Experiencing MIS 8th by m kronenke chapter 05

Q4: How do database applications make databases more useful?. Q5: How are data models used for database development?. Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database design?. Adminis

Database Processing

Chapter 5

“No, Drew, You Don’t Know Anything About

Creating Queries."

• Sales database used to determine which parts to consider for 3D

printing

• If Addison and Drew depend on Lucas (or IT dept) to produce reports,

they will (a) wait a long time, and (b) probably not get what they want.

• Once they get data, Addison creates queries and reports.

• Relying on own skills gives more freedom and better results.

• Relational database technology not appropriate for 3D parts files or

graphics used for query-by-graphics MongoDB a better choice.

Study Questions

Q1: What is the purpose of a database?

Q2: What is a database?

Q3: What is a database management system?

Q4: How do database applications make databases more useful?

Q5: How are data models used for database development?

Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database design?

Q7: What is the users’ role in the development of databases?

Q8: 2025?

Q1: What Is the Purpose of a Database?

• Organize and keep track of things

• Keep track of multiple themes

• General rule:

A List of Student Grades Presented in a

Spreadsheet – Single Theme

Student Data Form from a Database

Q2: What Is a Database?

Hierarchy of Data Elements

Components of a Database

Example of

Relationships

Among Rows

Sample Metadata (in Access 2003)

Ethics Guide: Querying Inequality?

• MaryAnn has a data mart.

• Business professional majored in HR, now "expert"

in SQL

• Uses SQL to do her job faster and better

• What are your personal, professional, social responsibilities?

Ethics Guide: Querying Inequality? (cont’d)

• Query databases to learn all sorts of patterns and trends.

– Be sure what answers you want before starting query.

• How strongly do you feel about social and personal

responsibility, considering your needs and those of your

family?

• How important is social responsibility posture of an employer

to you? Is that something you want to add to your criteria for

finding a job?

So What? Not What the Data Says

• Perception based on small sample

can’t get any prospects to bite.”

• Fact: “Not what the data says."

• Key skill - isolating facts from our perceptions.

facts

Q3: What Is a Database Management System

Processing the Database

Processing the Database

• Structured Query Language - SQL (see-quell)

INSERT INTO Student ([Student Number], [Student Name], HW1, HW2, MidTerm)

VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90, 95, 100);

Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access 2013)

Administering the Database

• Set up security system involving user accounts, passwords, permissions, and limits for processing

• Limit user permissions in very specific ways

• Backing up database data, adding structures to improve performance of database applications, removing unwanted data

Summary of Database Administration Tasks

Summary of Database Administration Tasks

(cont'd)

Q4: How Do Database Applications Make

Databases More Useful?

Forms View data; insert new, update existing, and

delete existing data.

Queries Search based upon data values provided by the user.

Reports Structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, Filtering, and other operations.

Application programs Provide security, data consistency, and special purpose processing, e.g., handle

out-of-stock situations.

Q4: How Do Database Applications Make

Databases More Useful? (cont'd)

Example of a Student Report

Query Example

Browser Forms, Reports, Queries, and

Applications

Account Creation Browser Form

Browser

Report

Dynamic Content Report: Clicked to Produce

Other Reports or Take Other Actions

1 Andrea reads pedal

record showing

balance of 2 pedals

1

2 Jeffrey reads same record showing balance

of 2 pedals

2

3 Andrea puts both in shopping baskets, but delays checking out

3

4 Jeffrey puts both in shopping basket and checks out before Andrea

4

5 Andrea proceeds to checkout Someone will be disappointed.

5

Multi-User Processing Problem

Q5: How Are Data Models Used for Database

Development?

• Something users want to track

• Order, customer, salesperson, item, volunteer, donation

Entities

• Describe characteristics of an entity

• OrderNumber, CustomerNumber, VolunteerName, PhoneNumber

Student Data Model Entities

Example of Department, Adviser, and Student

Entities and Relationships (cont'd)

Sample of Relationships―Version 1

Crow’s Feet

N:M

An Adviser may have many students, and one student may have many advisers

1:N One department may have many advisers, but an adviser may be in

Sample of Relationships─Version 2

1:N

A student has only one advisor, but an adviser

N:M

A department has many

advisors, and an advisor may advise for

“Crow’s Foot”

Crow’s-Foot Diagram Version

Maximum cardinality─maximum number of entities involved in a

relationship Vertical bar on a line means that at least one entity

required

Minimum cardinality—minimum number of entities in a

relationship Small oval means entity is optional; relationship

Q6: How Is a Data Model Transformed into a

Database Design?

• Normalization

more well-structured tables

Data Integrity Problems

• Data integrity problems

• Can only occur if data are duplicated

Poorly Designed Employee Table Causes Data

Integrity Problem

Two Normalized Tables

Single

Themes

Summary of Normalization

Representing 1:N Relationships

Representing an N:M Relationship: Strategy for

Foreign Keys

Q7: What Is the Users’ Role in the Development of

Databases?

• Users are the final judges

• Users review of data model is crucial

business

employees need to do your jobs, and relationships must accurately reflect your view of the business

Q8: 2025? (cont'd)

• More reliance on open source community

• Many NoSQL databases

• New opportunities and career paths develop around NoSQL databases

Q8: 2025? (cont'd)

NoSQL DBMS (Not Relational DBMS)

– Supports very high transaction rates – Relatively simple data structures

– Replicated on many servers in the cloud

• Examples

– Dynamo (Amazon) – Bigtable (Google)

Q8: 2025? (cont'd)

• Will NoSQL Replace Relational DBMS Products?

background in computer science

specialized applications

Security Guide: Theft by SQL Injection

• One common way of stealing data from corporations

• Done by people outside of host nation to avoid prosecution

• Many of these groups are highly organized and well-funded

One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units”

• Attempting SQL injection on a Web site could result in your

Security Guide:

Theft by SQL

Injection (cont'd)

Guide: Immanuel Kant, Data Modeler

• Perception of reality based on our perceptive apparatus

• Brain processes perceptions into something meaningful

• Human’s model what appears to be

• Users determine if a data model fits their perception of reality

Active Review

Q1: What is the purpose of a database?

Q2: What is a database?

Q3: What is a database management system?

Q4: How do database applications make databases more useful?

Q5: How are data models used for database development?

Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database design?

Q7: What is the users’ role in the development of databases?

Q8: 2025?

Case Study 5: Searching for Pianos

• Certified piano tuner and technician repairing and restoring pianos for many years

• Clown entertainer at children’s parties

Pianos in Storage

Columns in

the Piano

Table

Query Design and Result

Piano Sound

Quality by Building