Đề cương ôn tập lớp 11

Chức năng: dùng thay cho hình thức hiện tại của danh động từ khi chúng ta đề cập đến hành động trong quá khứ.. Trong các thì tiếng Anh, "thì hiện tại hoàn thành" và "thì quá khứ đơn" là

ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN HỌC KÌ 2 - KHỐI 11 MÔN: TIẾNG ANH – Năm học 2018-2019 A/ GRAMMAR

I Perfect gerund and perfect participle

1 Perfect Gerund (Danh động từ hoàn thành)

1 Hình thức: having + V3/-ed

2 Chức năng: dùng thay cho hình thức hiện tại của danh động từ khi chúng ta đề cập đến hành động trong quá khứ

e.g: He was accused of having stolen / stealing their money

2 Perfect participle (Phân từ hoàn thành)

1 Hình thức: having + V3/-ed

2 Chức năng

- Dùng rút ngắn mệnh đề khi hành động trong mệnh đề đó xảy ra trước

e.g: + He finished all his homework and then he went to bed

=> Having finished all his homework, he went to bed

- Dùng rút ngắn mệnh để trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian

e.g: + After he had fallen from the horse back, he was taken to hospital and had a surgery

=> After having fallen from the horse back, he was taken to hospital and had a surgery

II

Present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses

1 Present perfect tense (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)

Công thức:

a Câu khẳng định : S + have/ has + V3/V-ed…

b Câu phủ định : S + have/ has not + V3/V-ed…

c Câu nghi vấn : Have/ has + S + V3/V-ed…?

Cách dùng:

➣ Hành động đã hoàn thành cho tới thời điểm hiện tại mà không đề cập tới nó xảy ra khi nào.

E.g.: I’ve done all my homework / Tôi đã làm hết bài tập về nhà.

➣Hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ và đang tiếp tục ở hiện tại.

E.g 1: They’ve been married for nearly fifty years (Họ đã kết hôn được 50 năm.)

E.g 2: She has lived in Tokyo all her life (Cố ấy đã sống cả đời ở Liverpool.)

Lưu ý : Chúng ta có thể sử dụng Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn cho những trường hợp như ví dụ 2 E.g.:

 She has been living in Tokyo all her life.

 It’s been raining for hours.

➣ Diễn tả hành động đã từng làm trước đây và bây giờ vẫn còn làm

E.g.:

He has written three books and he is working on another book.( Anh ấy đã viết được 3 cuốn sách và đang

viết cuốn tiếp theo.)

I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.( Tôi đã chơi guitar kể từ khi còn nhỏ.)

➣ Chúng ta thường sử dụng một mệnh đề với “since” chỉ ra khi một cái gì đó bắt đầu trong quá khứ: They’ve stayed with us since last week (Họ đã ở với chúng tôi từ tuần trước.)

I have worked here since I left school ( Tôi đã làm việc ở đây kể từ khi tôi rời trường.)

➣Một kinh nghiệm cho tới thời điểm hiện tại (thường dùng trạng từ ever)

E.g.1: My last birthday was the worst day I’ve ever had (Sinh nhật năm ngoái là ngày tệ nhất đời tôi.) E.g.2: Have you ever met George? Yes, but I’ve never met his wife (Sử dụng never cho trường hợp tiêu

cực)

➣Về một hành động trong quá khứ nhưng quan trọng tại thời điểm nói

E.g.1: I can’t get my house I’ve lost my keys (Tôi không thể vào nhà được Tôi đánh mất chùm chìa khóa

của mình rồi.)

E.g 2: Teresa isn’t at home I think she has gone shopping (Teresa không có ở nhà Tôi nghĩ cô ấy đã đi

mua sắm.)

Lưu ý đặc biệt: Trong một số trường hợp, ta sử dụng trạng thái quá khứ phân từ của động từ TOBE :

BEEN như một dạng quá khứ phân từ của động từ GO.

Trong các thì tiếng Anh, "thì hiện tại hoàn thành" và "thì quá khứ đơn" là 2 thì rất nhiều bạn dễ bị nhầm lẫn cách sử dụng Chính vì vậy, các bạn lưu ý thật kỹ để sử dụng thì tiếng Anh thật hợp lý trong ngữ cảnh nhé!

DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT

- just, recently, lately: gần đây, vừa mới

- already: rồi

- before: trước đây

- ever: đã từng

- never: chưa từng, không bao giờ

- yet: chưa (dùng trong câu phủ định và câu

hỏi)

- for + N – quãng thời gian: trong khoảng

(for a year, for a long time, …) ví dụ: for 2 months: trong vòng 2 tháng

- since + N – mốc/điểm thời gian: từ khi

(since 1992, since June, …)

- so far = until now = up to now = up to the present: cho đến bây giờ

- in/ for/ during/ over + the past/ last + thời gian: trong … Qua ( Ví dụ: During the

past 2 years: trong 2 năm qua)

*** Vị trí của các trạng từ trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

- already, never, ever, just: sau “have/ has” và đứng trước động từ phân từ II.

- already: cũng có thể đứng cuối câu.

E.g.: I have just come back home (Tôi vừa mới về nhà.)

- Yet: đứng cuối câu, và thường được sử dụng trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn.

E.g.: She hasn’t told me about you yet (Cô ấy vẫn chưa kể với tôi về bạn.)

- so far, recently, lately, up to present, up to this moment, in/ for/ during/ over + the past/ last + thời gian: Có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu.

E.g.: I have seen this film recently (Tôi xem bộ phim này gần đây.)

2

Present Perfect Continuous ( Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn )

Công thức:

a Câu khẳng định : S + have/ has + been + V-ing…

b Câu phủ định : S + have/ has not + been + V-ing…

c Câu nghi vấn : Have/ has + S + been + V-ing…?

Cách sử dụng:

– Dùng thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn để miêu tả hành động diễn ra liên tục cho đến hiện tại

E.g I have been waiting here for 3 hours (Tôi đã đợi ở đây 3 tiếng đồng hồ rồi.)

Lưu ý: Ta có thể sử dụng for, since khi dùng thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn.

E.g They have been driving for 4 hours (Họ đã lái xe 4 giờ đồng hồ liền.)

Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

– Since + mốc thời gian

Ex: She has been working since early morning (Cô ấy làm việc từ sáng sớm.)

– For + khoảng thời gian

Ex: They have been listening to the radio for 3 hours (Họ nghe đài được 3 tiếng đồng hồ rồi.)

– All + thời gian (all the morning, all the afternoon, all day, …)

Ex: They have been working in the field all the morning (Họ làm việc ngoài đồng cả buổi sáng.)

*) Phân biệt Hiện tại hoàn thành và thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành nhấn mạnh và kết

quả của hành động

I have visited Paris 3 times.

(Tôi từng đi thăm Paris 3 lần.)

Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn thường nhấn mạnh vào tính liên tục của hành động

I’ve been calling her all day.

(Tôi đã gọi cho cô ấy cả ngày.)

III.

Participle and to-infinitive clauses ( Phân từ và Mệnh đề chứa động từ nguyên mẫu có “to” )

1 Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ:

Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed)

* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).

Ex: a/ The man who is standing over there is my father.

→ The man standing over there is my father

b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors.

The couple living next door to me are professors.

* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).

Ex: a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important.

→ The instructions given on the front page are very important.

b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting.

→ The book bought by my mother is interesting.

2 Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu:

Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các

cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất.

Ex: a/ John was the last person that got the news.

→ John was the last person to get the news.

b/ He was the best player that got the prize.

→ He was the best played to get the prize.

IV Question tags (Câu hỏi đuôi)

Câu hỏi đuôi gồm có hai phần: câu nói và phần đuôi ở dạng câu hỏi và được nối nhau bằng dấu “,”.

QUY TẮC:

- Nếu ở câu nói là thể khẳng định thì phần đuôi phủ định và ngược lại Đồng thời phải đảm bảo cả câu nói và phần đuôi đều cùng một thì.

Ex: She is a doctor, isn’t she?

- Chủ từ là danh từ, ta dùng đại từ tương ứng thay thế

Ex: People speak English all over the world, don’t they?

- Đại từ bất định nothing, everything: được thay bằng “it”

Ex: Everything is ready, isn’t it?

- Các đại từ no one, nobody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody: được thay bằng “they”

Ex: Somebody sent a message to me last night, didn’t they?

- Đại từ this / that được thay bằng “it”; these / those được thay bằng “they”

Ex: That is his bracelet, isn’t it?

- Câu nói có chứa các từ phủ định thì phần đuôi khẳng định

Ex: He never comes late, does he?

- Phần đuôi của “I AM” là “AREN’T I”

Ex: I am writing a letter, aren’t I?

- Phần đuôi của “Let’s” là “SHALL WE”

Ex: Let’s go out tonight, shall we?

- Phần đuôi “WON’T YOU” để diễn tả lời mời

Ex: Have a piece of cake, won’t you?

- Phần đuôi “WILL / WOULD / CAN / CAN’T YOU” để diễn tả lời yêu cầu lịch sự

Ex: Close the door, will you?

- Phần đuôi của “ought to/had better/should” là “SHOULDN’T”

Ex: She ought to go on a diet, shouldn’t she?

V Conditional type 0

Cấu trúc: If + S + V / V (s/es) + O, S + V / V(s/es) + O

Lưu ý: hai vế của câu điều kiện loại 0 đều sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn để chia động từ.

Ví dụ:

If you don’t drink water in three days, you die

If the Earth does not go around the Sun, there are no day and night

VI Reported speech

1 Conditional in reported speech (Câu điều kiện trong câu gián tiếp)

- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3, ta giữ nguyên thì của động từ, chỉ đổi đại từ, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:

Eg: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her”

 He said that he would write to her if he knew her address

Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”

 She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle

Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”

 The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam

- Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp.

Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar”  The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar if I answered the questions correctly

2

REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO-INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

a To-infinitive

Khi những câu phát biểu/ mệnh lệnh được tường thuật với các động từ sau, ta sử dụng to-V0 kèm theo:

*) V + to-V0 : agree, decide, demand, determine, expect, guarantee, hope, offer, promise, refuse, say,

want, wish, propose,

Ex: - “OK I’ll give you a lift”, said John → John agreed to give me a lift

*) V + O + to-V0 : advise, allow, ask, beg, command, encourage, expect, help, invite, instruct, order,

permit, persuade, remind, request, require, tell, urge, want, warn,

Ex: - “Don’t forget to send Mark a birthday card, Kate”, I said

→ I reminded Kate to send Mark a birthday card

b

Gerund

Khi những câu phát biểu được tường thuật với các động từ sau, ta sử dụng V-ing kèm theo

*) V + V-ing : admit, deny, propose (dự định), request, stop, suggest, try,

Ex: - “I didn’t take your money”, said Jimmy → Jimmy denied taking my money

*) V + prep + V-ing : apologize ( to + S.O) for, approve of, confess to, dream of, insist on, look

forward to, think of,

Ex: - “I’ll definitely buy this house”, said Peter → Peter insisted on buying that house

*) V + S.O + prep + V-ing : accuse S.O of, blame S.O for, congratulate S.O on, prevent/ stop S.O

from, thank S.O for, warn S.O against, criticize S.O for (not),

Ex: - “Well done, Jane You’ve passed the exam” → I congratulated Jane on passing the exam

-PRACTICE EXERCISES PART I PHONETICS

Exercise 1 Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions

1 A dweller B overcrowded C network D waste

2 A commercial B electricity C advanced D processing

3 A inhabitant B geography C radiation D available

4 A upgrade B presentation C description D consumption

5 A disposal B optimistic C population D occupy

10 A vegetable B hygiene C sugary D longevity

11 A scholar B technique C archaeology D achievement

12 A ancient B concern C associate D special

Exercise 2 Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions

1 A organiser B comfortable C technology D populated

2 A presentation B pessimistic C residential D innovative

3 A renewable B sustainable C infrastructure D environment

4 A familiar B generate C assignment D pollutant

5 A overcrowded B inhabitant C geography D convenient

9 A infectious B essential C precaution D properly

10 A unhealthy B vitamin C mineral D natural

11 A archaeology B itinerary C unforgettable D authenticity

12 A magnificent B associate C mausoleum D harmonious

PART II VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

Exercise 3 Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s)in each of the following questions

1 The balance and harmonious blending of various elements contribute to Taj Mahal's unique beauty

A successful B agreeable C tasteful D fitting

2 My Son Sanctuary is a large complex of religious relics comprising more than 70 architectural works

such as towers, temples, and tombs

3 In addition to exploring the caves and grottos, and seeing its flora and fauna, visitors can also enjoy

mountain climbing

A flowers and plants B plants and animals C plants and vegetation D flowers and grass

4 Ha Long Bay has attracted millions of visitors who come to enjoy its breathtaking views and experience

other activities

A unbreathable B heartbreaking C awe-inspiring D unforgettable

5 They can enjoy the comfort and elegance of five-star hotels and luxury cruise ships

6 Most of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long was demolished in the early 20th century

A rebuilt B pulled down C put up D pulled up

7 Taj Mahal is a giant mausoleum of white marble in Arga, India It is considered to be an outstanding

work of art

A noticeable B attractive C brilliant D significant

8 Recognised as a World Heritage Site in 1983, the Taj Mahal Complex, including the tomb, mosque, guest

house, and main gate, has preserved the original qualities of the buildings

9 As visitors explore this magnificent place, there are always new surprises for them.

A interesting B strange C impressive D unusual

10 The mausoleum represents the greatest architectural and artistic achievement of Muslim art

Exercise 4 Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

1 If I take the pessimistic viewpoint, Tokyo won't be a safe place to live in

A negative B optimistic C optical D neutral

2 To reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere, ways to limit the use of private cars must be found

3 People who live in towns and cities live in an urban environment

4 There is pollution not only of the physical environment because the various pressure of urban life causes

cities to breed crime

5 Governments have to join hands to solve the environmental problems on a global scale

A worldwide B nationwide C local D international

6 Students also have the opportunity to choose from a wide range of optional courses in the university

7 Torn did miserably on the final test, which caused a shock to everyone in the class.

8 Schools are more relaxed nowadays as discipline is less tough than before

9 Well, Mrs Baker, you'll be pleased to hear that George has made a dramatic improvement in geography

A meaningful B important C insignificant D steady

10 Most of the students in our country are interested in pursuing higher education to get bachelor's degrees.

A following B giving up C trying D interrupting

Exercise 5 Choose one word in A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences:

1 Many teenagers show signs of anxiety and _ when being asked about their future

2 Constant _ of attack makes everyday life dangerous here

a threat b threaten c threatening d threateningly

3 No one can predict the future exactly Things may happen _

a expected b unexpected c expectedly d unexpectedly

4 Someone who is _ is hopeful about the future or the success of something in particular.

5 There will be powerful network of computers which may come from a single computing _ that is worn on or in the body

6 In the future many large corporations will be wiped out and millions of jobs will be lost

7 The medical community continues to make progress in the fight against cancer

8 Let's put off that meeting to next Monday

9 A nuclear station may take risk going off due to unexpected incidents

a demolishing b exploding c developing d running

10 She is looking a new place to live because she does not want to depend _ her parents any more

a for / on b after / with c up / forward d at / into

11 I was brought _ in the countryside by my aunt after my parents had pass _

12 She intended to quit her job to stay _ home and look _ her sick mother

13 He is very worried _ his new job because he is not quite prepared _ working

a on / over b to / off c about / for d in / at

14 Instead _ petrol, cars will only run solar energy and electricity

15 She has a promising future ahead _ her

16 He regretted killed and eaten several rare species

17 His company was fined dumped tons of toxic waste near the residential area

A to have B because of having C for having D of having

18 These students were rewarded actively taken part in voluntary activities

19 She was praised donated a lot of money to the wildlife protectionorganisation

A for having B to have C because of having D due to having

20 I remember advised you to stop hunting endangered animals

21 The local authorities were blamed ignored the pollution issues in the area

A about having B on having C for having D before having

22 Mum all morning She lots of Christmas presents

A has shopped/has bought B has been shopping/has bought

C has been shopping/has been buying D has shopped/has been buying

23 You look upset you ?

A Are — crying B Do — cry C Have — been crying D Have — cried

24 How many times you that international conference?

C have — been attending D have — attended

25 Let's go out tonight, _?

26 Don't forget to write to me soon, _?

A would you B could you C can you D will you

27 Nothing frightens you, _?

A does it B doesn't it C do they D don't they

28 Somebody's just called my name, _?

A hasn't he B didn't he C haven't theyD have they

29 I suppose you don't like the course, _?

30 Everyone's going to be there, _?

PART III: LANGUAGE FUNCTION ( SPEAKING)

Exercise 7 Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges

1 "Could you pass that book over to me, please?" — " _”

A Yes, of course B No, why not? C Actually, I'm busy D Yes, go ahead

2 "If I were you, I would apply for the scholarship to the University of Melbourne." - " _”

A I'm not afraid so B No way! C I guess I should D I hope so

3 "I hear you've passed your exam Congratulations!" — " _”

A What a pity! B You're welcome C I'm alright D Thank you

4 "Why do you choose French as your second major?" — " _”

A Because it's quite like English B Because they are friendly

C I don't really care D It's nice to say so

5 "Can I have a quick look at your lecture notes?" — " _”

A Of course not today B So far, so good!

C No, I don't think so D Sorry, I'm using them myself

6 - "Let's go to the Dr Millet's seminar on learning styles this afternoon!" - “ _”

A I' wish I could but I'm busy then B Learning styles are really subjective

C Thanks, I won't D I would if I were you

7 - "Mom, I've received an offer for a summer internship in Singapore!" - “ _”

A Really? Good luck! B Oh, that's great! Congratulations!

C I couldn't agree more D Oh, I'm sorry to hear that

8 "Sorry, I'm late! May I come in, Miss Millie?" — " _”

A Yes, come in, please! B Not right now

9 "What an imaginative essay you've written, Matt!" — “ _”

A That's the least I could do B Actually, I don't mind

C Thanks, it's nice of you to say so D Sorry, just my luck!

10 - "It was very kind of you to help me with the difficult homework!" - “ _”

A Oh, don't mention it B Sorry, I don't know

C That sounds nice D Thanks a lot

PART IV: WRITING

Exercise 8 Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences type 0 or 1:

1 You have to study hard, or you will fail the next exam

 If _

2 Please come before 8 a.m., otherwise, you can’t meet her

 If _

3 Tell her the truth when you see her tomorrow

 If _

4 You press this button to stop the machine.

 _

5 I hope it is sunny tomorrow because I can go to the beach then

 _

6 Make me some coffee and I will give you one of my biscuits

 _

7 In the snowy weather, we don’t go to school

 _

8 I only come if they invite me

Unless

9 Work hard or you can’t pass the exam

If _

10 Practice speaking every day or you can’t improve your English

If _

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences without changing their meanings:

1 The doctor said to me, “You should lose weight.”

=> The doctor advised me

2 Mary said, “Let’s go to a movie.”

=> Mary suggested _

3 “I didn’t break the windows”, Bill said

=> Bill denied _

4 “You told a lie, Tom”, she said

=> She accused Tom

5 “I can’t go to your birthday party next Saturday evening, Jack”, said Mary

=> Mary apologized for

6 “I won’t help you with your homework Never! ” Jane said to me

=> Jane refused

7 Joe said, “Please come to my party.”

=> Joe invited

8 Mr Gray said, “Don’t play in the street.”

=> Mr Gray warned the children not _

9 “Would you like to come on a picnic with us?

=> They invited

10 “Please don’t tell anybody what happened.”

=> He asked _

11 “If you don’t give me a pay rise I’ll resign.”

=> She threatened _

12 “I’ll finish the work by the end of this week.”

=> John promised _

13 “You ought to take a break, Andrew.”

=> She advised

14 “Don’t forget to go to the supermarket after work.”

=> They reminded _

C Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.

1 It has been a long time since we talked to John, isn’t it?

A B C D

2 There’s a new Orient restaurant in town, isn’t it?

A B C D

3 They hardly never go to the beach because of their sickness, do they?

A B C D

4 Nobody had bothered to plant new ones, do they?

A B C D

5 You won’t be leaving for another hour, won’t you?

A B C D

6 They enjoy watching soccer on television, do they?

A B C D

7 David and Peter love football but their classmates don’t, do they?

A B C D

8 I’ll help you with your homework, shan’t I?

A B C D

9 There are ten children playing in the yard near her house, aren’t they?

A B C D

10 Smoking isn’t good for our health, so it should be banned, is he ?

A B C D

11 I asked him how far was it to the station if I went there by taxi

A B C D

12 All of my students wondered how many people lived in Tokyo?

A B C D

13 They asked me that I could do the shopping for them

A B C D

14 Her mother ordered her do not go out with him the night before

A B C D

15 The traffic warden asked me why had I parked my car there

A B C D

16 He said that he will pick me up at 8 am the following day

A B C D

17 She said that the books in the library would be available tomorrow

A B C D

18 He advised her thinking about that example again because it needed correcting

A B C D

19 The receptionist said I must fill out that form before I attended the interview

A B C D

20 Marty said a good friendship is like a diamond – valuable, beautiful and durable

A B C D

ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN HỌC KÌ 2 - KHỐI 11 ( NEW BOOK)