Human resource management disease ch 2

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc... Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc..  Acquired Immunodefi

Chapter 2 Immunity and the Lymphatic System

 Immunity: The ability of the body to defend

itself against infectious agents, foreign cells

and even abnormal body cells.

 Specific immunity: Also known as acquired

immunity, effective against particular identified

foreign agents and develops in response to

contact with that agent.

 Autoimmunity: Occurs when individuals

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 3

Orderly Function of the Immune System

 Functional components of the immune

system:

 lymphoid tissue

• Primary – thymus, bone marrow

• secondary – tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer patches, appendix

 lymphocytes

 antibodies

 macrophages

Orderly Function of the Immune System

(cont’d.)

 Major functions of the immune system:

 Protect the body against foreign organisms

 Maintain homeostasis by eliminating damaged

cells (phagocytosis)

 Battles infection

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 5

Orderly Function of the Immune System

(cont’d.)

 Inappropriate responses of the immune

system:

 Hyperactive (allergic) – excessive response

 Immunodeficient (e.g., AIDS) – inadequate

response

 Autoimmune (e.g., SLE) – misdirected response

 Transplant rejection – attack to beneficial foreign

tissues

 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)

 Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

 Diagnosed by presence of HIV antibodies in the

blood (common test: ELISA; confirmation:

Western blot)

 HIV attacks helper T lymphocytes

 Reduces cell-mediated immunity

Attacks nervous system directly

Immunodeficiency Diseases (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 7

 HIV transmission is through direct contact with blood

or semen of infected person

 sexual contact

 blood transfusions and other blood products

 contaminated shared needles (IV drug use, etc.)

 accidental needle sticks

 to fetus via placenta or during birth process from infected

mother

Immunodeficiency Diseases (cont’d.)

Universal Precautions

 Thorough and frequent hand washing.

 Personal protective equipment worn as required by specific task (e.g

gloves, gown, goggles, mask).

 Proper disposal of all sharps in designated biohazard containers.

 No needle recap prior to disposal.

 Caution in handling of laboratory specimens.

 Proper containment and disinfection of blood and body fluid spills.

 Use clean mouthpieces and resuscitation bags.

Immunodeficiency Diseases (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 9

Autoimmune Diseases

 Lymphocytes and antibodies are sensitized to develop against the body’s own organs or

tissues.

 May be triggered by disease, injury,

metabolic changes, or mutation in

immunologically competent cells

 May be caused by certain drugs or

chemicals, trauma, or viral infection

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

Pernicious Anemia

numbness in extremities, altered vision,

lightheadedness, tinnitus, palpitations, weight

loss, digestive disturbances, sore tongue.

cell, and platelet counts; increased red blood

cell mean volume; decreased hemoglobin

levels; jaundice; optic nerve atrophy;

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 11

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

Connective Tissue Diseases

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

 Scleroderma

 Sjogren syndrome

 Rheumatoid arthritis

 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

 Ankylosing spondylitis

 Polymyositis

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

 Inflammation of skin, joints, nervous system,

kidneys, lungs, and other organs

 Butterfly rash across face may be present

 Other rashes may appear on other exposed skin

areas

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 13

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

 Butterfly face rash

 Alopecia

 Photosensitivity

 Raynaud’s phenomenon

 Thrombocytopenia

 Discoid skin lesion

 Nasopharyngeal ulceration

 Polyarthritis

 Pleuritis or pericarditis

 Protein or casts in the urine

 Hemolytic anemia

 False-positive serology

 Abnormal blood antibodies

 LE cells (leukocytes) present in lab testing

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

 Chronic, inflammation and edema of the synovial

membranes surrounding joints.

 Destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone.

 May produce weight loss, fever, and malaise

 Joint pain and stiffness, especially in morning.

 Bilateral joint tenderness, edema, erythema, warmth

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 15

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

 Multiple sclerosis (MS)

 Inflammatory disease of the central nervous

system

 Demyelination of nerves occurs in the brain and

spinal cord

 Signs and symptoms are primarily neurologic and

related to areas of myelin destruction

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

 Chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder

 Autoantibodies produced to acetylcholine receptor

in muscle cells

 Ineffective nerve-muscle junction results in severe

weakness, difficulty talking and swallowing,

drooping eyelids and diplopia

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 17

Autoimmune Diseases (cont’d.)

 Vasculitis

 Inflammation in the walls of blood vessels that

may lead to necrosis, thrombus formation, and

local infarct

 Can be classified as small vessel or systemic;

affecting medium and large arteries