Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 7: The skeleton (part c)

Bones of the limbs and their girdles are collectively called the appendicular skeleton because they are appended to the axial skeleton that forms the longitudinal axis of the body. Chapter 7 - The skeleton (part c) provides knowledge of appendicular skeleton.

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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides

prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

7

The Skeleton: Part C

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Appendicular Skeleton

body trunk

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Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

move the upper limbs

PLAY A&P Flix™: Bones of the pectoral girdle

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Clavicle

clavicular joint

Acromio-Scapula

(a) Articulated pectoral girdle

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Clavicles (Collarbones)

with the scapula

with the sternum

out laterally

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Anterior

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Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

between ribs 2 and 7

three angles

location

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Acromion

Coracoid process

Suprascapular notch

Superior border

Superior angle

Subscapular fossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoid cavity

Lateral border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

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Superior angle

Medial border

Coracoid process Suprascapular notch

Acromion

Glenoid cavity

at lateral angle

Lateral border

Infraspinous fossa

Spine

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Supraspinous fossa

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Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Acromion

Infraspinous fossa

Spine

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Infraglenoid tubercle

Supraglenoid tubercle

Inferior angle

Infraspinous

fossa

Posterior Anterior

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The Upper Limb

• 8 carpal bones in the wrist

• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm

• 14 phalanges in the fingers

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Humerus

scapula

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Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Inter- tubercular sulcus

Lateral supracondylar ridge

Radial fossa Capitulum

Head of humerus Anatomical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea

(a) Anterior view

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Bones of the Forearm

• Ulna

• Medial bone in forearm

• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the

humerus

• Lateral bone in forearm

• Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna

• Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length

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Radial notch of the ulna

Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint

Distal radioulnar joint

Styloid process

of radius Radius

Neck of radius

Head of radius

Ulnar notch

of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna

Interosseous membrane Ulna

Head Neck Radial tuberosity

Radius

Styloid process

of radius

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

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(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch

Articulation for scaphoid

Articulation for lunate

Styloid process View

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Coronoid fossa

Radius

Radial tuberosity

Head of radius

Coronoid process of ulna

Ulna Radial notch

Olecranon fossa

Ulna

Olecranon process

Medial epicondyle

(d) Posterior view of extended elbow

Humerus

Lateral epicondyle

Head Radius Neck

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radius to form wrist joint

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Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges

palm

phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal

thumb (pollex)

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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

coxae)

• Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments

• Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs

• Support pelvic organs

ischium, and pubis

bones form the bony pelvis

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Iliac fossa

Pubic bone Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacral promontory

Pelvic brim Acetabulum

Pubic crest Pubic symphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Anterior superior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis

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Hip Bone

1 Ilium

• Superior region of the coxal bone

• Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum

(sacroiliac joint)

2 Ischium

• Posteroinferior part of hip bone

3 Pubis

• Anterior portion of hip bone

• Midline pubic symphysis joint

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Acetabulum Pubic body

Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine

Anterior inferior iliac spine

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Iliac fossa

Ilium

Iliac crest

Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior

Obturator foramen

Body of the ilium

Ischium

Ischial ramus

(b) Medial view, right hip bone

Auricular surface

Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Greater sciatic notch

Posterior inferior iliac spine

Articular surface

of pubis (at pubic

symphysis)

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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves

canal

has greater capacity

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and stronger muscles

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Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and

smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚

Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together

Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral

curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally

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The Lower Limb

bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes

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Femur

the hip and distally with the tibia and patella

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capitis Greater trochanter

trochanteric crest

Inter-Head

Intertrochanteric line

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Lateral condyle

Lateral epicondyle Intercondylar fossa

Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Medial condyle

Medial epicondyle

Adductor tubercle

Anterior view Posterior view

(b) Femur (thigh bone)

Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface

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Bones of the Leg

• Medial leg bone

• Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot

• Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur

• Site of muscle attachment

• Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane

• Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

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Medial condyle

Articular surface

Tibial tuberosity

Interosseous membrane Anterior border

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Medial condyle

Articular surface of lateral condyle

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Foot: Tarsals

the foot

tibia to the calcaneus

medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

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Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges

• Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)

• Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot”

• The 14 bones of the toes

• Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges

• Hallux has no middle phalanx

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Proximal

5 4 3 2 1

Middle Distal

Trochlea

of talus

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Facet for medial malleolus

Calcaneal tuberosity

(b) Medial view

Intermediate

Sustentac-ulum tali (talar shelf)

Talus Navicular

First metatarsal

Medial cuneiform

Calcaneus

PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot

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Arches of the Foot

bones, ligaments, and tendons

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Medial longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

Lateral longitudinal arch

(a) Lateral aspect of right foot

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Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull

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Frontal bone

Ossification

center

Occipital bone (a) Superior view

Posterior fontanelle

Parietal bone

Anterior fontanelle Frontal suture

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Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates

face

lengthen with age

the head and trunk, leading to adult

proportions

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Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature

birth

shape

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Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature

learns to walk)

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Developmental Aspects: Old Age

hydrated, and less elastic

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