Accounting26th ch 02

KẾ TOÁN 26E giúp nâng cao tư duy của học sinh với nội dung giải quyết từng giai đoạn của quá trình học tập từ động lực đến thành thạo. Hệ thống tích hợp này thúc đẩy sinh viên học tập, cung cấp các cơ hội thực hành để chuẩn bị tốt hơn cho các kỳ thi và giúp sinh viên đạt được thành thạo với các công cụ để giúp họ tạo kết nối và nhìn thấy bức tranh lớn. Hệ thống học tập hoàn chỉnh được xây dựng xung quanh cách sinh viên sử dụng sách giáo khoa và tài nguyên trực tuyến để học, nghiên cứu và hoàn thành bài tập về nhà, cho phép họ đạt được thành công cuối cùng trong khóa học này. Nội dung mới bao gồm Triển lãm động do tác giả viết cho phép sinh viên thấy các kết nối và mối quan hệ hơn bao giờ hết Triển lãm động cho phép sinh viên thay đổi các biến trong một kịch bản và xem cách thay đổi gợn qua hệ thống kế toán, giúp sinh viên hiểu các khái niệm liên quan đến nhau như thế nào. Ngoài nhiều tài sản kỹ thuật số mới được tạo cho phiên bản này, nội dung sách giáo khoa cũng đã được sửa đổi để bao gồm tiêu chuẩn ghi nhận doanh thu mới và nhấn mạnh hơn vào các công ty dịch vụ trong các chương kế toán quản lý.

Using Accounts to Record Transactions

• Accounting systems are designed to show the

increases and decreases in each accounting equation element as a separate record This record is called an

The T Account

(slide 1 of 4)

a title, which is the

name of the accounting equation element recorded in the

account

Title

side.

side.

Balance of Account

Assets and Liabilities

o Some examples of assets are:

 Cash

 Supplies

 Accounts receivable

 Buildings

o Some examples of liabilities are:

 Accounts payable

 Notes payable

 Wages payable

 Interest payable

Owner’s Equity

the business after all liabilities have been paid For a proprietorship, the owner’s equity is represented by the balance of the owner’s capital account

withdrawals made by the owner

Revenues and Expenses

as a result of selling services or products to customers

o Some examples of revenues are:

 Fees earned

 Commissions revenue

 Rent revenue

• The using up of assets or consuming services in the

process of generating revenues results in expenses

o Some examples of expenses are:

 Wages expense

 Rent expense

 Miscellaneous expense

Double-Entry Accounting System

• All businesses use what is called the double-entry

accounting equation and requires:

o Every business transaction to be recorded in at least two accounts.

o The total debits recorded for each transaction to be equal

to the total credits recorded.

• The double-entry accounting system has specific rules

accounts

Balance Sheet Accounts

• The debit and credit rules for balance sheet accounts are as follows:

Income Statement Accounts

• The debit and credit rules for income statement

accounts are based on their relationship with owner’s equity

Owner Withdrawals

• The debit and credit rules for recording owner withdrawals are based on the effect of owner withdrawals on owner’s equity

Normal Balances

• The sum of the increases in an account is usually equal

to or greater than the sum of the decreases in the

account Thus, the normal balance of an account is either a debit or a credit depending on whether

increases in the account are recorded as debits or

credits

(slide 1 of 2)

• A transaction is initially entered in a record called a journal.

• Transactions are recorded in the journal using the following

steps:

o Step 1 The date of the transaction is entered in the Date column.

o Step 2 The title of the account to be debited is recorded in the hand margin under the Description column, and the amount to be

left-debited is entered in the Debit column.

o Step 3 The title of the account to be credited is listed below and to the right of the debited account title, and the amount to be credited is

entered in the Credit column.

o Step 4 A brief description may be entered below the credited account.

o Step 5 The Post Ref (Posting Reference) column is left blank when the journal entry is initially recorded This column is used later when the

journal entry amounts are transferred to the accounts in the ledger.

Posting Journal Entries to Accounts

• The process of transferring the debits and credits from the journal entries to the accounts is called posting

• The debits and credits for each journal entry are

posted to the accounts in the order in which they occur

in the journal

Unearned Revenue

• The liability created by receiving the cash in advance

of providing the service is called unearned revenue

Accounts Receivable

• When a business agrees that a customer may pay for services provided at a later date, an account

• An account receivable is a claim against the customer

• An account receivable is an asset, and the revenue is earned even though no cash has been received

Trial Balance

(slide 1 of 2)

• The equality of debits and credits in the ledger should be

proven at the end of each accounting period by preparing a

trial balance.

• The steps in preparing a trial balance are as follows:

o Step 1 List the name of the company, the title of the trial balance, and the date the trial balance is prepared.

o Step 2 List the accounts from the ledger, and enter their debit or credit balance in the Debit or Credit column of the trial balance.

o Step 3 Total the Debit and Credit columns of the trial balance.

o Step 4 Verify that the total of the Debit column equals the total of the Credit column.

Trial Balance

(slide 2 of 2)

adjusted trial balance and a post-closing trial

balance (The latter two are prepared in later

chapters and include additional information.)

Errors Affecting the Trial Balance

copied incorrectly, such as writing $542 as $452 or

$524

• In a slide, the entire number is copied incorrectly one

or more spaces to the right or the left, such as writing

$542.00 as $54.20 or $97.50 as $975.00

Errors Not Affecting the Trial Balance

• Errors that do not cause the trial balance totals to be unequal may be discovered when preparing the trial balance or may be indicated by an unusual account balance For example, since a business cannot have

“negative” supplies, a credit balance in the supplies account indicates an error has occurred

• If an error has already been journalized and posted

to the ledger, a correcting journal entry is normally prepared

Financial Analysis and Interpretation:

Horizontal Analysis

current financial statement is compared with the same item on an earlier statement

• When two statements are being compared, the

earlier statement is used as the base for computing the amount and the percent of change