sociology research design final assignment

Bài tập điểm cao môn xã hội học: 9 điểm Bài làm chi tiết Các bạn có thể làm theo.................. Học sinh FTU chương trình clc -cttt nên tham khảo Bắt mô tả gì mà dài quá ngắn gọn xúc tích thôi chứ viết bao giờ mới đủ 200 từ đây đọc 3 dòng đầu là đủ hiểu r nha

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY

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GROUP 3 Tống Thị Len - Đồng Minh Huyền - Ngô Thanh Loan – Nguyễn Lan Hương –

Bùi Hạnh Nguyên - Ngô Sơn Tùng

RESEARCH DESIGN Topic : Emotional Child Abuse

Hà Nội, Ngày 27 tháng 9 năm 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

There are not many researches and results, especially about childrenemotional abuse The victims are usually afraid to voice their stories Recently,

with the spread of information, community is becoming more and more interested

in this subject

Why the topic is important? Children need both physical and emotionalprotection from families and society to develop healthily While parents arefocusing on keeping their child away of potential physical danger, they mayunderestimate the impact of child emotional abuse Even verbal abuse is emotionalabuse, meaning that everything other people say can be considered as abusingaction to the child A child who usually suffers from emotional abuse can beassociated with both adverse health and mental health outcomes and those negativeeffects last a lifetime We need a careful research on finding the root, preventionand intervention to reduce risk factors and promote protective factors to ensure thewell-being of children

Each of us used to be a child We might experience ourselves or witnessother child being emotionally and psychologically maltreated However, at thattime, we didn’t even acknowledge that we were being maltreated and need to beprotected It is necessary to raise awareness of families and communities in how toteach children protect themselves

This research ‘s mission is to find out the real figures of emotional childabuse as well as how it varies in terms of time, genders and ages, thus build the

basic knowledge for people about an important type of abuse that is happeningdaily in our life.

II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many researches which have been done on child abuse in general, yetvery few mention emotional abuse

1. Huong Thanh Nguyen, corresponding authors Michael P Dunne and Anh Vu

Le, "Multiple Types of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Mental Health in

Viet Nam." PubMed Central (PMC), Bull World Health Organ 2010 Jan;

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802435/

The research "Multiple Types of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent MentalHealth in Viet Nam" was conducted with a view of describing the prevalence ofchild maltreatment among a large sample of Vietnamese adolescents; examiningthe possible cumulative effects of child abuse on depression, anxiety and self-esteem; analyzing the relative contributions of individual, family background andsocial factors and of child maltreatment to the variation seen in the prevalence ofmental health disorders in adolescence; and comparing results in Viet Nam torecent findings in developed countries Researchers had carried out a cross-sectional survey of 2591 students (aged 12–18 years; 52.1% female) fromrandomly-selected classes in eight secondary schools in urban (Hanoi) and rural(Hai Duong) areas of northern Viet Nam (response rate, 94.7%) in 2006 and finallycame to the findings: Females reported more neglect and emotional abuse, whereasmales reported more physical abuse, but no statistically significant difference wasfound between genders in the prevalence of sexual abuse The most importantresult is linear functional associations between Maltreatment and depression,anxiety and low self-esteem were observed The authors stated that the combinedinfluence of adverse individual and family background factors and of childmaltreatment upon mental health in adolescents in Viet Nam is consistent withresearch in non-Asian countries.

Overall, this research helps us to see the facts of child maltreatment in our countryand confirms its significant effects on adolescent mental health This study isamong the first to examine the links between child maltreatment and mental health

of young people in Viet Nam The experiences ranged from unpleasant, commonacts of conflict such as being yelled at or spanked, to being insulted, threatened,neglected physically or emotionally, and to the relatively less common experiences

of sexual abuse Among these types of child abuse, emotional abuse is the onewhich is strongly associated with later health impacts However, this study stillleaves an issue for more discussion: In Asian communities like Viet Nam wherechild abuse is often construed as severe physical violence only, there has beenrelatively little research into emotional maltreatment, “harsh parenting” whichincludes high demands and strict controls on behavior is still very common insociety, it is much more important to emphasize the equally pernicious effects of

emotional maltreatment to children

2. Nhu K Tran, Sheila R Van Berkel, Marinus H van IJzendoorn, andLenneke R.A Alink, "The Association between Child Maltreatment andEmotional, Cognitive, and Physical Health Functioning in

Vietnam." PubMed Central (PMC), BMC Public Health, 19 Apr 2017,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395851/

This research has just been conducted recently aiming to investigate associationsbetween different types of child maltreatment and child emotional, cognitive, andphysical health functioning as well as moderation effects of gender and ethnicity.Through the cross-sectional study conducted with 1851 randomly selected studentsaged 12–17 years in four provinces of Northern Vietnam, namely Hanoi, NamDinh, Ha Tinh, and Tuyen Quang, the result of the study once again gives a strongconfirmation to the previous findings that “Even in a culture in which harshdiscipline is normative, child maltreatment was related to negative aspects of childwellbeing including emotional, cognitive, and physical health functioning:emotional malfunctioning, poorer perceived physical health and poorer workingmemory performance.” Besides, no significant moderation effects by gender andethnicity were found.

However, the most noticeable finding of the study is emotional abuse was related

to better academic performance, which might be an indication of “tiger parenting”practice in Vietnam, implying academic performance stimulation at the expense ofemotional security In fact, researchers indicate that the prevalence of childmaltreatment in Vietnam was found to be high, emotional abuse was mostprevalent at 31.8%, followed by neglect (25.0%), physical abuse (19.1%),witnessing parental conflicts (15.3%) As we know, Vietnam is a middle-incomecountry with a culture highly influenced by Confucianism In Vietnam, the saying

“Spare the rod, spoil the child” describes the spirit of parenting practices Physicaland emotional punishment are considered necessary to raise well-behaved children

in Vietnam as well as many other countries in Asia “Tiger parenting” has rarelybeen studied with Vietnamese parents but a qualitative study with a fewVietnamese-Australian mothers did find that Vietnamese parents had anauthoritarian parenting style and expected high education achievements of theirchildren.Because there are no studies on “tiger parenting” conducted in Vietnamand this study did not measure parenting style, the association between emotionalabuse and better academic performance on the one hand and worse emotionalfunctioning on the other hand might be an indication of “tiger parenting” practice.This association to answer the question” whether harsh parenting which causesemotional abuse in Vietnam is right or wrong” is still in controversy and needs to

be further investigated in future research

3. UNICEF - UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office (EAPRO) "ChildMaltreatment: Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences in the East Asia and

Pacific Region: A Systematic Review of Research." Home | UNICEF,

United Nations Children’s Fund, Measuring and Monitoring ChildProtection Systems: Proposed Core Indicators for the East Asia and PacificRegion, Strengthening Child Protection Series No 1., UNICEF EAPRO,Bangkok, 2012., 2012, www.unicef.org/eapro/Child_Maltreatment.pdf

"Child Maltreatment: Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences in the East Asiaand Pacific Region” was published by UNICEF – a famous internationalorganization for children’ rights protection This study has systematicallyreviewed all the published and unpublished researches that have been conducted onthe prevalence and incidence of child maltreatment in the East Asia and Pacificregion This review seeks to detail researches undertaken in the last 10 years onboth the magnitude (prevalence and incidence) of child maltreatment and also onthe outcomes for children and adults who have experienced abuse and exploitation

in their childhood This study utilized a systematic review methodology to examine

364 peer-reviewed and grey literature research studies over 32 countries includingVietnam on the prevalence and incidence of child physical abuse, sexual abuse,emotional abuse, neglect, exploitation, witnessing family violence and peer-to-peerviolence as well as the consequences of child maltreatment across five categoriesincluding: 1) education and employment, 2) mental health, 3) physical health, 4)aggression, violence and criminality and 5) other consequences Several keyfindings both in terms of gaps in research and on maltreatment emerged from thisreview: The first gap is that to date, the research on the consequences of childmaltreatment has focused primarily only on mental health Too little research hasbeen done linking child maltreatment to physical health outcomes such asHIV/AIDS, sleeping disorders and self-rated quality of health or measures of

overall health and well-being The second gap is that despite the growth in studiesoverall, there is a lack of high quality qualitative and mixed method studies fromthe region Very few qualitative studies received high quality ratings in this reviewprimarily due to the lack of detailed information on data sampling techniques anddata analysis All the qualitative studies rated strongly in their importance to thefield and the recommendations and conclusions drawn This study suggested thatthe evidence base and contextual information provided by qualitative studies in theregion could be strengthened by a continued focus on the study design anddocumenting and writing up quality qualitative research.

As this Systematic Review of Research covers all kinds of child abuse but wefocus on the findings on emotional and verbal abuse The research has come to theresult that: Emotional abuse involves “acts must be reasonably within the control

of the parent or person in a relationship of responsibility, trust or power includingrestriction of movement, patterns of belittling, denigrating, threatening, scaring,discriminating, ridiculing or other non-physical forms of hostile or rejectingtreatment.” A series of studies in the Pacific Islands looked at inappropriate namecalling by an adult in the household within the previous month Incidence among16–17 year olds surveyed using the Child Household Questionnaire ranged from17% in Kiribati to 38% in Vanuatu This included general swearing at the child,making fun of their appearance and calling the child ‘lazy’ or ‘stupid’ (UNICEF,

2008; UNICEF, 2009) The studies also examined the prevalence of children beingmade to feel unwanted by adults in the household, with incidence ranging from 7%

in Kiribati to 24% in the Solomon Islands (UNICEF, 2008; UNICEF, 2009) In astudy of 3,017 secondary school students (1,331 males and 1,670 females) onparental psychological control over their children, the authors found psychologicalcontrol impairs development and is negatively related to the mental health of thechild The same study (different publication) found that parental expectation anddiscipline were positively related to psychological control In a qualitative study

exploring the concept of verbal abuse in the Philippines, Figer (2008) stated that

during the interviews, the children candidly shared experiences that had causedthem grief and pain She says, “It was disquieting to note that in their short livesthey have already gone through disturbing experiences Their sad experiencesprimarily revolved around the context of their family.”

The concept of verbal abuse was seen as an ordinary event in the household Thechildren said their parents used denigrating and insulting words against them andhumiliated them in public This concept is still in controversial and lack of carefrom society for the reason of traditional parenting but it actually causes hurt tochild mental health

4 Dat T Nguyen, et al., “Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation amongVietnamese Secondary School Students and Proposed Solutions: A Cross-

sectional Study, BioMed Central Ltd., BMC Public Health, 17 Dec 2013,

1195

https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-This study aims to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and suicidalthought to identify related risk factors, and to explore students’ own proposals forimproving their mental health A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1161secondary students in Can Tho City, Vietnam during 3 months from September toDecember in 2011 The results of the study revealed that suicide had beenseriously considered by 26.3% of the students, while 12.9% had made a suicideplan and 3.8% had attempted suicide

The author also points out the major risk factors related to anxiety and depressionwere physical and emotional abuse by the family, and high educational stress.When being asked for a proposal, 80% of students suggested that the academicworkload should be reduced and that confidential counselors should be appointed

at schools Besides, 47.6% respondents wanted the attitudes of their parents andteachers change to be more supportive rather than punitive A significant majority(64%) said that they would share their problems through a website that provided

mental health support for students and 90% agreed that they would really visit such

a site if it existed

The results of this study revealed one potentially important difference between theprevalence of mental health problems among Vietnamese students in Can Tho City(South of Vietnam) and in Da Nang and Khanh Hoa provinces (Central Vietnam)

In this study, female students had a significantly higher risk of anxiety anddepression while the study of Da Nang and Khanh Hoa provinces, undertaken in

2006, found that gender was not significantly associated with overall rates ofanxiety and depression among Vietnamese youth However, it is important to notethat the previous study only evaluated gender difference in relation to adolescents’total Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores The present studyshowed a trend consistent with prevalence estimates of mental health problemsamong adolescents in Vietnam and in Western countries

Generally, this study gives us a deep view into the strong connection betweenphysical and emotional abuse and mental problems in the Vietnamese secondarystudents They are suffering such a heavy burden of academic workload andparents’ punitive attitude towards their grades and behaviors that the rate of mentalhealth problems has a tendency to increase The high expectation from parents alsoput more stress on children’s shoulders and the scolding from parents and teacherswhenever children get bad marks became the main factor contributing to children

anxiety and depression The most feasible strategy in reducing mental healthproblems and promoting mental health among secondary school students inVietnam today would be the development of a website to provide psycho-educational interventions designed to meet the needs of Vietnamese youth Thisstudy also opens a new topic of whether or not parents should use abusive methods

of discipline to teach children

5 Dang Hoang Minh, Hoang Cam Tu, “Mental Health of Secondary Students in Hanoi and the Need for School Counseling”, Ha Noi Mental Hospital, 8 th Nov 2016

thcs-o-hn-nhu-cau-tham-van-sktt-hoc-duong

http://benhvientamthanhanoi.com/thuc-trang-suc-khoe-tam-than-cua-hs-The survey was conducted on 1727 secondary students aging from 12 to 15 in thecenter districts Hanoi and the suburban area Thuong Tin The result shows that25% students used to have mental health problems, among which 50% showssymptoms of disorder such as anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, agressivebehaviors and delinquent behaviors There are many factors may affect thestudents’ mental health including family environment, physical trauma,psychological trauma but stress life events was the most frequent

The authors used Youth Self – Report (YSR) for children and Teacher’s ReportForm (TRF) for teachers to identify the students who have mental health problems

and set up interventional trial at school, counseling for these students 2 times aweek in a period of 2 months After 2 months, students and teachers do the YSRand TRF again The result is that 30,76% students who have emotional andbehavioral health problems are no longer in the disease.

The survey also comes to a conclusion on the related factors to children mentalhealth problems which are family environment, incomplete family structure (singlemother or single father, parents’ divorce,…), conflicts between family members,domestic violence, lack of parental caring, sympathy, affection, or physical healthproblems

In addition to that, the survey strikes an urgent need to school mental healthcounsel Not only the parents but also the school has to be fully prepared andintensively trained to understand the children’s mentality, identify the problems,intervene and help them in time Both the sides should try their best to raise theawareness of the importance of children mental health, take part in thepsychological education program and provide mental help for children

III MAIN CONCEPTS AND VARIABLES:

1 Concepts:

- Child abuse: Child abuse is the physical, sexual, or emotionalmistreatment or neglect of a child or children There are four major

categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotionalabuse, and sexual abuse.

- Psychological/emotional abuse: Emotional abuse can include humiliating

the victim privately or publicly, controlling what the victim can and cannot

do, withholding information from the victim, deliberately doing something

to make the victim feel diminished or embarrassed, isolating the victim fromfriends and family, implicitly blackmailing the victim by harming otherswhen the victim expresses independence or happiness, or denying the victimaccess to money or other basic resources and necessities Degradation in anyform can be considered psychological abuse It could include name-calling,ridicule, degradation, destruction of personal belongings, torture or killing of

a pet, excessive criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholdingcommunication, and routine labeling or humiliation

- Verbal abuse is a form of emotionally abusive behavior involving the use

of language Verbal abuse can also be referred to as the act of threatening.Through threatening, a person can blatantly say they will harm you in anyway and will also be considered as abuse

2 Variables:

- Independent variables: age, gender, generation

- Dependent variable: the impact of emotional abuse on victims.