wished that the editors (permit) him to copy some of their material.

24 John wishes that heUVfJ.i (spend) his vacation on the Gulf Coast next year.

25 I U.Vi.'.I.'iM^(accept) if they invite me to the party.

II- Use Unless instead of If:

1 The crops would have been ruined if the flood had risen higher.

2 If you had not sneezed, he wouldn’t have known that we were there.

3 If she did her hair differently phe would look quite nice.

4 If John had played for our football team, we would not have lost the game.

5 If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job.

6 If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife.

7 If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another.

8 I’ll not be able to do any work if I do not have a quiet room.

9 If she does not hurry, she’ll be late.

10 If we had more rain, our crops would be better.

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B-CLAUSES AFTER WISH, IF ONLY

(MENH DE SAU W ISH VA IF ONLY)

* - Wish: ao vide (trufefe WISH phai co chu ngtif)

- If only: gia ma, phai chi

* Sau WISH va ONLY ngildi ta thudng dung mot menh de chi mot diiu ao tide, mot dieu khong that No diidc xem nhii mot menh

de danh ngii (Noun clause).

* Co ba loai menh de sau WISH va IF ONLY diidc diing de chi ttU

ao tide d titefng lai, hien tai va qud khii.

1/ Future wish (Ao ifdc of ttfefng lai)

Ex:

• I wish I would be an astronaut in the future.

• Tom wishes he were coming with us.

• If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday.

• If only I would be able to attend your wedding next week.

2/ Present wish (Ao ufdc d hien tai)

S+ WISH + S +V past subjunctive

(IF ONLY) ( V ,; be-> were)

♦ Subjunctive: Qua khuf gia dinh, hinh thtic nhif Simple past.

Ex: + I wish I were rich.

(But I am poor now)

+ I can’t swim I wish I could swim.

+ If only Ben were here.

(Ben isn’t here I wish he were here)

+ We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today.

(We have to go to class)

3/ Past wish ( Ao vfdc d qua khti )

rPast Perfect Subjunctive

♦ Past perfect Subjunctive: qua khvf hoan thanh gia dinh, hinh thiic nhvf Past perfect.

*Ex:

■ I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year.

(I failed my exam)

■ She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house.

(She hadn’t have enough money to buy it)

■ If only I had met her yesterday.

(I didn’t meet her)

■ She wishes she could have been there.

(She couldn’t be there)

213

Rewrite the sentences below, using WISH or IF ONLY

1 My father isn’t here now I want him to be here now.

2 You talk more than you work The teacher wants you to work more than to talk.

3 John would like to be an astronaut when he grows up.

4 I’m sorry I didn’t help you yesterday.

5 I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.

6 Mary is afraid she won’t be able to attend your wedding next week.

7 We regret that we didn’t have enough money to buy that house.

8 You drive too fast I’d like you to drive more slowly.

9 You are too lazy The teacher wants you to be more studious.

10 I’m afraid he won’t get over his illness soon.

11 I’m not a doctor.

1 2 1 haven’t enough money to buy this book.

1 3 1 live in a big city, but I don’t like it.

14 Nam is sorry now that he didn’t accept the job.

15 Tomorrow is a workday.

16 We have to work this Saturday.

1 7 1 feel sick because I ate too much ice-cream.

18 It’s pity that you were not here last week.

1 9 1 regret speaking to him so impolitely yesterday.

20 Alan regretted asking Arthur to lend him $20.

2 1 1 want the baby to stop crying.

22 He is sorry now that he didn’t invite Molly to his party.

23 The hotel wasn’t good.

2 4 1 didn’t understand the lesson.

25 My friend didn’t pass his exam.

C-PH RASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

(CUM TU" v a m £ n h d e CHI MUC DlCH)

■ I try to study to pass my next exam.

■ I try to study in order to pass my next exam.

■ He does morning exercises regularly so as to improve his

health.

2/ Neu muon di6n ta muc dich phu dinh, ta dung mot cum tif bat dau bang “so as not to” hoac “in order not to”.

Ex: + She got up early so as not to miss the bus.

+ He studies hard so as not to fail in the exam.

II/ Clauses of Purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose

(Menh d£ trang nguf chi muc dich)

* M?nh de chi' muc dich thudng diidc bat d£u bang: SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT (de ma)

* Menh de chi muc dich co c£u true sau:

215

so that will/would

S + V + in order that «■ S + can/could + V (bare-inf.>

may/might

menh de chinh

( main clause) menh de trang ngii chi muc dich

(adverbial clause of purpose)

• I try all my best to study English in order that I can fmd a better job.

• I try to study so that I can pass the exam.

• He hurried so that he wouldn’t miss the train.

© Ltfu y: Neu chu nguf cua menh de chinh va menh de chi muc dich khac nhau ta khong driofc dung phrase of purpose.

Ill/ Cac dang bai tap :

1/ Dang bai tap mot: Noi hai cdu co cung chu ngit thdnh mot cdu co cum tie chi muc dich hoac menh de chi muc dich.

Ex:

■ Mary gets up early every morning She wants to learn her lessons.

-» Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lessons.

-* Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her lessons.

■ We leam English We want to have better communication with other people.

-> We leam English to have better communication with other people.

—> We leam English so that we will have better communication with other people.

■ He was in a hurry He wanted to catch the bus.

He was in a hurry to catch the bus.

—> He was in a hurry in order that he would catch the bus.

2/ Dang bai tap hai: Noi hai cau co cung chu ngu! nhtfng sau

“want” co tan nguf hoac tuc tuf (Object).

Ex:

• He gave me his address He wanted me to visit him.

-> He gave me his address so that I would visit him.

• They whispered They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation.

-> They whispered in order that no one could hear their conversation.

*Neu muon dung ph ra se o f pu rp ose d dang nay, ta phai theo cong thiic:

In order for + O + to-inf.

Ex:

• He gave me his address in order for me to visit him.

• They whispered in order for no one to hear their conversation.

3/ Dang bai tap ba: Doi mot cau tut “ phrase of purpose” sang

“clause of purpose” hoac ngUdc lai.

Ex:

• We hurried to school so as not to be late.

—> We hurried to school so that we wouldn’t be late.

• Mary locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed.

-> Mary locked the door so as not to be disturbed.

• He studies hard in order to pass his exam.

-> He studies hard so that he can pass his exam.

4J Dang bai tap bon: Hoan tat cau vdi “phrase” hoac “clause of purpope”.

Ex: + She studies English so that

217

+ He stood up order

• Ltfu y:

• Khi dong tvf trong menh de chinh 6 thi “present” thi ta dung “will/ can” d menh de chi muc dich.

• Khi dong tvf trong menh de chinh d thi “past” thi ta

dung “would/ could” of menh d ! chi muc dich.

2 My father drove carefully He didn’t want to cause accidents.

3 Sue dutifully followed her parents’ advice She didn’t want to cause trouble for her parents.

4 Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese.

He wishes to read The Tale of Kieu.

5 Please shut the door I don’t want the dog to go out of the house.

6 The farmer built a high wall around his garden The fruits wouldn’t be stolen.

7 The police stopped the traffic every few minutes.

The pedestrians might cross the road.

8 The notices are written in several languages Everyone may understand them.

9 I wish to have enough money I want to buy a new house.

10 Dick is practising the guitar He can play for the dance.

11 She needs a job She wants to support her old parents.

12 He moved to the front row He could hear the speaker better.

13 She put the meat into the oven She wanted it to be ready for dinner.

14 The boy stood on the benches They wanted to get a better view.

15 We lower the volume of the radio We don’t want to bother our neighbours.

16 I’ll write to you I want you to know my decision soon.

17 These men were talking in whispers They didn’t want anyone

to hear their conversation.

18 The boy feigned to be sick He hoped we didn’t make him work.

19 The man spoke loudly He wanted everybody to hear him clearly.

20 Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over She doesn’t want her mother to wait for her.

21 John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late for class.

22 Mary hid the novel under her pillow She didn’t want her father to see it.

23 Alice prepares her lesson carefully She wants to get high marks in class.

24 The robber changed his address all the time He didn’t want the police to find him.

25 They did their jobs well They hoped the boss would increase their salary.

26 You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you.

27 I’m studying hard I want to keep pace with my classmates.

28 We turned out the lights We didn’t want to waste electricity.

29 This pupil read only for short periods each day He didn’t want

to train his eyes.

3 0 1 whispered I didn’t want to disturb anyone.

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D- PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT

(CUM T lf VA MENH DE CHI K ET QUA)

1/ Phases o f Result:

* Cura tir chi k£t qua thudng c6 “TOO” (qui) hoac “ENOUGH” (du)

* Cau true cua cum til chi ket qud la:

1 / TOO: (qud khong the)

S + be (look, seem, becom e, get ) + too + adj (+ for 0 ) f to-infinitive

S + Vf*htfcfng) +■ too + adv (+ for + O) + to-infinitive

Ex: + x :s too short to play basketball.

adj+ Tom ran too slowly to becom e the winner of the race

adv+ This book is too dull for vou to read

adj

Ltfu y : “TO O” thudng dUdc dung trong cau co nghia phu dinh

(qua khong the)

2 / Enough: (du deed the)

S + be + adj + enough (+ for + 0 ) + to-inf.

S + V (thtfofng) + adv + enough ( + for + O) + to-inf.

Ex: + M ary isn’t old enough to drive a car

adj+ She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter

adv+ It is cold enough to w ear a heavy jacket,

adj

II/ Clauses o f R esult: Adverbial clauses o f Result (menh de trang nguf chi ket qua).

• Menh de trang ngu chi het qud la menh de phu de chi ket

qua do hanh dong cua menh de chinh gay ra.

• Cdu true cua cdu co menh de trang ngii chi ket qud nhu

sau:

1/ SO THAT (qua den noi)

S + be + so + adj + th at + S + V.

!' _ _

main clause adverbial clause o f result

S -f V (thvfetag) + so + adv + that + S +V

Ex: • It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.

• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed

from the class

*Lvfu v: Neu dong tif tro n g m enh de chinh la cac dong tvf chi tri giac nhvf “look, appear, seem, feel, taste, sm ell, sound ”, ta dung con g thvfc nhvf “be + so ”

Ex:

• The little girl looks so unhappy that w e all feel sorry for

her

• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more

•Neu trvfdc “SO” co “M A N Y ’, “M UCH ”, “FEW ”, “ L IT T L E ” , thi ta co cau true:

S + V + so I m a n y l+ plural countable Noun + that + S + V

fe w _ (danh tvf dem difcte so nhieu)

Ex:

• The Sm iths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team

221

• I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to selectone.

• There are so many people in the room that I feel tired

S + V + so + rm uch -i + uncountable Noun + that + S ♦ V _ little _(danh tft khong dem di/cte)

* M ot cau true khac;pua “ so that”

S + V + so + adj + a + Singular countable N + that

_ _ (danh tvf dem difefe so it)

Ex:

• It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors

• It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down

2/ SUC11 THAT: (q u a d e n n o i )

S' + V + such a! an + adj + N + that + S + V

L I

Ex:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home

• She had such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her

• There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one

• It is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him

• This is such difficult hom ework that I will never finish it

1/ Com bine tw o sentences, using “so that” or “such that”

1 The sun shone brightly Maria had to put on her sunglasses

2 Dean was a powerful swimmer He always won the races

3 There were few students registered The class was cancelled

4 The house was beautiful I took a picture o f it

5 This coffee is strong I can’t drink it

6 This is a good film I w ant to see it ajjain and again

7 There was a lot of food Everyone ate too much

8 There were a lot o f guests There wasn’t enough food

9 I ate a lot o f sandwiches I felt uneasy

10 David has a lot of work to do He can’t com e tonight

11 He was very sick He was sent to the hospital

12 It was very dark He couldn’t see anything

13 He has very wide knowledge W e can’t help admiring him

14 His conduct is very good All his teachers love him

15 M ary has beautiful voice W e all like to hear her sing

16 John is still very weak He can’t walk without a stick

17 My father has a very good health He seldom takes any medicines

18 There is too much noise W e can’t learn our lessons

19 My friend is very strong He can lift up the table himself

20 Bill is an intelligent boy He is always at the top of his class.II/ R e w r it e t h e s e n t e n c e s b e lo w , u s in g “E N O U G H ” in s te a d

o f “T O O ”

1 This book is too dull to read

2 W e were too late to get good seats

3 Jack is too lazy to make progress in his study

4 I’ m too poor to help you with the money

223

5 These oranges are too sour for us to eat.

6 The shelf is too high for the boy to reach

7 This road is too dangerous for her to go at night

8 The water in this pool is too dirty to drink

9 M artha is too ugly to have a boyfriend

10 This room is too dark for us to study

I ll/ Fill in the blanks with “SO MUCH” or “SO M A N Y ’

1 W e h a v e problems that we can’t go to bed early

2 W hy have you g o t furniture?

3 There w a s food that everyone ate too much

4 There w e r e guests that there wasn’t enough food

5 W hy did you b u y beer?

6 Doctor Sim m on h a s patients that he’s always busy

7 I a t e sandwiches that I felt ill

8 My father h a s work to do that he can’t come backhom e tonight

9 W hy did he d r in k wine?

10 They d r a n k wine that they couldn’t walk

11 His m other asks him to take things that he can’tput all of them into his suitcase

12 There are places o f interest in London that Janecan’t decide where to go first

13 It took J a n e time to listen to her roommate

14 There w a s noise in the room that I couldn’t work

15 There are planets in the universe that we can’tcount them

E-PH R ASES AN D CLAUSES OF REASON

(CUM TIT VA MENH DE CHI LY DO)

I/ Phrases o f Reason:

* Cum tii chi ly do thiidng diicfc bat dau bang tie noi BECAUSE

OF

*Cau true cua cum tii chi ly do la:

because o f + N / N Phrase/ Gerund Phrase

Note: Because o f is often interchangeable with the expression due to.

Ex:

+ Jan was worried because of the rain

+ The students arrived late because of the traffic jam

+ We have to cut down our driving because of the oil

shortage

+ Because of the rain, we have cancelled the party

II/ Clauses o f Reason = Adverbial Clauses o f Reason (Menh

de trang nguf chi ly do)

* Menh de tran,g ngu! chi ly do la mot menh de phu chi ly do hoac nguyen nhdn cua hanh dong diidc neu trong menh de chinh.

* Menh di trang ngii chi ly do thiidng diidc noi vdi menh de chinh nkdeae tii noi: BECAUSE, SINCE, AS (liiu y “ since” va “as”

thiidng dat d dau cdu).

* Cdu true:

Because/ Since / A s + S + V

Ex:

,*• He cam e ten minutes late because he missed the first bu^

-> Since/ As he missed the first bus, he came ten minutes late

225

•> She was worried because it started to rain.

They didn’t take part in the trip because the weather was bad

* Khi doi menh de sang cum tit, neu hai chu ngit giong nhau ta

co the dung “Gerund phrase”.

Ex: She stayed at home because she was sick

—> She stayed at home because of being sick

F-PH RASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

(CUM TU" VA MENH DE CHi SU N H U0NG BO)

• Menh de nay thitdng bat dau bang nhitng tit noi :ALTHOUGH,

EVEN THOUGH, NO MATTER, W HATEVER (du, cho du)

• No matter who you are, I still love you

• No matter what she says, I don’t believe her

• W hatever others may say, you are certainly right

1/ Combine each pair o f sentences below , using the conjunction given in parentheses:

1 She is very rich He isn’t happy, (although)

2 She is very rich He isn’t happy, (no matter)

3 She can’t answer my question She is very intelligent, (although)

4 She can’t answer my question She is very intelligent, (no matter)

5 He does anything He is always careful, (whatever)

6 He does anything He always tries his best, (no matter)

7 She says anything I don’t believe her (whatever)

8 She says anything I don’t believe her (no matter)

9 He tried He was not successful, (no matter)

10 He tried He was not successful, (although)

1 1 His life is hard He is determined to study well, (although)

12 His life is hard He is determined to study well, (no matter)

13 He was wise and experienced He was taken in (though)

14 He got good jobs He was not satisfied, (no matter)

15 He got good jobs He was not satisfied, (even though)

16 You do any job You should do it devotedly, (whatever)

17 He liked anywhere He always thought of his homeland, (no matter)

18 It was cold He didn’t wear warm clothes, (no matter)

19 He often tell lies M any people believe him (although)

20 You return at any time She waits for you (no matter)

II/Make clauses of concession with “WHATEVER”:

1 No m atter what happens, don’t forget to write to me

2 She will refuse to consider our proposal even if we made any kinds o f effort to persuade her

3 No m atter what kinds of exercises he had taken, he was still putting on weight

4 No matter what sorts of difficulties you may encounter, you should keep your promise

5 No matter what he says, nobody believes him

6 You should review all your lessons before taking your exam although you have any kinds of difficulties

7 Although he had taken any kinds of exercies, he got fatter and fatter

8 You should alw ays study hard although you encounter difficulties

9 Although others may say anything she is certainly right

10 Although he chose any job, his parents were pleased with him

1 1 The old wom an told interesting stories to the children although her memory was poor

12 Though he had been absent frequently, he was managed to pass the test

13 He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet

14 A lthough the prices are high, my daughters msist on going

to the movie

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G - C L A U S E S A F T E R AS IF , AS T H O U G H , I T S H IG H

T IM E , IT ’S T IM E , W O U L D P \ T H E R

1) Clauses after AS IF, A S THOUGH:

* A S IF, AS THOUGH co nghia la “nhit the, ditdng nhi/’.

* Hai tit noi tren ditng tritdc mot menh de chi mot dieu khong co that hoac trdi vdi thitc te.

• He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich)

S + V(past) + j-a s if + S + V past perfect subjunctive

\ as though (had + vs) (Neu chi mot

hanh dong xay ra tn?6c hanh dong d menh de chinh)

Ex:

• Tom looked tired as if he had worked very hard

• The child ate as though he had been hungry for a long time

• He looked as if he hadn’t taken a bath for months

• Lifu y ; + Past subjunctive (qua khtf gia dinh) co hinh thtfc giong thi Sim ple Past nhtfng vdi dong tvf BE phai doi thanh WERE cho tat ca cac ngoi.

+ Past perfect subjunctive (qua khuf hoan thanh gia dinh)

co hinh thtic giong thi Past perfect (had + V s).

2/ Clauses after IT ’S TIM E, IT ’S HIGH TIME.

• It's time! It's high tim e co nghia la “da tdi luc” de dien td thdi gian ma mot viec nen ditpc lam ngay.

• Cac td tren thudng duoc theo sau bang cac menh de co cdu true sau:

a/ Followed by past tense with present m eaning:

It S time + S + V p asj subjunctive

It’s high time (Vt; be —> were)

^~Ex;

• It’s time you started to work

• It’s high time we set out

• It’s time we reviewed our lesson

b/ Followed by infinitive

| It’s time + (for + O) + Infinitive

I It’s high time

Ex:

• It’s time for her to go to bed

• It’s tim e to buy a car

3/ Clauses after W O U L D RATHER:

* “Would rather” co nghia la “ mong muon rang”

231

(D ang viet tAt: .’d rather).

* Menh de theo sau WOULD RATHER co ba cdu true sau:

a- M ong muon d tifefng lai:

S + would rather (that) + S (not) + V present subjunctive

^ bare-inf^

* Lifu y: Present subjunctive la hien tai gia dinh co hinh thufc nhtf dong ti* nguyen m au (V bare.iDlf)

Ex:

• I would rather (that) you call me tomorrow

• W e would rather he take this train

• I would rather (that) she be here tomorrow

• I would rather you not call me next Sunday

b- M ong muon of hien tai: (trai vdi thvfc te, khong co that)

S + would rather (that) + S + V Past subjunctive

(V*; be->w ere)

Ex:

• Henry would rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same departm ent as he does (His girlfriend does not w ork in the same department)

• Jane would rather (that) it w eren’t winter now

• I would rather the weather were fine today

c- M ong muon of qua khti: (trai vdi thuc te, khong co that)

S + would rather (that) + S + V Past perfect subjunctive

(had + V3)

Ex: + R oberto would rather w e hadn’t left yesterday.

+ John would rather that Mary had gone to school

yesterday

+ I would rather I had passed my last exam

* Would rather con dtfcfc dung trong cac cau true sau:

S + would rather (not) + V (ba^nf.) (+ than)

( Tiicfng lai/ hien tai)

Ex: + I would rather stay at home tonight

+ John would rather go to class tomorrow than today

S + would rather (not) + have + Vs (than) j (Qud khit)

Ex: + John would rather have gone to class yesterday than

today

+ Mary would rather not have gone to class yesterday

EXERCISES

1/ Supply the correct verb forms:

1 We would rather (stay) home tonight

2 Mr Jones w ould rather (stay) home last night

3 We would rather (drink) coffee than tea

4 The photographer would rather that we (stand) closer together than we are standing

5 Carmen would rather (cook) for the entire family

6 She would rather you (not arrive) last night

7 John would rather he (sleep) than worked last night

8 George would rather he (be) free tomorrow

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9 Mary would rather that she (not, fail) the test yesterday.

1 0 1 would rather that I (invite) her to my birthday party lastSunday

1 1 Henry talks to his dog as if it (understand) him

12 It’s time we all (go) now

13 I’d rather you (go) now

14 It’s high time you (get) the tea ready

15 He acts as if he (know) English perfectly

16 I’d rather you (pay) me now

17 It’s high time you (have) a haircut

18 He was wet as if he (swim) for hours

19 She acted as if she (meet) him before

20 Jact spent his money as if he (win) a lottery

II/ Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words given:

1 My head seems to be on fire now

6 He spent his money like a prince

- » He spent his money as if

7 You speak like a prophet

- » You speak as though

8 W e must set out, it is a bit late.

—> It’s high time

9 You should review your lessons for the exams

- » It’s time

10 He smokes a great deal I’d like he gives up smoking

-> I’d rather

11 She pretended not to know me

-» She looked as if she

12 He should call me on the phone

-» It’s time

13 We must start working now

- » It’s high time

14 She made up like an actress

She made up as if

15 She cried like a baby

-> She cried as though

16 They talk like kings

—> They talk as if

17 We should solve this problem

—> It’s time

18 Mary dresses up like a queen

-> Mary dresses up as if

19 She talks too much

-> I’d rather

20 He’ll com e to my house tonight

- » I’d rather

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H- NOUN CLAUSES

(MENH DE DANH NGlf)

• Noun clause la mot menh de phu lam cong viec cua danh tu.

• Noun clause duoc noi vdi menh de chinh bdi tit noi

TH A T hoac cac tii WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, WHETHER.

• Khi diing cac til noi tren, dong til trong “Noun clause” van chia d the xac dinh, khong chia a the'nghi van.

1/ Noun clauses lam chu nguf (Subject) trong cau

Ex: + W hat he said was not true

S+ W hether the weather will change or not is difficult to tell

S+ W hat you think is not my problem

S

2/ Noun clauses co the lam tan nguf (Object) trong cau

Ex: + I’ll tell you what he w ants

3/ Noun clauses co the lam bo nguf (Com plem ent) trong cau

Ex: + I consider him what a man should be

C+ Money is what she needs

C

4/ Noun clauses co the lam tan nguf cho gidi tif (Object of a Preposition)

Ex: + It all depends on when you come

+ You are responsible for what you have done

I- R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S

(MENH DE QUAN HE)

• Relative clausc con difOc gpi la Adjective clause (menh

de tinh nguf) vi no la m enh de phu difOc dung de bo nghia cho danh td diing trvfdc no (tien nguf).

• Relative clauses dtfcfc noi vdi m enh de chinh bdi cac dai

td quan he W H O, W H O M , W H IC H , W H O SE, THAT hoac cac pho td quan he W H E N , W H ER E, W H Y.

• Vj tri: Relative clauses ddng ngay sau danh td ma no bo nghia.

/ / CAC H DUNG:

1 /WHO:

* WHO la mot dai tit quan he (relative pronoun) chi ngiidi

*WHO ditng sau tien ngit chi ngitdi de lam chu ngit cho dong tit ditng sau no (S).

Ex: + The man who is standing overthere is Mr Pike,

relative clause + That is the girl who has won the medal

relative clause

2 / W HOM :

* WHOM la mot dai tit quan he chi ngitcfi.

* WHOM diing sau tien ngit chi ngitdi de lam tiic tit cho dong tit ditng sau no (O).

Ex: + The wom an whom vou saw yesterday is my aunt

+ The boy whom we are looking for is Tom

*WHOM co the ditdc bo.

Ex: + The wom an vou saw yesterday is my aunt

+ The boy we are looking for is Tom

237

3/ W H IC H :

* WHICH: la mot dai tu quan he chi vat.

* WHICH diing sau tien ngiC chi vat de lam chu ngie (S) hoac tuc tie (O) cho dong tie sau no.

Ex: + This is the book which 1 like best

+ The hat which is red is mine

* Khi WHICH lam tuc tie (O) cho dong tie sau no, WHICH co the dupe bo.

Ex: + This is the book I like best

+ The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful

47 T H A T :

* THAT la mot dai tie quan he chi ca ngUdi lan vat.

* THAT co the ditdc dung thay cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH tronR menh de quan he thuoc loai Restrictive clauses (menh de han dinh).

Ex: + That is the book that I like best

+ That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom

+ My father is the person that I admire most

+ I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park

5 / W H O S E :

* WHOSE la mot dai tie quan he.

* WHOSE ditng sau tien ngie chi ngiCcfi va thay cho tinh tie set

* WHOSE luon di kem vdi mot danh tie.

Ex: + The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.+ John found a cat whose lee was broken

6/ WHEN:

* WHEN la mot pho tit quan he chi thin gian.

* WHEN ditng sau tien ngie chi thdi gian.

* WHEN ditdc diing thay cho “at/ o n / in + which; TH E N ’.

Ex: + M ay Day is the day w hen people hold a meeting

(on which)+ I’ll never forget the day when I met her

(on which)+ That was the time w hen he managed the company

(at which)

7 / W H E R E :

* WHERE la mot pho tit quan he chi ndi chon.

* WHERE ditng sau tien ngit chi ndi chon.

* WHERE ditdc dung thay cho “a t/ on / in + which; THERE”.

Ex: + That is the house where we are living now

(in which)+ Do you know the country where I was born?

+ Hanoi is the place where I like to come

8/ WHY:

* WHY la mot pho tit quan he chi ly do.

* WHY diing sau tien ngit “THE REASO N ’ (ly do).

* WILY ditdc dung thay cho “FOR THE R EASO N ’.

Ex: + Please tell me the reason why you are so sad

(for which)+ He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before

239

II/ Phan lo a i : Co 2 loai Relative claus**'

1/ Restrictive clauses: (menh de han dinh)

Day la loai menh de can thiet vi tien ngii chita xac dinh, khong co no cau se khong du nghia

Ex: + The man who keeps the school library is Mr Green

+ That is the book that I like best

2/ Non- Restrictive clauses: (menh de khong han dinh)

* Ddy la loai menh de khong can thiet vi tien ngit da diidc xac dinh, khong co no cdu van du nghia.

* Non- Restrictive clauses ditdc ngan vdi menh de chinh bang cac dau phay TriCdc danh tic thiidng co: this, that, these, those,

my, his hoac ten rieng.

Ex: + That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike

+ This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week

+ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar

* Lvfu y: Khong dvfefe dung “THAT” trong non-restrictive clauses.

I ll/ Trvfdng hcfp dong tvf cua Relative clauses co gidi tvf (chi dung cho W H O M / W H IC H ).

** Ta dat gidi tvf trvfdc Relative clause (trvfdc WHOM, WHICH).

* Ta cung co the bo W H O M , W H ICH va dat gidi tvf ra sau dong tvf cua Relative clauses (vdi dieu kien phai la Restrictive clause).

* Khi dung THAT, ta khong dvfefe dem gidi tvf ra trvfdc ma

van de sau.

Ex: + The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike

+ The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.

+ The man that Mary is talking to is Mr Pike

*Khi gidi tif dvfng cuoi Relative clauses la thanh phan cua dong tvf kep thi ta khong dem ra trvfdc W H O M / W HICH.

Ex: + This is the book which I’m looking for

+ That is the child whom you have to look after

* Khi dung W H O M , W H ICH co the de cac gidi tvf of sau (ngoai trif W ITH O UT).

Ex: + The man whom M ary is talking to is Mr Pike

+ That is the man without whom we’ll get lost

IV/ Dang rut gon cua m enh de quan he (reduced forms of relative clauses).

1 / Menh d i quan he co th i di/dc rut gon bang cdch dung participle phrases Co hai loai participle phrases:

* Present participle phrases la cac cum tii bat dau bang Present participle (V-ing).

* Past participle phrases la cac cum lit bat dau bang Past participle (V 3 ).

* Cach rut gon m enh de quan he bang participle phrases:

* Neu dong tvf trong m enh de quan he d the chu dong

(active), ta dung Present participle phrases thay cho menh

de do (bo dai tvf quan he va trd dong tvf, difa dong tvf chinh

ve nguyen mau roi them ING).

Ex: + The man who is sittmg next to you is my uncle

-> The man sittm g next to you is my uncle

+ Do you know the boy who broke the wmdows last night?

Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?

241

*Neu dong tvf trong menh de quan he d the bi dong (passive), ta dung past participial phrase (bo dai tvf quan

he va trd dong tvf, bat dau cum tvf bang V 3).

Ex:

• The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.-> The books written by To Hoai are interesting

• The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy

-> The students punished by the teacher are lazy

• The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Pike

—> The house built now belongs to Mr Pike

2/ Menh de quan he co the dvfdc rut gon bang cach dung

“TO-INFINITIVE” hoac “ INFINITIVE PHRASE” (for + 0 + to-inf)

Ex:

• English is an im portant language which we have to master

—> English is an im portant language to master

• There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food

-> There is a good restaurant to eat good food

• That is the hotel where we can stay

- » That is the hotel to stay

• There’s a lot o f work which has to be done

- » There’s a lot o f work to be done

• Here is a form that you must fill in

—> Here is a form for you to fill in

• I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in

—» I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden

for him to play in