TỔNG HỢP CONJUNCTION

Tổng hợp conjunction

 Các liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating

conjunction): where (ở đâu), when (khi nào), as

if (như là) …

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Một vài liên từ thường kết hợp với các từ khác để tạo thành các tương liên từ Chúng thường được

sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết các cụm từ hoặc

mệnh đề có chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp.

Both A and B:

 I enjoy working with both Chris and Randy

Either A or B:

 Either stay here or go out

 I’ll take either English or French next year

 Either the president or vice president will

attend the meeting

Neither A nor B:

 Jerry is neither rich nor famous

 Neither Mr Kim nor Mr Park is qualified for theposition

Not only A but also B:

 He is not only intelligent, but also very funny

 Not only my boss but also my coworkers didn’t understand my proposal

A as well as B:

 We have a responsibility to our community as well as to our families

QUICK CHECK: choose the correct option given

in brackets to complete each sentence:

3.Customers can purchase tickets (neither/

either/both) at the box office or through our

6.Tour buses to the ancient palace leave every

hour from both the train station (or/ and/ as

well as) the tourist information center

7.I regret to inform you that (not only/ either/

neither) Ms Brown nor I will be able to attend the sales conference

8.The Elite Computer Co Not only guarantees all ofits products for two years (but/ and/ as well as) will also provide a full refund to any unsatisfied customers

9.The new graphic design software program has improved the quality of the designers’s work

(not only/as well as/ neither) their productivity

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Liên t ph thu c hay còn g i là liên t ừ ụ ộ ọ ừ trong

mệnh đề trạng ngữ có chức năng ngữ pháp nh 1 ư trạng ngữ (bổ nghĩa cho 1 mệnh đề khác) Các

mệnh đề trạng ngữ thường được gọi là mệnh đề phụ (Subordinate Clause)

Adverbial clause of time - Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian

Before/ after/ until’

 After he returned to the office, he got a private phone call

4.Front desk: reception dest

5.Thoroughly /ˈθʌ ər li/(adv): completely

6.Inquiry / enquiry / n kwa ri/: questionɪ ˈ ɪə

1. - you sign the contract, you should read itcarefully

(A) After (B) until (C) as soon as (D) before

2.A decision on what to do will be made -

we have investigated all of our possible options.(A) As soon as (B) before (C) while

(D) when

3. - an employee has been employed for

three months, he or she is eligible to take paid sick leave

(A) Before (B) whenever (C) after

(D) while

4.All contracts must be thoroughly looked over by the legal department - they are signed.(A) After (B) as (C) since (D) before

5. - you have finished the report, please bring it to the manager’s office

(A) As soon as (B) since (C) before (D) while

6.Ms Wong suggested that I drive a company car,

(A) Before (B) while (C) after (D) whenever

7.Please leave your hotel room key at the front

desk - you go out

(A) Since (B) after (C) when (D) as soon as

8.We have already received ten inquiries - the advertisement ran in last week edition of the newspaper

(A) As (B) before (C) after (D) as soon as

CONJUNTIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSE OF

CONCESSION

Although/ɔːlˈðəʊ/:

 Although the company tried hard, it failed to achieve its goal

Even though /ˈiːvənðəʊ/:

 Even though he left school at 16, he still

managed to become prime minister

Even if:

 Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your

 You eat a huge plate of food for lunch, whereas

I have just a sandwich

Note: Despite & In spite of:

6 Make effort: trieve, attempt

7 Head /hed/(n) leader

1. - your application is impressive; we have found someone else who is even more qualified than you are

(A) whereas (B) in spite of (C)

although (D) despite

2. - the two laptop computers are very

similar in size and design; they differ in terms of their quality

(A) although (B) when (C) despite (D) whereas

3. - the fact that a great deal of money had been invested in the project It was a failure

(A) even thought (B) while (C) despite (D) for

4. - the slow growth in the economy this year,

we still managed to stay ahead of our

(A) even if (B) in spite of (C) whether (D) though

6. - the service was great; the bill was much higher than we had expected

(A) despite (B) when (C) while

(D) whereas

7. - being a newcomer to the field of

shipbuilding, Upgrade Engineering has achieved enormous results in its first year

(A) Despite (B) although (C) while (D) when

8.The new head of marketing is already making hismark on the company - he olny arrived 6weeks ago

(A) Even though (B) in spite of (C)

whereas (D) while

CONJUNTIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSE OF

CONDITION

 If you want me, I will come

 I will agree to go provided/providing (that) myexpenses are paid

 As he was tired, he sat down

 As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel

Since:

 Since there was no more to be said, the

meeting ended

 Since we have no money we can’t buy it

 I am able to offer a 8% discount since your

total purchase is above $500

Now that:

 Now that I live only a few blocks from work, I walk to work and enjoy it.

CONJUNTIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSE OF

3.Accompany: / k mp ni/(v) go withəˈ ʌ ə

10 Stable / ste b /(adj): unchangableˈ ɪ ll

11 Look over: review

(A) Unless (B) even if (C) only if (D) since

2.Chirldren under the age of ten are not permitted

in the swimming pool - they are

accompanied by an adult

(A) If (B) even though (C) unless

(D) so that

3. - you need additional information aboutour products, please feel free to contact the

Customer Service Department

(A) On condition that (B) now that (C) so

that (D) if

4. - the weather is getting warmer; more people will begin taking part in outdoor activities(A) Now that (B) unless (C) despite (D) although

5. - you have paid the appropriate student fees; you will be able to access the facitities

(A) If (B) once (C) despite (D)

although

6.Those dates have been chosen - Mr

Langley will be traveling extensively in both

March and April

(A) Or else (B) since (C) even though (D) if

7. - the advertising campaign begins,

product sales is expected to rise rapidly

(A) While (B) once (B) so that (D) unless

8.James arrived one hour early - he could prepare for the interview while he waited

(A) Because of (B) even though (C) so that (D) unless

9.Please be sure to look over your application

carefully before submitting it - we

cannot accept incorrect or incomplete forms

(A) Because of (B) provided that (C) because (D) although

10 Commuters using the main highway to get to the city will face delays of up to an hour today - on-going construction

(A) in order that (B) because (C)

despite (D) because of

11 - fewer than twenty people have

signed up for the workshop by now, it will have

to be canceled

(A) Since (B) so (C) because of (D) if

12 The research will not begin next year - sufficient funding can be obtained from the

government

(A) If (B) unless (C) once (D) so that

13 - the job market is not stable, those who

(A) if (B) Therefore (C) Even if (D) So that

14 We will make all the necessary travel

arrangements - we have a better idea

about the timing

(A) Once (B) since (C) unless (D) because

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Liên từ đẳng lập conjunctive adverb là một trạng

từ nối hai mệnh đề song song với nhau Liên từ đẳng lập diễn tả nguyên nhân và hệ quả, sự so sánh, sự tương phản và các mối quan hệ của câu.

Also/ ˈɑː lso /: in addition: ʊ

 I'm cold, and I'm also hungry and tired

 We have a spare bedroom which also functions

as a study

No matter +what/ when how/ why….: used to

emphasize that something is always true, or that someone must do something:

 I never seem to lose any weight, no matter how hard I try.

 We've got to get to the airport on time, no

matter what.

Nevertheless/ Nonetheless /nev ð les/: ɚ əˈ

despite what has just been said or referred to:

 I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless

 We were unable to get funding and therefore

had to abandon the project

 She won't mind if you're late - besides, it's

hardly your fault

 They couldn't find what they wanted and

decided to look elsewhere.

 This is one possible solution to the problem

However, there are others

LIST OF COMMON CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

CONJUNCTION EXCERCISE

1. - announcing his retirement, Mr Kinsley has been busy trying to train his replacement.(A) Because (B) Once (C) Since

(D) White

2. - something drastic happens before

midnight, the postal workers will most likely

walk out on their jobs

(A) also (B) except (C) Unless (D) Therefore3.The company chairman expressed

members - said that most employees had not followed company guidelines.

(A) and (B) but (C) or (D) else

4.Golf Weekly is a newly published magazine that caters - to experienced and inexperienced golfers who are just learning to play the game.(A) both (B) neither (C) either

(D) so

5. - you have written authorization from the Security Department, please do not enter the zone delineated by the green line

(A) Because (B) Unless (C) Despite (D) Whereas

6. - Mr Pennington retires, he will receive an annual pension of more than fifty thousand

dollars from Packard incorporated

(A) Often (B) Once (C) Whoever (D)

Sometimes

7. -Mr Bingham's promotion became

official, many of his colleagues have approached him to congratulate him

(A) Despite (B) Still (C) Since

(D) During

8. - the job market is not stable, those who persist will be able to land jobs eventually.

(A) Whether (B) Therefore (C) Even

if (D) So that

9. - how difficult the situation may seem, it

is very important to remember that there are others who are in worse situations

(A) As if (B) Even so (C) As though(D) No matter

10 Professor Barkley is not - an expert in

classical economics but also a world-renowned specialist in international banking laws

(A) over (B) only (C) less (D) alone

11 - recent adjustments in income tax

rates, workers will find themselves pleasantly surprised by an increase in the size of their

paychecks

(A) due to (B) while (C) in fact (D) Whether

12 All staff members are reminded that you

should not use the executive restroom - you have written authorization to do so

(A) for (B) unless (C) without (D)

although

13 Even professional marketers are never sure - some new products are runaway

successes while others fail miserably

(A) for (B) why (C) since (D) whoever

14 Major Australian car-manufacturers will

continue to produce their large sedans - the recent increases in fuel costs

(A) for (B) except (C) although (D)

despite

15 The social committee guarantees that this

year's company adventure tour will not fail to fascinate - surprise you

(A) but (B) and (C) also (D)even

16 The manager noted that sales of smaller

models had risen significantly but -

mentioned the drop-off in orders for the electric version

(A) too (B) also (C) either (D) besides

17 - economic growth rates have

stagnated over the last 6 months, we cannot

expect any rise in the value of the dollar

(A) So (B) As (C) For (D) Although

18 - something drastic happens before

midnight, the postal workers will most likely

walk out on their jobs

(A) Also (B) Except (C) Unless (D) Therefore

19 Our new social organizer's personal favorites

do not include jazz or classical music, but she

loves listening to techno, world music, -

rock

(A) so (B) but (C) yet (D) and

20 In addition to improvements to the company cafeteria, the company sports facility will -

spending his day there to attend a meeting

(A) Since (B) therefore (C) so (D)

22 it is strongly advised that you check that you have all your essential documents in a

briefcase - you set out on an international trip

(A) upon (B) before (C) beside (D) next to

23 Unlike many current devices, which have

- a good camera or a good MP3, the T20i has both

(A) Both (B) neither (C) like(D) either

24 - there are 25 members who will be in attendance, we request that each passenger only bring one bag due to limited space on the bus.(A) Since (B) once (C) despite (D)

although

25 - you are no doubt aware, the new

security system requires the installation of a

backup power source in case an emergency

situation arises

(A) As (B) For (C) With (D)So

26 - you have familiarized yourself with the basic commands, we can begin to learn some of this program's more creative features

(A) Already (B) Before (C) Once

(D) Earlier

27 - the employees’ new details were

entered into the company’s records, salary

payment records began arriving regularly

(A) like (B) Once (C) Unless (D) Despite

28 Neither video cameras - snack foods are allowed in the cinema

(A) Or (B) nor (C) and (D) either

29 McCloud Media has grown steadily at a rate of approximately five percent every year - shares were floated a decade ago

(A) If (B) since (C) how (D) than

30 - Experience with children would be a positive, it is not regarded as essential for

applicants for the job

(A) Otherwise (B) Despite (C)

Although (D) Regarding

31 Those dates have been chosen since Mr

Langley will be traveling extensively in

-March and April

(A) neither (B) either (C ) each

(D) both

32 - the bistro’s opening was delayed, the general consensus was that the excellent menu there more than made up for it

(A) Although (B) Until (C) Despite (D) Otherwise

33 Recruitment is going ahead with its plan to

open offices in regional centers - annual returns declined in the first quarter

(A) Still (B) however (C) instead of (D) even though

34 - The erection of the Hillside Housing Complex is delayed, houses are expected to sold rapidly

(A) Therefore (B) so that (C) whether (D) even if

35 - research for the collins case is so

complex, Mr Harris is going to need to request help from some of the company associates

(A) Because (B) Moreover (C)

therefore (D) Nevertheless

36 - inconvenient, all worksite visitors must wear full safety gear, including helmets and steel-toes boots

(A) Almost (B) never (C) seldom (D) however

37 Laboratory access is restricted to those having - registered fingerprints or retinal scans(A) Both (C) every (C) any (D) either

38 After four decades, Wet and wild is the sole

remaining publication catering to -

freshwater and saltwater aquarium owners

(A) So (B) neither (C) either

(D) both

39 High-level sportspeople must maintain a high level of fitness - run the risk of suffering injuries that cause permanent damage

(A) Besides (B) on account of (C) or else (D) either

40 The administration requires next-0f-kin detailsfor all employees - family members need

to be contacted during emergencies

(A) Therefore (B) even if (C) in case

41 The factory’s internal lights are controlled so that they are only in operation - workers are present.

(A) During (B) whereas (C) while (D) through

42 - newly hired employees have

completed a trial period, they are set to receive full medical and pension plans

(A) Soon (B) then (C) later (D) once

43 . - long it may take, no final decision will be made until after all the short-listed

applicants have been interviewed twice

(A) However (B) Whenever (C)

Although (D) Despite

44 John thought he had a good chance to get the job, - his father was on the company's board of trustees

(A) Even if (B) since (C) although (D)

however

45 Joey lost a fortune in the stock market,

-he still seems able to live quite comfortably

(A) But (B) or (C) for (D) and