Chapter 11 - Attitude measurement. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Attitude measurement, what are attitudes? cognitive or knowledge component, affective or liking component, intention or action component,...
Trang 2Attitude Measurement
Trang 3• Used to understand and influence behavior since:
Trang 4• Mental states used by
individuals to structure the way they perceive their environment and guide the way they
respond to it
• Components of attitude:
1 Cognitive or
Knowledge component
2 Affective or Liking
component
3 Intention or Action
component
Trang 5Cognitive or Knowledge Component
Trang 6• Summarizes a person’s overall feelings toward an object, situation, or person on a scale of likedislike
or favorableunfavorable
• When there are several alternatives, liking is expressed in terms of preference for one alternative
• Preference measured by asking which alternative is
“most preferred” or “first choice,” which is the
“second choice,” and so on
Trang 7• Refers to a person’s expectations of future behavior toward an object
• Intentions are usually limited to a distinct time period that depends on buying habits and planning horizons
• Incorporates information about a respondent’s ability or willingness to pay for the object, or otherwise take
action
Trang 8• Measurement is a standardized process of assigning numbers or other symbols to certain characteristics of objects of interest, according to prespecified rules
Trang 9• Process of creating a continuum on which objects are located according to the amount of the measured
characteristic possessed
• Types of measurement scale:
Trang 103) Hispanic 4) Asian 5) Other
Trang 11Rank your preferences for the following attributes in making
Trang 13How old are you? _
What is your zip code?
Trang 14Types of Scales and Their Properties
Trang 15• Present a respondent with a continuum of numbered categories that represent the range
of possible attitude adjustments
• Classified as:
1 Single item scales
2 Multiple item scales
Trang 16Classification of Attitude Scales
Trang 17• Only have one item to measure a construct
Types of Single item scales
Trang 18• Respondent selects from a limited number of categories
Very Satisfied _ Quite Satisfied _ Somewhat Satisfied _ Not at all Satisfied
`
Trang 19• A judgment comparing one object, concept, or
person against one another
Trang 20• Respondent compares one item with another
or a group of items against each other and ranks them
Trang 21• Respondents sort comparative characteristics into normally distributed groups
• Ten or more groups increases accuracy of results
Trang 22• Respondents allocate a fixed number of rating
points among serial objects to reflect relative preference
Trang 23Like very much Dislike very much
100
75
50
25 0
Trang 24• The brands to be rated are presented two at a time, so
each brand in the category is compared once to every other brand
divided between the two brands on the basis of respondents’ preferences
Trang 26• Developed to measure a sample of beliefs toward the
attitude objects and combine the set of answers into an average score
Types of multipleitem scales:
Trang 27agreement or disagreement with a variety of statements related to the attitude object
individual items are summed to give total score for respondents
Trang 28Likert Scale – Example
Trang 29• Also known as the method of equalappearing intervals since
objective is to obtain a unidimensional scale with interval properties
Trang 30Thurstone Scales (contd.)
Trang 31• Respondents rate each attribute object on a number of five or sevenpoint rating scales bounded by polar
adjectives or phrases
• With bipolar scale, the midpoint is a neutral point
Trang 32• Pairs of objects or phrases selected must be meaningful
in market being studied and correspond to product/service attributes
• Rotate negative pole on either side to avoid "halo" effect
• Category increments are treated as interval scales so group mean values can be computed for each object on each scale
• May also be analyzed as a summated rating scale
Trang 33• Application of semantic differential scale
• Plot mean ratings for each object on each scale for visual comparison
• Overall comparison of brands hard to grasp with many brands and attributes
• Not all attributes are independent
Trang 35• Most effective for markets where respondent is knowledgeable only about a small subset of a large number of choices
• Appropriate to choice situations that involve a sequential decision process
• Best suited to market tracking where the emphasis is
on understanding shifts in relative competitive positions
Trang 36Determine clearly what you are going to measure
Generate as many items as possible Ask experts in the field to evaluate the initial pool of items Determine the type of attitudinal scale to be used
Include some items that will help in the validation of the scale
Evaluate and refine the items Administer the items to an initial sample
Finally, optimize the scale length
Trang 37Choosing An Attitudinal Scale
Trang 38Validity: An attitude measure has validity if it
measures what it is supposed to measure
Trang 40Accuracy of Attitude Measurements (Contd.)
Trang 41Responses Can Be Affected by:
• Low literacy and educational levels
• Culture; semantic differential scale is closest to pancultural scale
• Adapting response formats, particularly their calibration, for specific countries and cultures
Trang 42End of Chapter Eleven