Chapter 7 - The skeleton (part a) provides knowledge of the skull. After completing this unit, you should be able to: Name, describe, and identify the skull bones. Identify their important markings; compare and contrast the major functions of the cranium and the facial skeleton.
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prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
7
The Skeleton: Part A
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The Axial Skeleton
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Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and sternum)
(a) Anterior view
Facial bones Cranium
Sacrum
Vertebral column
Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib
Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals
Phalanges Metacarpals Femur
Patella Tibia Fibula
Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
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The Skull
• Two sets of bones
posterior cranial fossae
neck muscles
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The Skull
taste, and smell
of facial expression
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Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Lambdoid suture
Facial bones
Squamous suture
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Coronal suture
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Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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Frontal Bone
• Anterior portion of cranium
• Most of anterior cranial fossa
• Superior wall of orbits
• Contains air-filled frontal sinus
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Supraorbital margin Superior orbital
fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid bone
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Parietal Bones and Major Associated
Sutures
• Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault
• Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal
bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
bone
occipital bone
and temporal bones on each side of skull
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Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal boneZygomaticbone Maxilla
Alveolar margins
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Zygomatic
process
Temporal bone
Figure 7.5a
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Occipital Bone
• Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa
• Articulates with 1st vertebra
• Sites of attachment for the ligamentum
nuchae and many neck and back muscles
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Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Sutural bone
Occipitomastoid suture
(b) Posterior view
Occipital condyle
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Mastoid process
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
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Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen
MaxillaSphenoid bone
(greater wing) Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid
foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Foramen spinosum
Maxilla
(palatine process) Hard
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Mastoid region
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process Styloid process
Tympanic region Mandibular fossa Zygomatic process Squamous
region
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Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen
MaxillaSphenoid bone
(greater wing) Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid
foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Foramen spinosum
Maxilla
(palatine process) Hard
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Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal
Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus
View
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Sphenoid Bone
• Complex, bat-shaped bone
• Keystone bone
• Three pairs of processes
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Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid
Superior orbital fissure
(a) Superior view
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Body of sphenoid
Greater wing
Superior orbital fissure
Lesser wing
Pterygoid process
(b) Posterior view
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Ethmoid Bone
• Deepest skull bone
• Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities
• Contributes to medial wall of orbits
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Olfactory foramina
Crista galli
Left lateral mass
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Supraorbital margin Superior orbital
fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid bone
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Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal
Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus
View
Figure 7.7a
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Sutural Bones
• Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures
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Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Sutural bone
Occipitomastoid suture
(b) Posterior view
Occipital condyle
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Mastoid process
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
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Mandible
• Lower jaw
• Largest, strongest bone of face
• Temporomandibular joint: only freely movable joint in skull
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Coronoid process Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Mandibular angle
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
Temporomandibular
joint
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Frontal process
Articulates with frontal bone
Anterior nasal spine
Infraorbital foramen
Alveolar margin
(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
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Supraorbital margin Superior orbital
fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid bone
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Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen
MaxillaSphenoid bone
(greater wing) Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid
foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Foramen spinosum
Maxilla
(palatine process) Hard
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Zygomatic Bones
• Cheekbones
• Inferolateral margins of orbits
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Supraorbital margin Superior orbital
fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid bone
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Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones
• Nasal bones
• Lacrimal bones
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Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal boneZygomaticbone Maxilla
Alveolar margins
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Zygomatic
process
Temporal bone
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Palatine Bones and Vomer
• Palatine bones
hard palate
the nasal cavity
• Vomer
septum
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Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen
MaxillaSphenoid bone
(greater wing) Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid
foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Foramen spinosum
Maxilla
(palatine process) Hard
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
• Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity
Trang 43Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14a
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid
bone
Anterior nasal spine
Frontal sinus Superior
nasal concha Middle
nasal concha
Ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone
Superior, middle, and inferior meatus
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Orbits
• Encase eyes and lacrimal glands
• Sites of attachment for eye muscles
• Formed by parts of seven bones (next slide)
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(b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit
• Orbital surface of maxillary bone
• Zygomatic bone
Figure 7.13a
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• Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage
Trang 47Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14a
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid
bone
Anterior nasal spine
Frontal sinus Superior
nasal concha Middle
nasal concha
Ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone
Superior, middle, and inferior meatus
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Vomer
Crista galli Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
bone
Frontal sinus
Palatine process
of maxilla
(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions
of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
Hard
palate
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Paranasal Sinuses
• Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
• Lighten the skull
• Enhance resonance of voice
• Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
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Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus)
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
(a) Anterior aspect (b) Medial aspect
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Hyoid Bone
• Not a bone of the skull
• Does not articulate directly with another bone
• Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
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Greater horn Lesser horn
Body