Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 6: Bones and skeletal tissues (part a). When you finish this chapter, you should: Describe the functional properties of the three types of cartilage tissue, locate the major cartilages of the adult skeleton, explain how cartilage grows, name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their relative functions, compare and contrast the four bone classes and provide examples of each class,...
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prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
6
Bones and Skeletal
Tissues: Part A
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Skeletal Cartilages
• Contain no blood vessels or nerves
• Dense connective tissue girdle of
perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage
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Skeletal Cartilages
1 Hyaline cartilages
• Provide support, flexibility, and resilience
• Most abundant type
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Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages
Cartilages Bones of skeleton
Epiglottis
Larynx Trachea Cricoid
cartilage Lung
Respiratory tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
Thyroid cartilage
Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose
Articular Cartilage
of a joint Costal cartilage
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• Calcification of cartilage occurs during
• Normal bone growth
• Old age
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Bones of the Skeleton
• Two main groups, by location
• Axial skeleton (brown)
• Appendicular skeleton (yellow)
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Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose
Articular Cartilage
of a joint Costal cartilage
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Classification of Bones by Shape
• Long bones
• Longer than they are wide
• Short bones
• Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
• Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)
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Classification of Bones by Shape
• Flat bones
• Thin, flat, slightly curved
• Irregular bones
• Complicated shapes
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Bone Markings
• Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as
• Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
• Joint surfaces
• Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
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Bone Markings: Projections
• Tuberosity—rounded projection
• Crest—narrow, prominent ridge
• Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface
• Line—narrow ridge of bone
• Tubercle—small rounded projection
• Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle
• Spine—sharp, slender projection
• Process—any bony prominence
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Bone Markings: Projections
• Projections that help to form joints
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Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
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Bone Textures
• Compact bone
• Dense outer layer
• Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Honeycomb of trabeculae
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Structure of a Long Bone
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Structure of a Long Bone
• Epiphyses
• Expanded ends
• Spongy bone interior
• Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)
• Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces
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Articular cartilage
Periosteum Spongy bone
Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined
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Membranes of Bone
• Outer fibrous layer
• Inner osteogenic layer
• Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
• Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
• Osteogenic cells (stem cells)
• Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
• Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
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(c)
Yellow bone marrow
Endosteum
Compact bone Periosteum
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient
arteries
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Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
• Periosteum-covered compact bone on the
outside
• Endosteum-covered spongy bone within
• Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones
• Bone marrow between the trabeculae
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Compact bone
Trabeculae Spongy bone (diplo ë )
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Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red
Marrow)
• Red marrow cavities of adults
• Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
• Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones
• Red marrow of newborn infants
• Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Cells of bones
• Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
• Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
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cell responsible for bone growth
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
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(c) Osteocyte
Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix
(d) Osteoclast Bone-resorbing cell
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone
• Haversian system, or osteon—structural unit
• Lamellae
• Weight-bearing
• Column-like matrix tubes
• Central (Haversian) canal
• Contains blood vessels and nerves
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Structures
in the central canal
Artery with capillaries Vein
Nerve fiber
Lamellae
Collagen fibers run in different directions
Twisting force
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone
• Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
• At right angles to the central canal
• Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
• Lacunae—small cavities that contain
osteocytes
• Canaliculi—hairlike canals that connect
lacunae to each other and the central canal
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Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteal blood vessel
Periosteum
Lacuna (with osteocyte)
Interstitial lamellae Lamellae
Compact bone
Spongy bone
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Spongy Bone
• Trabeculae
• Align along lines of stress
• No osteons
• Contain irregularly arranged lamellae,
osteocytes, and canaliculi
• Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
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Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
• Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
• Osteoid—organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
• Ground substance (proteoglycans,
glycoproteins)
• Collagen fibers
• Provide tensile strength and flexibility
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Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
• Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
• 65% of bone by mass
• Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
• Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression