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QUÁ TRÌNH XÂM NHẬP CỦA HIV HIV partick©e New viral đỀ-~~ + bindse to hos1 cel on particles... Unhealthy cells rapidly multiply and become disorganized cancer cells... “Tentaclies’ f

BAI 13: BAO VE VON GEN NGUOI

VA MOT SO VAN DE XA HOI

CUA DI TRUYEN HOC

QUÁ TRÌNH XÂM NHẬP CỦA HIV

HIV partick©e

New viral đỀ-~~ + bindse to hos1 cel on particles

U CUA HIV CAU TRUC PHAN T ”

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Organization of the HIV-1 Virion

BA CON DUONG LAY NHIEM HIV

Replication Cycle of HIV

HIV-1 Life Cycle

Copyright © 2006 Nature Publishing Group

Nature Reviews | lmmunology

Unhealthy cells rapidly multiply and become disorganized cancer cells

“Tentaclies’ from tumour pass up

into fat layer of Dreast causing

dimpling of skin on Dreast surfece

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MỘT TRƠNG NHỮNG NGUYEN NHAN GAY UNG

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eg is removed taken From from egg adult female

'

skin cell is placed next to nucleus-free egg

and electric pulse causes skin cell

to fuse with egg >> |

⁄4

embryo

is implanted in surrogate mother

Transfer and Cloning of the Insulin Gene

How the Insulin Gene is Transferred X<

#+*<?rAazc are small circles of DNA found in bacterial cells, separate GATC

from the bacterial chrornosome CTAG

AEST TION’ SD VITIFES CUT across the tvvo strands leaving loose ends

to vvhich cONA can be attached

inserted cDNA, Special linker sequences are added to the hurnan cDNA so that it ~<

wwill fit precisely into the loose ends of the opened plasmid DNA ring

The plasmid containing the hurnan gene is novy ready to be inserted

into a living organism

Cloning the Human Insulin Gene

The plasmid enters the bacterial cell and reproduces itself When the bacterial cell divides, the plasmids are shared out betyvveen the tvvo daughter cells and the plasmids continue to reproduce

In this way a clone of identical cells is formed and if the hurnan gene incorporated encodes for the hormone insulin, then such a clone can provide a reliable insulin source

NHÂN BẢN CỪU

Embryo cultured for 7 days

NHAN BAN BO

CLONING PROCESS

The donor cell's nucleus is then electrically

fused with the “hollow” egg

% K single cell embryo, containing

only the DNA of elite dairy cow

7 days in cukure in Kong

Embryo for transfer to surrogate

or freezing for later use afl Cloned calf, genetically identical

tothe source elite dairy cow

Transfer to surrogate cow for gestation

CÁC BƯỚC CỦA QUÁ TRÌNH NHÂN BẢN

y 3 Embryonic Infant clone Implant poo fig

ng stem cells of patient in surrogate von ene

white-face sheep

"Reproductive cloning" "Therapeutic cloning" "Reproductive cloning" "Therapeutic cloning"

A donor ceẽll is takeni frarn

_ Nucleus

ð ies er These two cells are fused

using an electric shock

wie nucleus ofthe

egg cellis ee A

from an adult begins dividing

The embryo The embryo is placed develops normally in the uterus of a foster

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[_THERAPELITIC CLONING Sosi" =~) [ REPRODUCTIVE CLONING soos «rcs mowmsn> |

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CÂU TRUC PHAN TU DIOXIN

SỰ XÂM NHAP CUA DIOXIN

TAC DONG CUA DIOXIN VAO TE BAO

CHAT DOC HOA HOC DO MI THAI XUONG VN

HẬU QUÁ

*

Mutation rate versus mutation

frequency

Mutation frequency = 2 in 8 cells