Phú thọ quê hương đất tổ t1

Phrt Thg lit mQt trong nhtng noi phit tich crta din t\c ViQt Nam, lir Kinh dO diu ti€n cfia Nhit nudc dAu il6n thdi d4i cic vua Hing, c6 quh trinh phdt tridn vdn h6a Thdi dqng nudc trong

PHO THO

PHU THO NATIVE LAND FATHERLAND

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8.9.1891 - 8,9,2001

LUI HO GHU TICH GAil DAil

OA[{G B0 UA ilHNil BAI{ Tit{H PHIi THO

" Dbng bio tinh ta l4i c6 truytin th6ng doin k0t vi anh dffng, trong thdti k) khrflng chi6n dA l$p nhibu c6ng tr4ng vE vang.

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Bric tin rlng Ding b0 Phf Thq sE c6 g6ng lf,nh d4o nhOn dfln tinh

ta thi dua tlng gia sf,n *,rdt, thqrc hinh tiAt figm, hoin thinh vi

hoin thinh vuot mrfu nhftrg nhiOm vg Eflng d5 giao ph6, trd'nOn

tinh ti6n ti6n

Dc lflnh tl4o t6t, cdc cdp riy phf,i thet doin *et, tnqt dAn chrt,

,

phii thrp hinh cnO Ag "t$p thd Hnh d?o, c6 nhfln phq trich", phO

binh vi tq phO binh ed fnOng ngung ti6n b0 "

rnicu rcx cAN nAN ctra H0 cHir rICH

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KHI NGUOT VE THAM TINH, NGAY 18 THANG 8 NAM 1962

,l\/,r2 BAN DO HANH CHINH TINH PHU THO

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rs-Lci Bi ci thiOu

hi Thp h inh miin nrti tung du phia Bic cfia Td qu6c,

mQt tinh c6 vinh dV tit noi cQi ngui;n cfia diln tQc ViQt Nam,

noi c6 Din Hing thd cic vua Hing noi dd ra ddi Nhi ru6c

Vdn lang, Nhit nudc d?lu ti€n crta ddn tQc ViQt Nam.

Phrt Thq c6 duong qu6c IQ tt nOi tiin giira thir dO He NQi vh

cilc tinh ViOt Bic.

- Phia Bic gi6p Tuy€n Quang

- Phia Nam gi6p Hda Binh

- Phia DOng gi6p Wnh Phrtc - Hh TAy

- Phia Tiy gi6p Son La

-Tdng diQn tich 3.496km2, Ddn sO tinh d6n ndm 1999 [i)

1.261.500 ngudi.

Phi Thg c6 12 huyQn thenh thi g6m : thinh ph6 Viet Ti, thi

xd Phrt Thq, cic huyQn Phi Ninh, Ldm Thao, Tam N6ng, Thanh

Thfiy, Thanh Son, Y€n LQp, SOng Thao, Thanh Ba, Hp Hda, Doan

Hing, vdi 270 xd phudng tni trdn

Phrt Thg c6 chc ddn tQc anh em dodn kdt chung s6ng b€n

nhau ti ldu ddi :

Mudng, Dao, Cao Lan Sin Chhy, Sin Riu, Tity, H' m6ng,

Thhi, Ning Hoa, Kho me, Ba na, Ti 0i, Ngei, E de, rue Nhi, LAo,

Gia grai, K'ho, M'm6ng.

Phrt Thg lit mQt trong nhtng noi phit tich crta din t\c ViQt

Nam, lir Kinh dO diu ti€n cfia Nhit nudc dAu il6n thdi d4i cic vua

Hing, c6 quh trinh phdt tridn vdn h6a Thdi dqng nudc trong d6 phii

ru! aiSn nin vdn h6a Phing Nguy€n vit Gd Mun.

Li tinh c6 nhiiu di tich tich sri vdn h6a, ki6n dtc cAnh quan

thi€n nhi€n duqc Nhi ntfrc x6p hyng nha : Khu di tich tich s{r Din

Hing, din Miu Au Co, dim Ao Chdu, Ao Rdi, su6i Ti€n, sudi ntrtc

n6ng Thanh Thtiy vh khu 86o tdn thi€n nhi€n XuAn Son vdi 12

ngin ha irng nguy€n sinh vA nhiiu nh6m dQng th1rc vQt qui hii|m.

Phfi Thq 1A tinh c6 truyin th6ng lich s& ldu ddl Con nglui Phi Thp hi6u hgc, c6 tinh thin doin k€t, cin ci vit sing t?o trong lao dQng, ki€n cudng dfrng cim trong chi6n ddu, xdy drlrtg vi b6o

ve lo quoc

Phtr Th1 cdn lit tinh c6 nhi€u diiu kiQn thuln b t dd phit tridn c6ng nghiQp ngoii khu cing nghiQp Viet Ti drtqc hinh thimh sdm

6 miin Bic, c6ng nghiQp gi\y BAi Bing, Supe LAm Thao diu lit

nhfrng nginh cOng nghigp ton li€n tqc dn dinh vi phdt tridn trong

nhtmg ndm qua Phfi Th7 cfrng ti tinh c6 di€u kipn tv nhi€n kh| da

dqng, thuQn lo.t cho vipc phit tridn n6ng thm nghiQp tohn diQn : nim

trong ving quy ho4ch 96 nguy€n tiQu cOng nghigp trung fim Bic

b0, c6 tiim ndng tvong diSi ton vi aai nmg di! phit tridn sAn xudt

n6ng l6m, ngu nghi€p, dAc bipt lit ffing nng nguy€n liQu gidy Qu€

hvong crta nhiiu E ngi truyin thiing lilu ddi v6i nhtug tin dipu hit

xoan, hit ghgo Qu€ hvong cfia ddc sin c6.Anh Vfi, hdng HPc Ti,

budi Doan Hing ndi tiiSng cA nuoc.

PhAt huy truyin thdng lich sir cfia miin dat cQi ngu6n, tr€n con dadng adi n6i ddy manh clng nghigp h6a, hiQn d4i h6a, khai

th1c c6 hiQu qui tidm ndng cfia minh, vW qua mqi kh6 khdn, doin

rct nat tri dudi sq tdnh dpo cfia Ding, DinS b0 vi nhdn ddn cic

din tQc tinh Phrt Th7 phdn ddu xAy dptg tinh Phfi Thq trd thinh mQt tinh giAu dgp vit vdn minh, g6p phin tO thim th€m trang s[rvE vang crta Td quiSc ViQt Nam.

"Phi Thg - Qu€ fuong Ddt.Tii" - bric tranh toin cinh thu nh6

vi tinh Phfi Thq duq c ra ddi nhAn dip K! niQm 110 ndm thinh lQp

tinh (Thdng g-18g1 - thing 9-2001) th6ng qua cdc tic phdm 6nh

nghg thuQt vit cilc btic inh ta liQu, thdi sg, byn bd xa gdn m\t tin nfra

c6 dip hidu th€m ui pnrt Thg, mii:n dfu c\i nguin crta ci diln tQc

BAN BIEN TAP

Phi Tho is the northern midland mountainous province of the

nation, the province with the honour of being considered "The

Cradle of the Vietnamese Nation", the province with Hing Temple

where Hung Kings are worshiped, home of the Vdn Lang state, the

first state of the Vietnamese nation.

The national road number 2 runs through Phi Tho, linking Hanoi

capital with the northern provinces.

- The North borders with Tuydn Quang.

- The South borders with Hoa Binh.

- The East borders with Wnh Phlc-Hd TAy

- The West borders with Son La-YOn Bdi

It occupies total 3,496 square kilometers lts population in 1999

was about 1,261500

Phi Thg has 12 districts including: ViQt Tri city, Phu Tho town,

Phi Ninh, LAm Thao, Tam Nong, Thanh Thrty, Thanh Son, YOn

LAp, S6ng Thao, Thanh Ba, Ha Hoa, Doan Hing districts with 270

villages, precincts and communes.

Phi Thg has sibling peoples uniting and living with each other

for a long time such as: Mudng, Dao, Cao Lan Sdn ChAy, Sdn

Riu, Tay, H'm6ng, Thdi, Ning Hoa, Kh'me, Ba na, Tit 0i, Ngdi, E

de, He Nhi, Ldo, Gia grai, K'ho, M'm1ng.

Phi Thg is one of the originating places of the Vietnamese

nation lt is the first capital of the first state of the Hing Kings

dynas-ties Phi Tho has undergone cultural development process during

the country foundation including the Phing Nguy1n and Go Mun

cultures.

Phi Thg is the province of many historica[ cultural and natural

landscape sites being classified by the State such as: the Hing

Kings tempte historical site, the Mdu Au Co temple, the Ao ChAu

lagoon, the Roi pond, the Fairy spring, the Thanh Thfiy hot mineral

spring and the XuAn Son natural reserue with 12.000 ha of primitive

forest and many rare and precious fauna and flora

Phi Tho has long-standing historical tradition The people of

Phl Thg are fond of learning, have the spirit of unity, are hard-work'

ing and creative , strong-hearted and brave in fighting, building and

defending the nation.

Phi Thg also has favourable conditions to develop industry.

Apaft from the ViQt Tri industrial park in the North built fairly early,

the Bai Bdng Paper and LAm Thao Supe industries have also been

the big, stable, continuous and developing industrial sectors in recent years Phi Thg also has quite diversified natural conditions, suitable for the development of agriculture and forestry, is within the

planned area for the Northern industrial centre of wood materials,

has quite a large potential of hills and forests for the development

of agriculture, forestry and fishery, especially for the forestation of paper materials Phi Thg is a native land of many long-standing

traditionalfestivals with Xoan folk songs and love songs, is a native land of Anh VA fish-specialty, H4c Tri persimmons and Doan Hing

pomelos famous in the whole nation.

Bringing into play the historical tradition of the land considered

as the cradle, on the way to renovate and strengthen the

industri-alization and modernization, exploit effectively its potential,

over-come all difficulties, unite and agree under the leadership of the

Party, the Committee of the Party and the people of Phi Tho strive

to make it a rich, beautifuland civilized province, making contribu-tion to beautify the glorious history of the Vietnamese nation.

"Phi Thg - the Land of Ancestor" - the minifying panorama of

Phl Tho province comes into being on the occasion of 110

anniver-sary of its foundation With many piece of art, document and news pictures, near and far friends can have opportunities to understand

more and more about Phi Tho, the area considered as the cradle

of the whole nation.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chri tich U0 Cgi MINH n6i chuyOn vdi hcrn 1 vqn c6n b6

,

i chiOn Si d6ng bho tai sOn v6n dQng thi xd Phir Thq ngey 18 thing 8 r nfim 1962

President HO CHI MINH talking to over 10,000 cadres, armymen and citizens at the stadium of

Phu Tho on August 18, 1962.

PHAT HUY NQI LUC, ta KHAI THAC IIEM NANG

ll DUA PHU THO BUOC VAO THE KY XXI

HOANG XUAN CU

fly vi€n Trung trung Ding, Bi thaTinh rty,

n ua 15 nim atii m6l vi hon 4 ndm tiildp, phucmg chdm cia tinh li:

I I Ody nhanh t5c dQ ph6t tridn c6ng nghiQp, n6ng nghiQp, dfch vu, gifr

\1 vimg dn dinh chinh tri, cring cli qulic phdng, an ninh, tdng cudng su

lanh'[.to cta Dlng, rldy m4nh ho4t dQng cira co quan mflt trdn td qu5c vi c6c

doln thd nhdn din Mac di cdn nhidu kh6 khln, thiOn tai b6o lfi thuong

xuy0n xiy ra, Ph[ Thq lai ld tinh nghdo, chua tu cAn dlii duo.c thu, chi, tuy

c6 ndn c6ng nghiQp s6m song phin l6n thi0t bi c6ng nghO tlOu di l4c hQu

Hp ting kinh t6 - x6 h6i cbn 6 m(rc th6p Kinh t6 n6ng th6n nh6t li & ving

n[ri cdn nhiiru kh6 kh[n, t!' lQ d6i nghbo cdn cao Tuy nhi6n, du6i sr,r l6nh

d4o cria c6p riy DiLng, cQng v6i sg n6 luc ci5 gdng ciatldng bio c6c dhn tQc

trong tinh, Phri Thq tl6 tlpt du-o c mQt s6 ktit qui d6ng ghi nhdn : Nlm 2000,

t5c d6 tlng trucrng GDP 8,37o,cao hon m(rc binh qudn chung cria ci nu6c ;

gi6 trf siLn xu6t c6ng nghiQp tdng l4,9%o, trong d6 c6ng nghiOp trung uong

tdng 10,87o, cdng nghiOp clfa phuong tdng 76,6Vo, cdng nghiQp c6 vtin diu

tu nu6c ngoii tdng 3l,6%o ; giitt4 sin xu6t n6ng, lAm nghiOp tdng 4,55Vo ;

gi6,tri circ nginh dich vu tdng 8,06Vo.Co cdu kinh t6 Uft Oiu c6 bu6c chuydn

dfch theo hu6ng tich clrc: C6ng nghiQp, x6y dr;ng : 36,3Vo ; dich vu : 34Vo ;

n6frg - l6m nghiQp :29,77o

C6c ho4t dQng v[n h6a - x6 h6i c6 nhimg bu6c chuydn bi6n tich crlc

Mgc tiOu x6a tl6i giim nghdo dr:oc ddy manh, t!' lO hO d6i nghBo giim tt

23Vo (ndm 1996) xu5ng cdn ll%o T!' lQ tlng din s6 tg nhiOn dqt 1 ,2Vo , tl ld,

suy dinh dudng 6 tr6 em gilm ti 4lVo (ndm 1996) xu5ng cdn33Vo.

C6ng t6c xdy dqng Ding tlr.rgc chri trgng Ding bQ Phri Tho c6 19

Ding bQ tryc thuQc v6i hon 6 van dhng viOn, sinh hoat 6 769 d chrrc co sd

ding 56 chi, Ding bQ cl4t trong spch vfrng manh nghy m6t tdng Vai trb cira

td ch0c Ding duoc gifr virng C6c phong trdo thi dua yOu nu6c cira quhn

chfrng nhdn ddn ng]ry c]rng ph6t tridn g6p phin tich cgc vho viQc thgc hiQn

thing loi c6c mgc tiOu kinh t6 - xd,hdi d6 db ra

Phri Tho d6 x6c dinh tu tudng chi d4o lh : "Ti6p mc nOu cao i chi tu

lW, t\r culng, thuc hinh ti6t kiQm, tranh thir s1r girip d6, fing hQ cria clac cip,

c6c nglnh, ddy mpnh chuydn dich co c6u kinh te vI ddi m6i dhu tu, thric cldy

kinh t6 tdng tnrcrng vi ph6t tridn" Dfii v6i linh vrrc c6ng nghiOp : X6c dinh

d6n ndm 2010, c6ng nghiQp sd li trgng tdm dQt ph6 dii ph6t tridn kinh tt5

-xd h6i cfia tinh, g6p phdn thuc hiOn nhanh su nghiOp CNH - HDH, coi trgng

hiQu qui tru6c mit cing nhu l6u ddi, g6p phin giii quy6t vi6c lhm, tich cuc

chuydn dich co c6u trong n6ng nghiOp, tdp trung vio 4 linh vqc sin xu6t

c6ng nghiOp mi tinh c6 loi th6 d6 lh : ctr6 Ui6n n6ng sin, thrrc phdm ; sin

10

Chrt fich HDND tinh Phrt Tho

xuAt vflt liQu xiy dmg, khai th6c, ch6 bi0n kho6ng shn vh h6a chdt, phdn

b6n, c6ng nghiQp hbng tiOu ding, dQt may gihy da

Oiii v6i linh vr;c n6ng ldm nghiQp, lI mQt tinh miiin n(ri, trung du, c6 nhiOu tiirm nbng d6t dai, d6i rlng, hO thiSng s6ng ngdi thufln ti0n cho viQc ph6t tridn n6ng nghiQp tohn diQn ; Ph(r Thq vua c6 clac xl,ving cao, dac biOt

kh6 kh6r, hi c6 cilc ving trung du OOi niri th6p thuQn loi cho viQc ph6t tridn kinh t6 AOi ning vh c6c ving d6ng bing li ving trong didm l6a vh c6c lo4i

cdy luong thr,rc kh6c, do d6 phii tflp trung vio m$t s5 khau mfii nhgn nhu:

Dua ti6n bQ k! thuat viro sin xu6t ndng nghiQp mi khiu dQt ph6li gi6ng, muc tidu d6n 2005 s6 dua 6OVo gi6nglf,a lai vi gOVo giling ng6lai vio sin

xu6t, tip trung vho viOc ph6t tridn co sd ha ting nhu diQn, dudng, tnrong,

tr4m, th6ng tin li6n l4c, nur6c sach vh vQ sinh m6i trudng, dpc biQt li ddy

mpnh chucrng trinh ph6t tridn hp th5ng tucri ti6u di d6i v6i viQc ki0n cii t 6u kOnh muong Ti6p fitc md r6ng didn tich phri xanh a6t tr5ng OOi nfri troc dd

ph6t tridn trang trpi, kinh ti5 d6i rung, ph6t tridn c6c ving nguyOn li6u phgc

vu cho ving sin xudt c6ng nghiOp nhu gi6y, chd, mia dudng, cdy 6n qul nhim ph6t huy nhfrng th6 manh cfia tinh, g6p phdn chuydn dich ctv c5u kinh

t6:, x6ad6i gilm nghdo

Trong k6 hoach 5 nlm t6i, Ding bQ vh nhhn ddn Phi Tho d5t ra mQt s5 chi ti6u sau :

- Nhip dQ t[ng truong kinh t6 (GDP) binh qudn 8,6 - 9,5%lndm.

(GDP binh quin cliu nguoi tli5n 2005 tlng 1,5 - 7,6lin so v6i n5m 2000)

t^

- Gi6 tri s6n xuit n6ng, l0m nghiQp tdng binh qudn 4,5 - SVolndm.Ddn

n[m 2005, sln lugng luong thr,rc ait +Z- - 44 v4nt6n ; d0 che phri nmg dqt

4l - 427o

I

Gie ffi s6n xudt c6ng nghiOp t[ng binh quAn 14 - l\Tolndm; Si6ti

dich vu tlng binh qudn 10 - l\%lnim; kim ngach xu6t khdu tlng binh quAn

14 - ll%olndm(dtin 2005 dqt 720 - 125 triOu USD) ;

"o c6u kinh ti5 d6n 2005

llr c6ng nghiOp x6y dr,rng 39,47o, dlch vu 35,6Vo ; ndng ldm nghiQp 257o

- Ti le tlng d6n s6 tr.r nhiOn dat duoi 7,1Vo ; ti l9 tra em suy dinh

dudng 18 -207o; sO m6y tliQn tho4i tlpt 3 - 4mdyfl0}ddn;100V0 dfabin

d0n cu duo c phri s6ng ph6t thanh ; gOVo dtryc phri s6ng truydn hinh ; 1007o s6 x6 c6 diOn (90 - 957o c6 tlien luoi qu5c gia, 80 - 8570 s5 h6 <luo c ding

di0n)

- Tlng hd gidu, x6a hO d6i, gilm ti le hO nghdo xu6ng ducl 5Vo ; s6 lao dQng drro c dho l4o tit 29 - 307o ; eihi quy6t ,igc_tlm cho 61 - 62 nghn lao tl6ng ;1O0Vo s5 t.arn y tii xd c6 b6c s! ; phdn ddu hohn thhnh phd cpp

gi6o duc tidu hqc co sd vIo nim 2003

PROMOTE INTERNAL CAPACIIY AND EXPLOIT POTENTIALIIY TO LEAD

PHU THO TO STEADILY ADVANCE TO THE XXI CENTURY

HaANG xuAtt ci

Member of the Party Central Committee, Secretary of Provincial Party Committee,

Chairman of People's Council of Phrt Thg Province.

Developing its internal forces and exploiting its potential to help take ph[ Tho into

the 21 st century

HoAng XuAn Cri, a member of the Party's Central Committee, the Secretary of the

Province Party committee, the chairman of the people's committee of phri Tho

Province

During 15 years of renovation and more than 4 years of re-establishment, the

guide-line of the province are: speeding up the development of agriculture, forestry seryice,

holding last the politic stability, improving the national defense, strengthening the role of

the leadership of the Party, improving activities of the National front bodies and people,s

organizations There have been many difficulties, storms and floods have happened

continuously, Phri Thq has still been a poor province, which has not balanced revenue

and expenditure, although its agriculture has been so young, most of technological

equipment have been backward, socio-economic infrastructure has been of poor

quali-ty Rural economic activities especially in the mountainous areas have met many

diffi-culties, the poverty and hunger have still been in high rates However, under the

lead-ership of the Party Executive committees and efforts of its minorities, phti Thg has

gained a number of considerable achievements: Towards the year 2000, the GDp

growth rate was 8,3%, higher than the average level of the whole nation; the industrial

production value increased 14,97o, in which the central industrial sector increased

10,8%, the local industrial sector increased 16,6%, industrial sector having foreign

investment increased 31,6%, the agricultural and forestry production value increased

4,550/",the seruice sectors value increased 8,06% The economic shucture have

start-ed moving actively: The industry, construction sector: 36,3%, the service sector: 34%,

the agriculture and forestry seclor:2g,7o/o

social and cultural activities have had active movements The aim of the poverty

and hunger elimination has been improved, the rate of poor and hunger households

reduced trom 23o/o (in 1996) lo 1|"h The natural population growth rate was 1,2%, the

malnutrition rate in children reduced trom 41o/o (in 1996) to 33%

There have attached special importance to the work on building the party There are

19 offices under the control of the Pht Tho's committee of the party with more than

60.000 Party members, acting in 769 Party organs The number of strong and power{ul

communist Party cells and committees of the party have been increaied gradually

The role of the Party has been improved The emulation movements to love one's

coun-try of the public people have been more and more developed, making an active

contri-bution to the successful implementation of the planned socio-economic aims

The Ph[ Tho's planned guideline is: to continue to raise the sellreliant,

self-strengthening will, practicing economy, to make use of helps of sectors, to accelerate

the economic structural movement and to renovate investment, to enhance the

eco-nomic growth and development' For the industrial sector: to the year 2010, the

indus-trial sector will be a key point for the province's socio-economic development, making

contribution to accelerate the process of industrialization and modernization, attaching

a great importance to the short-term and long-term effects, making contribution to the

creation of more and more jobs, changing positively the agricultural structure, focusing

on 4 industrial production fields which the province has an advantage, that are:

agricul-tural product and foodstuffs processing; building materials productions; minerals

exploitation and processing, chemical, manure, consumer goods industry, textile and

shoe production

For the agriculture and forestry sectors, because of the midland mountainous

province with many potential lands, hills and forests, with rivers and streams systems

suitable for the comprehensive agricultural development; Phrl Tho not only has moun-tainous, disadvantageous communes, but also has midland mountainous areas suitable for the development of economic forestry and flat areas specialized in growing rice and other food plants The province must concentrate on a number of key points such as: to

make use of technlcal progresses in agricultural production with the imponant stage being seeds, the aim in the year 2005: to use 60% of cross-bred rice and 90% of

cross-bred corn in production, to concentrate on the infrastructure development such as

elec-tricity, roads, schools, stations, communication and information, clean water and a san-itary environment, especially to speed up the program of both irrigation and drainage

systems development and canal and ditch strengthening To continue to expand the

areas of green covered fallow into bare mountainside to develop farms, economic hills

and forests, to develop and expand areas for industrial production such as papers,

sweet sugar-cane, fruit-trees in order to enhance the advantages of the province, to

push the economic structural change, to eliminate poverty and hunger

ln the next 5 years, the Ph0 Tho's Committee of the Party and people will focus on

a number of following aims:

- The average economic growth rate (GDP) will be 8,6-9,5% annually (GDP per capita towards the year 2005 will increase 1,5-1,6 times compared to the year 2000)

- The average agriculture and forestry production value will increase 4.5-5% per

year Towards the year 2005, food productivity will gain 430000-440000 tons, the

forests will cover 41-42o/o more land

-The average industrial production value will increase 14-15/" per year The service

sectors will increase 10-11% in value per year The export turn-over will increase

14-15o/o pil year (to the year 2005, it will achieve 120-125 million US$) The economic

structure in the year 2005 are: construction and industry: 39,4%, service: 35,6%,

agri-culture and loreslry: 25"/o.

' The natural population growth rate will be under 1 1o/o',lhe malnutrition rate of chil-dren will be 18-20%; there will be 3-4 telephones per 100 people; lOOo/o ol the province will be covered by radio waves; 90% of the province will be covered by television waves, 100% of the communes will have access to electricity (90-95o/" of the communes will use

national electricity network )

- lncreasing the number of rich households, eliminating hunger in households,

reducing poor households under 5%; increasing the trained labour force lo: Zg-30%,

creating more and more jobs for 61 -62 thousand labourers; 100% of the health centers

of the communes will have doctors; striving to complete generalization of primary

edu-cation in the year 2003

1l