Từ ngữ xưng hô trong sử thi dam săn tt tiếng anh

Research of linguistic characteristics, especially reasearching characteristics of the addressing words in the epics of the Central Highlands ethnic groups in general, and in the Great E

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

-

PHAM THI XUAN NGA

ADDRESSING WORDS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisors: Assoc Prof PhD Doan Van Phuc

Prof PhD Do Viet Hung

At hour date month 2019

The PhD thesis can be found at:

- Việt Nam National Library of Vietnam

- Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

INTRODUCTION

1 NECESSITY OF THE TOPIC

1.1 Addressing words have been interested in terms of structure and fuction by a lot of language researchers in the world and in the country With the development of linguistics in research linguistic direction of administrative activities and the association of communication activities, the addressing issue

is considered in a broader scope It is not only a pure matter of structural linguistics, but also a matter of pragmatics, linguistic societies, cross-cultural linguistics, etc Therefore, the study of Addressing words is not only stopped

at the structural aspect

In terms of the development of linguistics in the direction of linguistic research in functional operation activities and associated with communication activities, the addressing issue is considered in a broader scope It is not only

a pure issue of structural linguistics, but also an issue of pragmatics, linguistic societies, cross-cultural linguistics, etc Therefore, the research of Addressing words does not only stop at the structural aspect, but also opens the direction

to research them at the functional and pragmatic aspects

1.2 The languages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam in general, Ede language

in particular and Vietnamese are all singular linguistic forms and have many similarities Therefore, it can be considered that the theoretical and practical research results on Addressing words in Vietnamese have created certain theoretical basis for understanding Addressing words in languages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Ede language is a typical language

1.3 Among the khan singing types of the Ede, Khan Dam Sam has a

particularly important and famous position, which is a valuable work in both content and form Research of linguistic characteristics, especially reasearching characteristics of the addressing words in the epics of the Central Highlands ethnic groups in general, and in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular are "fertile land" for the scientific researchers when approaching from different aspects Therefore, research of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San is important and necessary This research not only contributes to providing more databases and theories to research the addressing words of Ede language in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular, but also contributes to the orientation of researching addressing words in the Austronesian languages in Mainland Southeast Asian in general

Because of the above reasons, we choose "Addressing words in the Great

Epic of Sir Dam San" as the research topic for our PhD thesis

2 RESEARCH PURPOSES AND RESEARCH MISSIONS

2.1 Research purposes

The PhD thesis applies theoretical and practical basis related to addressing words, communication issues, communicative characters, interpersonal relationships and polite issues in communication with the purpose of the research to clarify characteristics of addressing words in the communication customs and habitsactivities of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Besides, it is possible to identify the cultural characteristics of the Ede through the use of addressing words in different contexts of communication in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

2.2 Research missions

- Generalize and systematize theoretical and practical basis related to research

of addressing words, communication, communication characters, interpersonal relationships and politeness issues in communication

-Analyze and describe the structural, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the addressing words used in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in specialized contexts of communication among the characters involved in the communication

- Clarify cultural characteristics of the Ede through the use of addressing words

in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

3 Research subject and research scope

3.1 Research subject

The research subject of the PhD thesis is the addressing words in the Great Epic

of Sir Dam San on the aspects: structure, semantics, pragmatism and culture

3.2 Research scope

Due to the limited capacity, the PhD thesis only stopped at the survey of

addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, drawn from the book named Khan Dam San and Khan Dam Kteh Mlan collected, translated and edited by the

author Nguyen Huu Thau (National Political Publishing House, 2003)

4 Research methods

The PhD thesis uses a number of research methods such as: statistical and classification methods; description method; semantic analysis method; systematic method; The PhD thesis incorporates the tactics of cultural comparison

5 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PHD THESIS

The research results of the PhD thesis will contribute to confirming more theories about linguistic communication, especially on pragmatics and ethnic culture related to the use of addressing words in literary works in general and folklore in particular The PhD thesis contributes to researching the relationship

among addressing words in the Chamic subgroup languages in particular, as well

as the Austronesian languages in general; contributes to the clarification of the relationship of the mainland Austronesian languages (Chamic subgroup) with the Austronesian languages of the islands, contributing to the preservation of epics in particular and the preservation of the voices and scripts of ethnic minorities in general during the period of industrialization, modernization,

urbanization and international integration

6 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL MEANING OF THE PHD THESIS

6.1 Regarding theory: Through analyzing and describing the addressing words

in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in a general and relatively complete way, namely the specialized addressing words (personal pronouns) and non-specialized addressing words (Words used to referring to kinship and social relations) in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San on the following aspects: structure, semantics, pragmatics and culture; the PhD thesis will provide more linguistic materials for research of addressing words in different languages and confirm the relationship between language and culture, strengthen intercultural language approach

6.2 Regarding practice: Research results of the PhD thesis can be used as a

reference for subjects who are officials, civil servants and other ethnic groups for learning and using Ede language in communication with the Ede For the Ede, especially the young generation, this is also a useful reference to improve their ability of using the mother tongue, especially the use of addressing words in other contexts and scope of communication to help them understand and cherish their

mother tongue more as well as khan in particular and folk culture of their ethnic

group in general in order to preserve, promote the role, values and identities of their ethnic group’s language and culture

7 LAYOUT OF THE PHD THESIS

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the PhD thesis has 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation, theoretical and practical basis of the topic; Chapter 2: Personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San; Chapter 3: Words referring to kinship relations used

to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San; Chapter 4: Words referring to social relations used to address in the the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL

AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION

1.1.1 Research situation of addressing words

1.1.1.1 Overseas reseach works

- Research orientation of language - culture, language - anthropology:

Pioneers in this field are the authors Friendrich Engels (1884), Sigmund Freud (1951), G Murdock, F Lounsbury, Leach, Needham and Schneider, These authors have established tables of kinship, family and social relations When analyzing kinship origins and social institutions, researchers have initially mentioned personal pronouns and addressing words used in kinship relations

such as grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, uncle, brother, etc It is

noteworthy that the authors Leach, Needham and Schneider said that kinship terms are not related to biological relations, especially bloodline, but these are related to certain social relations, which are converted by marriage

- Research orientation from the viewpoint of structural linguistics: From the

viewpoint of structural linguistics, the authors M.B Emeneau and L.C Thompson have pointed out the basic "materials", the "material means" used to perform the act of addressing in Vietnamese as "personal pronouns", and have also divided personal pronouns into two groups: specialized addressing pronouns and provisional addressing pronouns for research

- Research orientation from the viewpoint of functional linguistics: On the

theoretical basis mentioned in the works of M.A.K Halliday, Brown and A Gilman, or Carol.M.ScoHon and Zku Wanjin, etc relating to communication functions, the frame of reference in the axes of authority and intimacy in

communication roles, V Luong Hy (1990) in the work named Discursive

Practices and Linguistic Meanings (The Vietnamese System of Person

Reference),("Pragmatic expression and linguistic meaning - reference system referring to people in Vietnamese") proposed a research direction of addressing words, which the author called a "reference system referring to people" synchronously on the grammar, semantic and pragmatic aspects

1.1.1.2 Domestic research works

- Viewpoint of traditional grammar: The authors Nguyen Tai Can (1975), Nguyen

Minh Thuyet (1988), Nguyen Phu Phong (1996), etc all ranked nouns related to kinship words into pronouns and assumed that kinship nouns have a addressing function as pronouns (ie provisional pronouns) They divided personal pronouns

into two groups: Specialized addressing pronouns (tôi, tao, tớ, in Vietnamese

which mean “I” in English) and provisional addressing pronouns including factors

of pronouns for address as nouns to refer to kinship relations, titles, occupations, academic titles, degrees and places, etc

Nguyen Tai Can has been interested in the possibility of provisional use as

a pronoun to replace the pronouns in all three person positions in communication

of the nouns referring to kinship relations and the nouns referring to professional titles In the other hand, Do Huu Chau noticed the projection function of addressing words for things in the conversation Nguyen Van Chien confirmed that: Vietnamese addressing words are researched by a systematic approach; all Vietnamese addressing words are researched as an integral perfect whole, which

is a structural system of elements referring to persons in communication and dialogue activities

- Viewpoint of functional grammar: The typical authors are Bui Minh Yen

(2001), Nguyen Van Chien (1998), Nguyen Van Khang (1999), Le Thanh Kim (2002), Truong Thi Diem (2003) They based on Benveniste's theory of symbols This theory distinguishes the difference between the pronoun symbol and the noun symbol The pronoun symbol exists with the function of

"replacement" and its content is "empty" Meanwhile, the content of noun symbol has " identification" function and has the function of "identification" Pronouns do not have meaning denoting things, so they do not name things, concepts, phenomena in objective reality, the meaning of pronouns are

pointing and replacement, they can only be determined in communication

Therefore, these authors used" Addressing words" and functional theories that favored the function of linguistic communication, so the term of " Addressing words" (Address Fronds) is used in a broad sense, but the personal pronoun is just a part of it

- In the direction of referencing conjunction terms: In this direction, we can

mention Nguyen Van Chien (1992), Duong Thi Nu (2002), Pham Ngoc Ham (2008), etc researched by comparison method to understand the definition structure of kinship terms, analyzing the meaning elements of the kinship terms

in Khmer - Vietnamese, English - Vietnamese or Chinese - Vietnamese, etc to clarify the similarities and differences among cultures At the same time, these authors have pointed out the expression nuances and level of using kinship nouns in Vietnamese

1.1.2 Research situation of the addressing words in Ede language and in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

Regarding the addressing words of Ede language, there are many works and articles of some authors such as Truong Thong Tuan, Nguyen Minh Hoat and Doan Thi Tam Author Nguyen Minh Hoat has a series of articles which show how to use layers of addressing words in Ede language Although the author has not been able to fully exploit the structural, semantic, pragmatic and cultural characteristics of the addressing words in Ede language, the author has drawn a fairly diverse picture of the addressing words in this language According to the author, in addition to personal pronouns (specialized addressing words), there are also words referring to kinship relations as well as words referring to social relations (nouns referring to social positions, nouns and noun terms referring to persons working certain special jobs, etc.) or there is a combination between words referring to titles and proper names, provisional addressing words and proper names, even demonstrative pronouns (demonstrative pronouns/definite pronouns)

Doan Thi Tam (2017) judged that: “Personal pronouns in Ede language have

three persons (the first person, the second person and the third person) and personal pronouns of dual person In terms of structure, personal pronouns in Ede language are composed mainly of words and are divided into singular and plural words Semantically, they have a distinction in expression nuances but they depend

on contexts Culturally, they show the humble communication of the Ede” In

addition, Doan Thi Tam also has a research article on some special ethnic words

in Ede language used communication to show some unique cultural characteristics

of the Ede Besides, Truong Thong Tuan also researched issues related to addressing words, words referring to people, proper names, etc in Ede language

1.1.3 Research on the Ede epics and the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

It can be said that from the viewpoint of ethnography and especially folk

culture, the Great Epic of Sir Dam San has been researched quite

comprehensively This can be seen in the works, monographs, articles of researchers such as Chu Xuan Dien (1960), Hoang Ngoc Hien (1980), Phan Dang Nhat (1999), Chu Thai Son (1997), Tuyet Nhung Buon Krong (2010),

Do Hong Ky (2012), Truong Bi, Do Hong Ky, Nguyen Van Kha (20030), Vu Hoang Hieu (2008), Ha Thi Thu Ha (2008), etc

the Vietnamese Dictionary, address is "Self-calling and calling others

something when talking to each other to express the nature of the relationship with each other"

1.2.1.2 Concept of addressing words

Addressing words are words and terms (identification) used to identify the speaker with others and to call others something in their communication relationships, including the persons mentioned in the conversation (the third-person)

1.2.1.3 Classification of addressing words

Addressing words include specialized addressing words and specialized addressing words (including words referring to kinship relations and words referring to social relations)

non-1.2.2 Communication issues and communication culture

1.2.2.1 Concept of communication

For the development of Vietnamese language pragmatics, there have been many concepts about communication, but in general, communication is still the process of exchanging information, interaction among people and perception of people by people

1.2.2.2 Factors affecting the use of addressing words in communication

a) Characters of communication

Characters of communication are those who participate in verbal communication, so they must use appropriate addressing words between the subject and the object in order that the conversation goes smoothly There are relationships among the characters that call out in the communication have the relationships: status in communication, interpersonal relationships and communication positions

b) Communication context

+ Cultural language scene

+ Situational language scene

c) Formal and informal nature of the communication context

Human language behaviors depend very much on the communication context In the same role relationship (like father - child), in the context of formal communication there will be linguistic variations that differ from those

in the informal context

1.2.3 Meaning of a word and analysis of meaning components

1.2.3.1 Meaning of a word

Meaning of a word is the whole mental content that appears in the mind of a

native speaker when he or she contacts (creates or perceives) a certain form of linguistic sound

1.2.3.2 Meaning components of a word

John Lyons, in his work named General Semantics, concludes that "in order

for the relation of meaning among predicates to be absolutely accurate, it is to use component analysis this analysis relates to systematic meaning decomposition of a predicate into its components.” Therefore, when the meaning

of a word is mentioned, we must mention the analysis of meaning lines, or the meaning components (meaning units) of a word

1.3 PRACTICAL BASIS

1.3.1 Some characteristics of the Ede and Ede language

1.3.1.1 The Ede reside most in Dak Lak province With a population of 331,194

people, the Ede ethnic group is a relatively unified ethnic minority community in terms of ethnic consciousness, language and culture The Ede uses the language belonging to the Western branch of the Austronesian language family and which is classified into the languages of the Cham subgroup

1.3.1.2 Ede language

In terms of phonetics, Ede language is a quite thoroughly monosyllabic language compared to the Cham subgroup languages, forming a monolinguistic sub-branch Ede language has no tone yet, there are 140 combinations of two consonants and 73 combinations of three consonants In terms of vocabularies, the Ede vocabularies consists of many layers of words, many vocabulary elements derived from many different linguistic families and groups in Southeast Asia, even the European languages In terms of grammar, Ede language has the grammatical characteristics of an isolating language In terms of structure, most of Ede language morphemes have a phonetic shell which is a syllable To express the grammatical meaning, the main grammatical method in Ede language is word order and formal word And the sentence structure is usually structured in the order of subject - predicate - object

1.3.2 Some characteristics of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

1.3.2.1 Epic concept

Epic is also called "heroic songs" This is a "genre of long narrative works

(they are usually poems) appearing very early in the literary history of ethnic groups in order to praise the heroic careers of the whole people and of great

significance to the ethnic group in the dawn of history”

1.3.2.2 Background and content of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

a) Background of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San: The Great Epic of Sir Dam

San which is one of the famous Ede heroic epics was formerly known as Klei khan

Y Dam San (Song of Sir Dam Dam), arose in the disintegration period of primitive

communism, in the condition that human society entered the dawn threshold of history The Great Epic of Dam San was associated with the name L Sabatier, the

French envoy, with the first discovery (1923-1924) Sabatier translated this epic

into French and published it in Paris in 1927 The book came as a shock to Folklore researchers in France and European countries In 1988, the Social Science

Publishing House published the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, a collection and translation of Nguyen Huu Thau

b) Content of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San: Following "lineage link" (]ue nue) marriage customs and habits, Dam San must marry two wives of his

grandfather (from his family) who were Ho Nhi and Ho Bhi Dam San as a talented and brave young man, defeated the chieftains of Mtao Gru and Mtao Mxay, who plotted to rob his wives and demean his reputation Dam San became the most powerful chieftain in the area However, Dam Hunt also wants to be stronger and stronger He cut the magic tree, decided to ride a horse into the sky, and took the Sun Goddess to be his wife But because of this action, both he and his horse sank into the wet forest of Ms Sun Yrit, drowned

in the black wax forest His soul reincarnated into his elder sister who was Ho Ang, then little Dam San as the nephew of died Dam San was born and became

the husband of Ho Nhi (nue) and took care of Ho Nhi family, continuing his uncle's path

1.3.3 Value of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

1.3.3.1 Thought value

- Reflecting the picture of daily life

- Reflecting the events in society

1.3.3.2 Artistic value

The Ede epics in general and the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular build the hero image with a complete personality, both expressing the individual beauty and the beauty of the community

1.4 SUB - CONCLUSION

Researchers have been interested in the issues of phonetics, vocabularies, and grammar of Ede language, but most of the research works on addressing words only stop at the study of personal pronouns The research works on addressing words, on communication theory, the interaction between SP1 and SP2 as well

as the people mentioned are the theoretical bases that help us have a theoretical basis when researching addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

Chapter 2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 2.1 THE SYSTEM OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN EDE LANGUAGE AND IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN

2.1.1 Personal pronouns in Ede language

We agree with the author Doan Thi Tam when generalizing personal pronouns in Ede language through Table 2.1 and we have supplemented a few

more points

Table 2.1 Personal pronouns in Ede language

Singular ih (you…), o\ng (you)

Plural di ih (you…), phung ih/ phung di ih (you…)

Dual person arăng (they)

As mentioned above, we have supplemented the dual person and dual

number personal pronouns which is arăng In case phung ih and phung di ih

(you) which author Doan Thi Tam considers a word, we consider the two ones

including: phung ih and phung di ih

2.1.2 Personal pronouns used in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has 9 personal pronouns which are classified in Table 2.2 as follows:

Table 2.2 Personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

No

Personal pronouns the Great

1 The first person

2 The second person

5 o\ng You

3 The third person

4 The dual person

Also according to statistics, addressing words (including personal pronouns and other addressing words) have appearance frequency of 1,661 times in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, in which, personal pronouns have appearance frequency of 929 times, accounting for approximately 56% (929/1661 = 56%) The following table shows the appearance frequency of

personal pronouns in this epic

Table 2.3 Appearance frequency of of personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir

Dam San Personal pronouns in

the Great Epic of Sir

Dam San

Appearance frequency

Rate (%) of personal pronouns

Rate (%) of addressing words

The majority of singular personal pronouns (kâo, ih) have a higher

appearance frequency than plural personal pronouns Other personal pronouns

appear in relatively uniform proportions, particularly, di `u, does not appears

much

2.2 STRUCTURE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE GREAT EPIC

OF SIR DAM SAN

2.2.1 Personal pronouns being single words

Most personal pronouns used in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are composed of single words, including 7/9 units of personal pronouns, including:

kâo (I), hmei (we), drei (I, we), ih (you), o\ ng (you), `u (it, he, she) and arăng

(they)

2.2.2 Personal pronouns being compound words

The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has 2 personal pronouns, which are

constructed according to the major - auxiliary coupling method: di ih (you) and

di `u (they) appear

2.3 Semantic - pragmatic characteristics of personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San

2.3.1 The first person personal pronouns

2.3.1.1 The first person singular personal pronouns

The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has 1 first person singular personal pronoun

which is kâo Kâo is a personal word used to identify with the second person (such as ih, o\ng or di ih), which can be equal, higher or lower Kâo in Ede language has meaning and functions as I in English so it should be used in all

situations and neutral in expression nuances

2.3.1.2 The first person plural personal pronouns

The Great Epic of Sir Dam San uses two first person plural personal

pronouns which are drei (I, we) and hmei (we)

Drei is a plural personal pronoun, which has a meaning referring to oneself

and the interlocutor so its meaning equals “we” ie drei means and is used by a

person/ group of people to whom this person / group of people includes listeners

2.3.2 The second person personal pronoun

2.3.2.1 The second person singular personal pronouns

a) Personal pronoun: Ih

Ih is widely used for all subjects, regardless of age, relative status or social

status Ih is a personal pronoun which has a neutral expression

b) Personal pronoun: O|ng

O|ng is often used to call people of the same or younger age; used with

intimate and too familiar nuances, but it sometimes shows a sense of contempt

In this case, o\ng means "mày" (you) in Vietnamese

2.3.2.2 The second person plural personal pronouns

The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has 01 second person plural personal

pronoun which is di ih (you) Di ih is widely used with neutral expression

nuances, which can be used for both formal and informal communication

2.3.3 The third person personal pronouns

The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has 2 third person personal pronouns which

are `u and di `u ~u in which `u and di `u are used to refer to the people

mentioned in communication They all refer neutral expression nuances and