Tài liệu ôn thi tốt nghiệp

In words: 2.1 Primary stress: / The loudest one.. Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness

Part one Phonetics

A The aims:

- To introduce to the sts the phonetic symbols, the transcription of a word, the sound of the word…

- To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation

- To help the sts do the phonetic exercises

-B Teaching procedure :

1 The vowel sounds:

There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two

vowels)

- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / L - a: /, / u- u:/, /

ә - з/.

- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /

Practical Exercises

Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:

Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film,

interesting, tea, sea, seen, sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased …

Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / L /:

Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last,

lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm, farm…

Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:

Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood,

stewed, to, too, wooed, wood, food, cool…

Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:

Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can,

land, dense, send, set, met, letter, stretch, fed, catch…

Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :

Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk,

spot, sport, chalk, shock, loss, got, caught, bought…

Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ә /:

Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur,

skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir, sister, brother…

Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:

Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know,

noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…

Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:ә /, / uә /:

Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard,

cheer, scared, careful, fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…

Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:

/ aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…

/ әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…

/ auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…

/ eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…

/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…

2 The consonants sounds:

There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless and voiced consonants as they are shown below:

2.1 Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, / q /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, /

h /

2.2 Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, / d /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, /

l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, / w /, / j /

Practical Exercises

Ex 9: Classify / d / and / q /:

Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth,

clothe, clothing, clothes, threaten, although…

Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:

She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon,

saturn, shrink, scream, settle, surely…

Ex 11: Classify / k/ and / t ∫ /:

Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken,

cheap, catch, chemistry, school, scholar…

Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :

See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has,

sum, sick, tease, sues, rise, lays, eyes…

3 The consonant clusters:

3.1 / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /

Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak, …

3.2 / p / + / l, r, j /:

Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant, …

3.3 / t / + / r, w, j /:

Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic, …

3.4 / k / + / l, r, w, j /:

Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious, …

3.5 / b / + / l, r ,j /:

Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau, …

3.6 / g / + / l, r /:

Glass, glance, grass, grow, …

3.7 / d / + / r, w, j /:

Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke, …

3.8 / f / + / l, r, j /:

Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse, …

3.9 / q / + / r, w /:

Throw, throat, thwart, thwack, …

3.10 / v / + / j /:

View, viewer, …

3.11 / ∫ / + / r /:

Shrink, shriek, …

3.12 / m / + / j /:

Music, mule, …

3.13 / n / + / j /:

New, nude, …

3.14 / spr /: spread, spray, …

3.15 / str /: strand, stray, string, …

3.16 / skr /: scratch …

3.17 / spj /: spure, spurious, …

3.18 / spl /: splendid, split, …

3.19 / stj /: stupid, student, …

3.20 / skj /: skew, skewer, …

3.21 / skw /: square, squash, …

4 The homonyms:

ceiling

choose

course

doe

bee

sealing

chews

coarse

dough

choove

beach cell site days fair

beech sell cite daze fare

sight

bean cheep cord dear feat

been cheap chord deer feet

beat check cote die flowe r

beet cheque coat dye flour

Part two stress

A The aims:

- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly

- To emphasize the important of stresses

- To show the rules to mark stresses

- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation

B.Teaching procedure:

I Definition :

Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound

ort a word is pronounced.

II Degree:

1 In phrases or sentences:

1.1 Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all

1.2 Secondary stress: (L) The second loudest stress

1.3 Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress

1.4 Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness

2 In words:

2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one

2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one

III The marking rules for word- stress:

1 For disyllables words:

1.1 Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace,

student, teacher,…

1.2 Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or

prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful,

kindness, scientist, … (But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)

1.3 Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise,

defy,…

2 For words with more than 2 syllables:

2.1 Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular,

singular, international, satisfactory,…

2.2 Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”,

“ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”, “ility”: recognize,

demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…

2.3 Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in

“ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”,

“tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental,

essential, habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar, …

(Except for: Television)

2.4 Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”,

“esque”: Portugese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer,

adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…

3 Others rules:

3.1 Words having more than one function:

3.2 Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong

sound, or end in more than one consonant : affect, obtain, …

IV Rules for phrase-stress:

1 Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy,

black-bird,

But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window,

silk-dress, nylon-stock, cotton-flower,…

2 Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed,

hard-working,…

But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…

3 Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg,

an interesting lesson,

4 Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student,

an amusing story, a sleeping child,…

5 Gerund – noun: noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking

glass, a stepping-stone, a magnifying glass, a washing machine,…

6 Qualifier-adjective: (L /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite

important, too weak,…

7 Verb- adverb: (L /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read

aloud, sit down, …

8 Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come

through, take off, call on, hand over, go over, …

9 Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ L /) put on the coat, turn on the

light,…

10 Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ L /) put the coat on, turn the

light on,…

11 Verb-preposition: ( / L)look at, speak to, wait, for, look up, …

Part three Vocabulary

A The aims:

- To help the sts know the function of words

- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related words

- To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises

- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary

B Teaching procedure:

1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or

movements…

2. Functions:

1.1 Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)

1.2 Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes

for his birthday party)

1.3 Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous

singer)

1.4. Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…

1.5. Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…

1.6 Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds

2. Plural forms:

2.1. Adding s“ ” to almost count-nouns:

a student students an umbrella umbrellas

3.2 Adding es “ ” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ sound:

singular plural singular plural

a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes

3.3. Adding ies“ ” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding

consonants:

a story stories

3.4. Adding ves“ ” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:

3.5. Irregular changes:

phenomenium phenomenia

3.6 Collective noun: crew, family, group, team, … (either singular or

plural form, either singular or plural verb)

3.7. Always plural form-nouns:

trousers scissors pliers (k×m) binoculars glasses

scales shears (kÐo c¾t cá) arms damages earnings

goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics

ethics mathematics physics politics

3.8 Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike,

plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either

singular or plural verbs)

3.9 Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bÖnh sng

quai hµm), billiards, bowls

4. Uncount-nouns:

4.1 Substances:

soap stone water wine wood

4.2 Abstract nouns:

advice beauty courage death experience

knowledge mercy Pity relief suspicion

4.3. Others:

baggage camping damage furniture luggage

parking shopping Work weather

4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:

4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our

family)

4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my

study)

4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a

good knowledge of history)

4.4.4 a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + … (He had a

great love for funny stories)

4.4.5 a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that … (It’s a pity that I

couldn’t come)

4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We

have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help

5. Compound nouns:

5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table;

traffic light; winter clothes; petrol tank;…

5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving;

bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-riding;…

5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining

room; driving licence; swimming pool;…

5.4 Free combination:

- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college

library; gear level;…

- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …

- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus;

November fog; …

- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt; …

- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground; …

- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …

- football match; beauty contest; pop music; …

6. Suffixes:

6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, :

applicant, employee,…

6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/ …: government, difference, action, :

capitalism, assistance, marriage,…

6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighbourhood, freedom, :

friendship, sadness, variety,

6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, :

behaviour, difficulty,…

II Adjectives (adj):

1 Kinds (Classification):

1.1. Main kinds:

a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.

b Distributive: each, every, either, neither.

c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much,

numbers

d Interrogative: which, what, whose.

e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their

f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy, …

1.2. Participles:

a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting, … (for

objects)

b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored, … (for human-beings)

c Notes: Present participles are different from gerund

e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.

2 Functions (Position):

2.1 Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room, …

2.2 Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be,

become, seem appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…

But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:

Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)

- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude

to the angry crowd)

- He turned pale (= He became pale)

- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)

- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)

- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was

something wrong with the soup)

3 Comparison forms:

3.1 Positive degree: as + adjs + as

Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.

- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

3.2 Comparative degree:

3.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than

Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na

- She was better at English than we were (us)

3.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than

Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.

- We are more intelligent than him

3.3 Superlative degree:

3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST

Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.

- She was the kindest lady I ve ever met.’

3.3.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.

- She is the most hard-working girl I ve ever known.’

Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

far farther/ further the farthest/

furthest

old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest 3.4 Parallel: - “The… the”:The older she gets, the wiser she become.

- And: It s getting darker and darker.’

She has now more and more free time.

- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as

riding a bike.

It s nicer/ better/ more fun to go ’

with someone than to go alone

3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.

Tom and Bill are alike.

3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish.

You look like a ghost.

Do as I told you.

3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/

He wasn t a slave).’

He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact) 3.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor, …

4 Clauses:

4.1. That – noun: clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.

It s better that someone should tell him.’

4.2. find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:

I found that it is impossible to start now.

She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.

4.3. It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:

a Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhót nh¸t),

cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…

b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible

(nh¹y bÐn), silly, stupid,…

4.4. Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:

Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou

s(lè bÞch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lËp dÞ),

pointless, useful, useless,…

- That s the amazing idea to show.’

- It was an unreasonable result to accept.

4.5. It s + adjs + infinitives:’ advisable, inadvisable, better, best,

desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tÊt yÕu),…

4.6 It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous,

difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe, unsafe,…

4.7. S + be + adjs + infinitives :

- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,… ( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/

inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)

- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick,

reluctant, slow, ready, willing, unwilling.

4.8. Special cases:

- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes

- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.

- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an

accident.

- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action

- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price

will be higher.

- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the

haunted house.

- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.

- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.

- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many

mistakes.

- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I m sorry to tell you that bad news.’

- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark

alone.

- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark

alone.

- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn t come.’

- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky

that we weren t late.’

- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an

interesting book.

- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It s possible that man ’

will live longer.

- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our

nature.

- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she

would be late.

5 Suffixes:

5.1. able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, :

bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,…

5.2. y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese,:

poisonous, logical, effective, …

5.3. ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequade, humanate, :

dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,…

5.4. like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,… :

5.5. Nationality:

a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African, …

b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese, …

c i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi, …

d ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian, …

e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish, …

f others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai, …

B Verbs (v):

1 Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part

of sentences

2 Classification:

1.1 Auxiliary verbs:

1.1.1 Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be

auxiliaries or lexical verbs)

1.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/

will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes functional verbs)

1.2 Lexical verbs:

1.2.1 Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is

selfish)

1.2.2 Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/

They arehelpful)

1.2.3 Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and

make sentences meaningful without any complementation

e.g She cried (noisily).

It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)

1.2.4 Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation

a Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object

(S+V+O).

e.g She bought flowers.

Ann met her fiancÐ yesterday.

b Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and

indirect objects (S+V+O+O)

e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets

for me)

They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me)

c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”

e.g He made me angry.

The female film star drove him mad.

2 Affixations:

2.1 en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )

e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen

courage……to encourage lenghth……to lenghthen

rich……… to enrich broad …… to broaden

2.2 ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or

specify)

e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize

maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalise

natural…… to naturalize minimum….to minimize