KẾ TOÁN 26E giúp nâng cao tư duy của học sinh với nội dung giải quyết từng giai đoạn của quá trình học tập từ động lực đến thành thạo. Hệ thống tích hợp này thúc đẩy sinh viên học tập, cung cấp các cơ hội thực hành để chuẩn bị tốt hơn cho các kỳ thi và giúp sinh viên đạt được thành thạo với các công cụ để giúp họ tạo kết nối và nhìn thấy bức tranh lớn. Hệ thống học tập hoàn chỉnh được xây dựng xung quanh cách sinh viên sử dụng sách giáo khoa và tài nguyên trực tuyến để học, nghiên cứu và hoàn thành bài tập về nhà, cho phép họ đạt được thành công cuối cùng trong khóa học này. Nội dung mới bao gồm Triển lãm động do tác giả viết cho phép sinh viên thấy các kết nối và mối quan hệ hơn bao giờ hết Triển lãm động cho phép sinh viên thay đổi các biến trong một kịch bản và xem cách thay đổi gợn qua hệ thống kế toán, giúp sinh viên hiểu các khái niệm liên quan đến nhau như thế nào. Ngoài nhiều tài sản kỹ thuật số mới được tạo cho phiên bản này, nội dung sách giáo khoa cũng đã được sửa đổi để bao gồm tiêu chuẩn ghi nhận doanh thu mới và nhấn mạnh hơn vào các công ty dịch vụ trong các chương kế toán quản lý.
Trang 1C H A P T E R
©2016
Trang 2Flow of Accounting Information
(slide 1 of 5)
• Account balances are listed in the Unadjusted Trial Balance columns using the ending balances found in the general ledger
End-of-Period Spreadsheet (Work Sheet)
Unadjusted Trial Balance
Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
Accounts
Trang 3Flow of Accounting Information
(slide 2 of 5)
o Deferrals – Existing balances are changed.
o Accruals – New information is entered.
End-of-Period Spreadsheet (Work Sheet)
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
Unadjusted Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Trang 4Flow of Accounting Information
(slide 3 of 5)
• Adjustments are added to or subtracted from the amounts in the Unadjusted Trial Balance columns Account balances are now adjusted
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
End-of-Period Spreadsheet (Work Sheet)
Unadjusted Trial Balance
Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Accounts
Trang 5Flow of Accounting Information
(slide 4 of 5)
• Amounts for revenues and expenses in the Adjusted Trial Balance columns are extended to the Income Statement columns
Adjusted Trial Balance
Income Statement Balance Sheet
End-of-Period Spreadsheet (Work Sheet)
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Trang 6Flow of Accounting Information
Income Statement Balance Sheet
End-of-Period Spreadsheet (Work Sheet)
Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Accounts
Trang 7Income Statement
• The income statement is prepared directly from the
Income Statement or Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet)
• The expenses in the income statement are listed in
order of size, beginning with the larger items
However, Miscellaneous Expense is always the last
account listed, regardless of its amount
Trang 8• The first item presented on the statement of owner’s equity is the balance of the owner’s capital account at the beginning of the period.
• Any investments, the net income (or net loss), and the drawing account balance are used to determine the ending owner’s capital account balance
Statement of Owner’s Equity
Trang 9Balance Sheet
• The balance sheet is prepared directly from the Balance Sheet
or Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period
spreadsheet.
• A classified balance sheet is a balance sheet that is expanded
by adding subsections for assets and liabilities.
o Assets are commonly divided into two sections on the balance sheet: (1) current assets and (2) property, plant, and equipment.
o Liabilities are commonly divided into two sections on the balance sheet: (1) current liabilities and (2) long-term liabilities.
Trang 10Current Assets
(slide 1 of 2)
• Cash and other assets that are expected to be
converted into cash or sold or used up usually within one year or less, through the normal operations of the business, are called current assets
Trang 11Current Assets
(slide 2 of 2)
• Notes receivable are written promises by the
customer to pay the amount of the note and interest Like accounts receivable, notes receivable are
amounts that customers owe, but they are more formal than accounts receivable
• Notes receivable and accounts receivable are current assets because they are usually converted to cash
within one year or less
Trang 12Property, Plant, and Equipment
• Property, plant, and equipment (also called fixed assets or plant assets) include land and assets that depreciate over a period of time
o Equipment
o Machinery
o Buildings
Trang 13Current Liabilities
• Amounts the business owes to creditors that will be due within a short time (usually one year or less) and that are to be paid out of current assets are called
Trang 14Long-Term Liabilities
• Amounts the business owes to creditors that will not be due for a long time (usually more than one year) are called long-term liabilities
Trang 17• This includes all accounts reported on the income
statement as well as the owner’s drawing account,
which is reported on the statement of owner’s equity
Trang 184 Debit the owner’s capital account for the balance of the
drawing account and credit the drawing account.
Trang 19Post-Closing Trial Balance
• A post-closing trial balance is prepared after the
closing entries have been posted The purpose of the post-closing (after closing) trial balance is to verify that the ledger is in balance at the beginning of the next period
Trang 20Accounting Cycle
• The accounting process that begins with analyzing and journalizing transactions and ends with the post-closing trial balance is called the
accounting cycle
• The steps in the accounting cycle are as follows:
o Step 1: Transactions are analyzed and recorded in the journal.
o Step 2: Transactions are posted to the ledger.
o Step 3: An unadjusted trial balance is prepared.
o Step 4: Adjustment data are assembled and analyzed.
o Step 5: An optional end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) is prepared.
o Step 6: Adjusting entries are journalized and posted to the ledger.
o Step 7: An adjusted trial balance is prepared.
o Step 8: Financial statements are prepared.
o Step 9: Closing entries are journalized and posted to the ledger.
o Step 10: A post-closing trial balance is prepared.
Trang 21Fiscal Year
• The annual accounting period adopted by a business
is known as its fiscal year
• Fiscal years begin with the first day of the month
selected and end on the last day of the following
twelfth month
• When a corporation adopts a fiscal year that ends when business activities have reached the lowest point
in its annual operating cycle, such a fiscal year is
called the natural business year
Trang 22Financial Analysis and Interpretation:
Working Capital and Current Ratio
• The ability to convert assets into cash is called
Trang 23Financial Analysis and Interpretation:
Working Capital
• Working capital is the excess of the current assets of
a business over its current liabilities
• Working capital is computed as follows:
• A positive working capital implies that the business is able to pay its current liabilities and is solvent
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
Trang 24Financial Analysis and Interpretation:
Current Ratio
• The current ratio is another means of expressing the relationship between current assets and current
liabilities
• The current ratio is computed by dividing current
assets by current liabilities, as follows:
Current Ratio = Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Trang 25Appendix 1: End-of-Period Spreadsheet
• Spreadsheets are usually prepared by using a computer program such as Microsoft’s Excel®
• Some accountants prefer to expand the period spreadsheet to include financial statement columns