Từ ngữ chỉ động vật trong sử thi ê đê tt tiếng anh

For chapter 2, this procedure is to determine the number and proportion of the animal identifier word classes.From the statistical and isolated linguistic expressions, We draw the commen

HaNoi National University of Education

NGUYEN THI QUYNH THO

ANIMAL WORDS IN EDE EPICS

Major: Linguistics Code : 9.22.90.20

LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL THESIS

Ha Noi - 2019

HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Science intructor:

1 Assoc.Prof.Ph.D Dang Hao Tam

2 Assoc.Prof.Ph.D Doan Thi Tam

Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Nguyen Van Chinh

Ha Noi National University of Social Sciences and Humanities

Reviewer 2: Prof Dr Vu Thi Thanh Huong

Language Institute - Vietnam Academy

of Social Sciences

Reviewer 3: Prof Dr Ha Quang Nang

Vietnamese dictionary and encyclopedia

The thesis will be protected before Board of Thesis Judges at: … …

……….date … month… year…

A thesis can be found at the library:

- National Library

- HaNoi National University of Education Library

INTRODUCTION

1 The urgency of the topic

1.1 Animal words are the long, basic, nucleus word class of the lexical system in each language, linked to the human experience with the objective world Thus, animal words are the word group that appears and is understood very early by native speakers , which can be said from the time when the primitive man appeared

1.2 Ede epics appeared very early, reflected the physical and spiritual life of the Ede people in the prehistoric period Therefore, the name of the animals appeared in the Ede epic is natural The study of the animal word class in Ede epics can understand the physical and spiritual life of the native people in prehistoric times without the written record This is a meaningful and practical work

1.3 The study of the animal identifications has long been interested by scientists Many linguists have spent much of their time researching animal identifications However, the problem of animal identifications has only been surveyed mainly in folklore such as idioms, proverbs, folk songs of the Vietnamese Therefore, the problem of animal semantic field in the epics of the E de people is still the gap which has not been researched

For these reasons, we chose the topic “Words refer to animal in Ede

epics” to do the research

2 Research objectives and tasks

2.1 Research objectives

The thesis aims to find out the characteristics of animal words in Ede epics in terms of identification characteristics, semantic characteristics Through that explains, clarifies the characteristics of Ede thinking on two aspects of world view and human view

- From (i) and (ii), we point out and interpret the semantic characteristics of words, the meaning of words in the system and in communication

3 The subject, scope and survey, research materials

3.1 The subject of the research

- The survey subject: Ede epics

- The research subject: animal words in Ede epics

3.2 The scope of the research

- Research scope: The thesis just limits on studying animal words

(nouns and noun phrases) of the animal semantic field in Ede epics, referring

to semantic identifications Linguistic expressions of other types and other aspects related to the above terms shall not be considered in the context of identifying, for example: words that express the activities of animals, organs

of animal However, when word from the aspect of system changes into the aspect of functional actions their semantic values are reinforced or altered by the surrounding words on the syntagmatic axis At this point, the animal identifier is also considered in a hierarchical relationship with meaning roles such as the whole, the activity, the state, and the space

- Research materials: Because our research subject is the animal

identifier words in Ede epic, so the subject of the study is Ede epic However, today's Ede epics, according to some collectors and researchers, there are so many with large numbers, (about 50 epics) Within the framework of the thesis, we only focus on some of the epics with the frequency of animal identifiers appearing in relatively large numbers, namely

the following epic: (Anh em Klu Kla, Dăm Băng Mlan, Sum Lum, Hbia Mlin, Dăm Yi chặt đọt mây, Mdrong Dăm)

4 Research methods

4.1 Descriptive method

Descriptive method is the main method with element meaning analysis method to solve the problems of the thesis From the collected sources, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the semantic characteristics and value of animal identifier in Ede epics This method is the basis for separating the groups of identifying words by characteristics such as origin, breed, color

4.2 Element meaning analysis method

Element meaning analysis method is used for analysising the structure of word element meaning, the distinctive expressions of animal words in Ede epics

4.3 Statistical, classifical, systematic methods

The first task of the author is to do statistical work For complete statistics, the author examines documents, document systemization, integrated analysis to achieve the purpose This method gives the author a complete table of words showing animal images with specific details For chapter 2, this procedure is to determine the number and proportion of the animal identifier word classes.From the statistical and isolated linguistic expressions, We draw the comments, arguments about the cultural, linguistic and thinking characteristics of the Ede people in using language through animal identifier

The above methods will be used consistently and appropriately during the research the topic

5 Scientific contribution

5.1 In the six epics, the thesis statisticed 64 animal species and animal

identifier expressions.According to the meaning of the category, reflective language expressions, these animals are divided into five groups: insects, fish, birds, mammals and amphibians From describing, analyzing, the thesis has developed the basic animal identification models and derivative animal

identification models In particular, the thesis has shown and modeled

derivative animal identification models with a mix of factors

5.2 From the analysis of linguistics (5.1) previous thesis proved the thinking characteristics of the Ede When we know about animals, we point out the worldview, the human view of the E de, the relationship between man and nature, human and society and people with religion and belief

The thesis is the first study on the characteristics of animal identifier in Ede epics in a systematic way The thesis has examined and initially established a system of words in the animal semantic field; classified and analysized of the form and semantics of words, trying to point out the basic characteristics of animal identification is often used by the Ede, which points

to some of the psychological language of the Ede

6 Theoretical and practical significance

6.1 Theoretical significance

The results of the thesis contribute to deepening the theory of word meaning, lexical field theory, identity theory, further validate the theory of the relationship between language - thinking - culture from the material of a minority language is Ede epic At the same time, the thesis contributes to reinforce the theory of human psychological language

The thesis initially describes in a systematic way the animal word expressions in Ede epics Through the results of semantic analysis of animal words, the thesis helps to visualize the fragmentation of reality by the Ede language, contributing to the clarification of the theory about linguistic painting of cognitive language

6.2 Practical significance

The research results of the thesis on animal expressions in Ede epics confirm the effect of approaching the subjects of folk literature from the interdisciplinary perspective

Research on a type of folk literature is Ede epic, contributing to preserving and storaging the Ede epics, preserving the Ede epic culture The research results of this thesis are a useful reference in teaching epic subjects in schools, especially for Tay Nguyen University; constructing the cultural language for students in Linguistics, Literature, Vietnamese Studies, Ethnology

7 The structure of the thesis

Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, Appendix, the thesis consists

of 3 chapters:

Chapter 1: An overview of research and theoretical basis

Chapter 2: Characteristic features of animal words in Ede epics Chapter 3: The term refers to animals in Ede epics and ethnic

have also been reviewed by several authors, such as Nguyen Duc Ton [110]; Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62]; Hoang Trong Canh [9]; Tran Hoang Anh [1]; Nguyen Thi Bach Duong [30] Through the collection of materials, we learn the historical research problem, we found that animal semantic field was initially studied on a number of levels and at different scales However, up to now there has been no mention of the dynamic semantic field in Ede epics

Therefore, we choose the topic: “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to do

the research

Through the collection of materials, we learn the historical research problem, we found that animal semantic field was initially studied on a number of levels and at different scales However, up to now there has been

no mention of the dynamic semantic field in Ede epics Therefore, we choose

the topic: “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to research

1.2 Theoretical basis

With the topic “Words refer to animal in Ede epics”, We combine the

theory of words, meanings, identifiers of linguistics with theoretical issues of epic genre and theory of the relationship between language - thinking - culture in the process research So, The thesis uses theoretical foundations as the basis of linguistics and cultural studies to guide the topic implementation process First, with the linguistic foundation, we pay attention to the issues: the theory of word meanings, the theory of semantic field, the theory of identities

1.2.1 The theory of word meanings

1.2.1.1 Fixed words

The word is an important unit of language, one of the basic objects of linguistics, which is the object of study in many subjects such as phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, Textbooks, Linguistics, Dictionary .When studying words, one of the important aspects of a word is its meaning

1.2.1.2 Meaning of words

In Vietnam, inheriting the concept of F Saussure, Do Huu Chau said: The linguistic sign unites into one not a thing with a name, but a concept with a sound image From this base, the authors Ogden, Richards, and Gustaf Stern, Stephen Ullmann and J Lyons built the "meaning triangle" According to the triangle model the meaning of things, the concept of things, words, phonetics is the part that makes the meaning of words When studying the meaning of the word, Do Huu Chau applied some theories of linguists and discovered that "meaning triangle" has some disadvantages in all three components of meaning Do Huu Chau replaced the meaning triangle with a spatial geometric meaning pyramid

Thus, this model of spatial geometric meaning pyramid has two advantages: separating elements such as words and things from each other; indicates the relationship between the elements Specifically, Do Huu Chau [15] said: "From the relationship between words and things forming the meaning of the symbol, from the relationship of words to the concept will form the meaning of the concept, from the relationship with the user factor forms the meaning of the style and association; from the relationship with the

function will form the functional values of the word; from the relationship with the structure of the language will form the meaning of the structure and from the relationship between meaning and the formal elements that form the meaning of the words, the structure of grammatical meaning” [15, p.102]

In this thesis, the author inherits scientific views on Do Huu Chau's meaning of words recorded in his own works or the authors are influenced by him

1.2.1.3 The meaning of words

(i) Denotetive meaning

Things, phenomena, non-verbal characteristics that words express are

denotetive meaning of word Denotetive meaning is the reflection of things,

phenomena from reality into the language Knowing about denotetive meaning of word is the way we can determine the specific number of units in the animal semantic fields in the epic

(ii) Significative meaning

Significative meaning is the meaning of words related to the

understanding about the denotetive meaning of the word or the set of some

common and personal meaning, the general and specific in an organization,

in a certain order There are certain relationships between the meaningsThus, the set of semantic meanings, general for many words is called symbolic structure

(iii) Pagmatical meaning

Things, phenomena expressed in language are things, phenomena perceived by humans, so people often attach their own assessment of that thing, phenomenon, from that to form pragmatical meaning Pragmatical meaning is the meaning of words related to attitude, emotion, human evaluation

1.2.1.4 Identification function of language signals

Do Huu Chau in the word: "Semantic vocabulary, collection, first volume" [14] discussed the identifying function of words based on 2 basic functions of language: Communicative function and thinking function The author asserts that "because language simultaneously performs both the function of communication and the function of abstract thinking by a kind of signal - word - so the function of identification is inevitable [14, p.799] The author emphasizes the importance of the identification function as follows:

"The identification function is a bridge connecting the function of communication with the function of the abstract thinking tool of the language [14, p.799] Elsewhere, Do Huu Chau based on the thesis of K.Marx on the name of things with human experience to show the role of names According to him, the name is both a result of discrimination and also

a means to reinforce discrimination, but but the distinction is perceived Distinction is the first step of awareness of thinking Thanks to the name, people have "pedals" from old perceptions to higher perceptions [14, p.799] From logical arguments about the identification function of words, also

in [14], the author defines the role of man in naming things According to the author: "The ability to name objects in addition to language is only available

in humans because only humans have sound languages Without names, our minds become confused about things in different ways” [14, p.803] Arguments about the function of the name set by Do Huu Chau are a suggestion for the thesis topic

The Ede people have different ways of identifying things than other ethnic groups Especially the way of identifying is not only in the Ede vocabulary system but also in the words of artistic language style, going into the mighty epic of the Ede people One obvious fact is that when language, in particular words, moves from the systematic aspect to the administrative aspect, they have a change in front of context The most obvious impact is the ability to combine words on paragraphs to form phrases It should be noted that the internal function of the "specific word" is understood as the words that have the identifying function, having the meaning of symbols and

contexts Example:“long ivory male elephants” (êman knôpro\ng mla) The above phrase is filled with specific words: “êman” (elephant), “knô” (male),

“pro\ng mla” (long ivory )

To answer the question does the phrase (especially nomenclature) have

a identifying function, Do Huu Chau adds another criterion, in addition to the criteria "made by specific words" According to him, "although the ability to create new words is how big, sometimes the method of creating words (with the number and shape created from inherent) still does not meet the need to create names for new phenomena arises in society(…) To satisfy the need to name, the language must identify the phrases Phrases will be fixed and generalized(…) In other words, when identifying, free phrases are governed

by identification principles [14, p.808] We insist more: Although free phrases are created on the basis of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) according

to the grammatical rules of all languages, the absolute identifier value is the attribute of the noun, this attribute is weaker in other identifiers

Comparing with the language expression surveyed from the 6 Ede epics,

we found that expressions of animal expression language are structured according to a certain principle Specifically, the signs and characteristics of animals used to separate the object from an unusual object are systematic, repeated many times so it can be generalized into a model This means, the concept of "language" of the thesis includes free language / described expression However, when going into the pages of the Ede epic, because the repetitive appearance becomes the system to perform the function of "calling animal names" from an epic perspective, they have more roles to define name, besides their inherent descriptive role This phenomenon, according to

Do Huu Chau, is called "the change in identifying function in the words of things depending on the need of communication, depending on the style, it is redefined" [14, p.808]

1.2.2 The theory of semantic vocabulary

In the world, Jos Trier, the German scholar, was the first to introduce the concept of a field based on the language of F.de Saususe in the 20s and 30s of the XX century Jos Trier said: Each word makes sense only because there are other words that are directly related to it However, Jos Trier did not

use the concept “meaning” he used the concept “semantic field” to "express the relationship of meaning between words" Having inherited Trier's theories of semantics, many scholars in the world have come up with different ideas about this

There are different views on the semantic field, each concept has its own progress or limitations Within this thesis, we are mainly based on the concept of researcher Do Huu Chau From there, we consider the semantic

field means: a group, a set, a system the words have a certain

relationship with each other on the semantic fields forming a sub-system in the lexical system of a language

1.2.3 Identification Theory

Onomatology "Is the science of expression, the naming Its task is to study the principles and rules of object denotation by means of the vocabulary of languages "[dt (30; 162]

The term “nomination” is mentioned in many dictionaries and is used as

a tool in general identification studies as well as in studies of animal identifications with contrasting languages in particular (mainly in Vietnamese with English, Russian)

Nomination is one of important function of language It is the function

“naming” The name is the product of abstract thinking, so in general, it must satisfy the requirements as generalized, abstract and inability to evoke individual characteristics and attributes that form the object Semantically, it must separate from the traces of the emotional stage and distinguish it from other objects in the same category or distinguish the smaller ones in the same category

1.3 Cutural Basis

1.3.1 Relationship between language - thinking - culture

Language is one of the most distinctive elements of any national culture It is in the language, the characteristics of the national culture are kept most clear In other words, the language of each nation is marked by the soul, residence, style, cultural identity of its creators It is not only in sound

or text if you want to understand

Culture is all of the results and processes of human social activity, in contrast to the external nature of activity, ie the condition of human existence and not dependent on human beings Culture consists of material values and spiritual values, corresponding to the two sub-cultures that are material culture and spiritual culture

1.3.2 Some features about Ede ethnic and Ede epic

1.3.2.1 Introduction about Ede ethnic

According to “Report on the official results of the 2009 Population and Housing Census” [3], Ede ethnic has the population 331.194 people, living in the Central and Highland provinces Dak Lak province has 298.534 Ede people, accounting for 17.2% of the province's population và 90.1% number

of Ede people in Vietnam Here, the Ede people focus mainly in the district

as CuM’gar, Krong Buk, Krong Pak, Krong Ana, M’drak, Krong Bong và Buon Ma Thuot city

1.3.2.2 Some features about Ede epic

a History of study on Ede epic

The concept of epic is also understood in the epithetical sense The following epics are works: praise the heroic character of a community at a historic dawn The epic depicts heroes whose triumphs are splendid and of extraordinary beauty, often depicted in magical and actionable colors

b Cutural value of Ede epic

The basic content of the Ede epic mainly praised, honored people with merit to the village community; promote creativity, good devising, praising the spirit of solidarity, mutual assistance in difficult times, uphold the righteousness, protest against things contrary to morals, customary law; highlight the beauty of physical strength and mental strength Ede epics also admired couples love, family affection, early slavery, desire to conquer

nature for better life…

1.3.3.3 Cultural beliefs of the Ede people in the Central Highlands

The Ede ethnic group is an ethnic with a special traditional culture in 54 ethnic groups in our country Like another ethnics, Ede people in Dak Lak early established the cultural values with their own colors This culture deeply influences individuals in the Ede community, contributing to the added value of multi-ethnic cultures in the Central Highlands of Vietnam The Ede conceives and stratifies the universe into three parts: the heavenly, the middle and the lower

Summary of Chapter 1

Chapter 1 sets out two research tasks: (i) Establishing a study picture of animal words in general and animal words in the Ede epic in particular; (ii) Establishing a theoretical basis for project implementation The thesis has achieved the following research results

Outlining three approaches when studying the "animal" category of Vietnamese language, including: lexical field theory, identity theory and cognitive semantics theory The above approaches are summarized in the results of the study on the number of animal subgroups / subfields, identification characteristics, semantic characteristics of Vietnamese animal words or some identification models, next to the cultural characteristics of community thinking The gap in the study of animal words in the Ede epic remains open We suggest that epic characteristics, epic social contexts, in addition to community thinking are factors that govern the semantic characteristics, the identification characteristics of animals in the Ede epics The transition from the system level to the textual level of art will produce the differences of descriptive variation in the animal identification words in Ede epics

The thesis selects a number of theoretical foundations as the basis for the deployment of the thesis First, related to language basis include theoretical issues of the meaning of words and the theory of identifiers in language On the theory of the word meaning, in addition to the fundamental concepts such

as the concept of words, the word meaning components, the thesis focuses on the function of identifying the signal language Specially, the thesis focuses on

the point: When do phrases have identifying functions? From the dialectical discussion of Do Huu Chau, the thesis suggests that the phrase is "freedom" (descriptive expression) in the writing page of the Ede epic, because of the repetitive appearance that becomes the purpose of naming the animal world from an epic perspective, they play a role in identifying, in addition to the inherent descriptive role The discussion on the function of identifying linguistic signals is extended by the theoretical identification tool From some identification concept, the thesis is well-known: Identification refers to aspects: Identification unit, Identification method, and Identification Principle These core concepts are the basis for the thesis to identify, describe the expressions of the nominal language in the Ede epics

The second is the cultural base To provide a basis for the study of the animal words in Ede epics in relation to ethnic culture, the thesis mentioned some issues such as: Relationship between Ede language - thinking - culture

- society and Ede epic Comments on ancient Ede social features, epic genre characteristics drawn from a cultural-literary perspective is of fundamental value They are used as a test to verify the results of the thesis on animal words in the Ede epic

From the presented basic contents, the thesis guides the content implementation and distribution of the next two chapters as follows:

Focus on statisticsing, isolating the animal word according to criteria of meaning category

Study the characteristics of animal identification expressions, thereby proposing some animal identification models in the Ede epic

Study of human relationships with nature, people with the society and the philosophy of faith of the Ede; study characteristics of epics, characteristics of characters through the animal words in the Ede epics

CHAPTER 2 ANIMAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES IN EDE EPIC

2.1 Criteria for classification of animals

2.1.1 Concept of classification of animals in folk

According to the classification of animals of the people, animals are divided into four groups: insects, fish, birds, animals However, this classification system is not entirely satisfactory for the establishment of the animal names system in the epic For example, the 4-group system does not establish a suitable location for amphibians (frogs, clones, crabs) or reptiles (snakes, turtles, salamanders, lupins) etc Accordingly, the classification of animal names in folks needs to incorporate a system of four basic groups of animals (insects, fish, birds, animals) with a system of animal names in science

2.1.2 The concept of animal classification in science

Nheriting the research results of the predecessors, in this thesis, we proceed to classify the species surveyed into 5 groups on the basis of inheriting the classifications of folk insects, fish, birds, mammals and

amphibians

2.2 Statistical results of animals appearing in Ede epics

2.2.1 The statistical results of bird group appearing in Ede epics

Table.2.2 The results show the number of occurrences of bird group in each Ede epics

No

Name of animal The number of words’ occurrences in the bird group in

occurrences Ede language Vietnamese Brothers Klu Kla

Dam Bang Mlan

Sum Lum

Hbia Mlin

Dam Yi cut Calamus Tetadacylus

Mdrong Dam

2.2.2 The statistical results of mammal group appearing in Ede epics

Table 2.3 The results show the number of occurrences of mammal group in each Ede epics

No

Name of animal The number of words’ occurrences in the mammal group in Ede

epics

Total occurrences Ede

language Vietnamese

Klu Kla Brothers

Dam Bang Mlan

Sum Lum

Hbia Mlin

Dam Yi cut Calamus Tetadacylus

Mdrong Dam