GIAO TRINH PRO ENGLISH

[ C ] SPECIALIZED in physics the amount of matter in any solid object or in any volume of liquid or gas The acceleration of a body equals the force exerted on it divided by its mass..

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Mass: /mæs /

• mass /mæs/ adjective [ before noun ]

having an effect on or involving a large number of people or forming a

large amount

weapons of mass destruction

a mass murderer

• mass /mæs/ noun LARGE AMOUNT

1 [ S ] a large amount of something that has no particular shape or

arrangement

The explosion reduced the church to a mass of rubble

The forest is a mass of colour in autumn

• mass /mæs/ noun PHYSICS

7 [ C ] SPECIALIZED (in physics) the amount of matter in any solid object

or in any volume of liquid or gas

The acceleration of a body equals the force exerted on it divided by its mass

• mass /mæs/ verb [ I ]

to come together in large numbers

Thousands of troops have massed along the border in preparation for an

invasion

• measure /ˈmeʒ.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun METHOD

[ C usually plural ] a way of achieving something, or a method for dealing with a situation

What further measures can we take to avoid terrorism?

• amount /əˈmaʊnt/ noun [ C ] :

a collection or mass especially of something which cannot be counted

They didn't deliver the right amount of sand

• matter /ˈmæt.ə r / /ˈmæt  ̬.ɚ/ noun SUBSTANCE

[ U ] physical substance in the universe

Some scientists believe that there is about ten times as much matter in the universe as astronomers have observed

Mass: /mæs /

• object /ˈɒb.dʒɪkt/ /ˈɑːb-/ noun THING

[ C ] a thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal, plant or person

a solid/material/physical object

• molecule /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ /ˈmɑː.lɪ-/ noun [ C ]

The simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atoms

• atom /ˈæt.əm/ /ˈæt  ̬-/ noun [ C ] : nguyên tử

the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a

positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons Atoms can combine to form a molecule

A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

Mass: /mæs /

• proton /ˈprəʊ.tɒn/ /ˈproʊ.t  ̬ɑːn/ noun [ C ]

a type of elementary particle (= very small piece of matter) which has a positive electrical charge and is found in the nucleus of all atoms

• neutron /ˈnjuː.trɒn/ /ˈnuː.trɑːn/ noun [ C ]

a part of an atom that has no electrical

• electron /ɪˈlek.trɒn/ /-trɑːn/ noun [ C ]

an extremely small piece of matter with a negative electrical

• bark /bɑːk/ /bɑːrk/ noun TREE

[ U ] the hard outer covering of a tree

Mass: /mæs /

• iron /aɪən/ /aɪrn/ noun METAL

[ U ] a common silver-coloured metal element which is

magnetic It is strong, used in making steel and found in very small amounts, in a chemically combined form, in blood

Iron rusts easily

• fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.t ə l/ /-t  ̬ ə l/ adjective

forming the base, from which everything else develops; more important than anything else

We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment

Mass: /mæs /

• block /blɒk/ /blɑːk/ noun BUILDING

[ C ] a large, usually tall building divided into separate parts for use as offices or homes by several different organizations or people

an office block

Mass: /mæs /

• nature /ˈneɪ.tʃə r / /-tʃɚ/ noun LIFE

Nature means all the things in the world which exist naturally and were not created by people

He's fascinated by wildlife and anything to do with nature

• constitute /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tjuːt/ verb BE CONSIDERED AS

[ L only + noun not continuous ] FORMAL to be or be

considered as something

This latest defeat constitutes a major setback for the

government

Mass: /mæs /

• The Mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter an object

contains It is useful to consider that all objects (matter) are made of

molecules and atoms, which in turn are made up of protons neutrons and electrons The Protons, electrons and neutrons that make up tree bark are

no different than those that make up water, air or iron These fundamental building blocks of nature is what constitutes the mass of an object

• gravity /ˈgræv.ɪ.ti/ /-ə.t  ̬i/ noun [ U ] FORCE

the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground

the laws of gravity

• proportional /prəˈpɔː.ʃən.əl/ adj ( proportionate ): cân xứng

If two amounts are proportional, they change at the same rate

so that the relationship between them does not change

Weight is proportional to size

• perceptible /pəˈsep.tə.bl  ̩/ /pɚ-/ adjective

that can be seen, heard or noticed

There was a barely perceptible movement in his right arm.

• overwhelmingly /ˌəʊ.vəˈwel.mɪŋ.li/ /ˌoʊ.vɚ-/ adverb

strongly or completely; in an overwhelming way

The team were overwhelmingly defeated in yesterday's game

• inconsequential /ɪnˌkɒn t  .sɪˈkwen t  ʃ ə l/ adjective

not important

an inconsequential matter/remark

• Gravity is a fundamental property of matter, and it is the weakest of the 4

natural forces All objects attract each other with a gravitational force proportional to their mass It takes a great deal of mass to generate a

perceptible gravitational force The mass of the earth is overwhelmingly large in comparison to any objects within our scale of reference The

gravitational force generated by the earth is proportional to the mass of the earth The gravitational forces generated by objects on the earth are inconsequential in comparison to the earth‘s gravity

force /fɔːs/

• The force of (earth) gravity is strong enough at the surface, to accelerate

objects toward the center of the earth at a rate of 9.8 meters per second An object in free fall near the surface of the earth will increase in velocity by 9.8 meters per second, every second that it continues to fall

• How fast will a falling object be traveling after 5 seconds of free fall?

Mass: /mæs /

• the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

force /fɔːs/

• force /fɔːs/ /fɔːrs/ noun PHYSICAL POWER

[ U ] physical, especially violent, strength or power

The force of the wind had brought down a great many trees in the area

• force /fɔːs/ /fɔːrs/ verb [ T ] USE PHYSICAL POWER

to use physical strength or effort to make something move or open

Move your leg up gently when you're doing this exercise, but don't force it

force /fɔːs/

• squeeze /skwiːz/ verb PRESS TOGETHER

[ T ] to press something firmly, especially from all sides in

order to change its shape, reduce its size or remove liquid from

it

Cut the lemon in half and squeeze the juice into the bowl

• invariably /ɪnˈveə.ri.ə.bli/ adverb: always

The train is invariably late

• motion /ˈməʊ.ʃ ə n/ /ˈmoʊ-/ noun MOVEMENT

[ C or U ] the act or process of moving, or a particular action

or movement

The violent motion of the ship upset his stomach

force /fɔːs/

• velocity /vəˈlɒs.ɪ.ti/ /-ˈlɑː.sə.t  ̬i/ noun [ C or U ] FORMAL

the speed at which an object is travelling

Light travels at the highest achievable velocity in the universe.

• balanced /ˈbæl ə n t  st/ adjective

considering all sides or opinions equally

The news programme prided itself on its balanced reporting

• suspend /səˈspend/ verb STOP

[ T ] to stop or to cause to be not active, either temporarily or permanently

the ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather

force /fɔːs/

• hook /hʊk/ noun [ C ] DEVICE

a curved device used for catching or holding things, especially one fixed to a surface for hanging things on

a coat/picture hook

• magnitude /ˈmæg.nɪ.tjuːd/ /-tuːd/ noun [ U ] : độ lớn

the large size or importance of something

They don't seem to grasp the magnitude of the problem

damage was considerable

• wire /waɪə r / /waɪr/ noun METAL THREAD

[ C or U ] a piece of thin metal thread which can be bent, used for fastening things and for making particular types of objects that are strong but can bend

a wire fence

force /fɔːs/

• Just what does a force do? Suppose you squeeze a balloon without

breaking it The obvious result is that you change its shape If you kick a ball it starts moving A moving body can be brought to rest by application

of a force Force is invariably connected to motion in physics Or the

direction of speed of a moving body can be changed by application of a force.

• An unbalanced force changes the state of constant velocity including zero

velocity of a body on which it acts Forces may be balanced or unbalanced

An iron ball suspended from a hook by a wire [Figure (a) shown below] has two forces acting on it, its weight, acting vertically downward and the tension acting on the wire vertically upward Since these forces are equal

in magnitude and opposite in direction, their resultant is zero Figure (b) and (c) below show that when the resultant of a group of forces acting on the same object is zero, the forces are balanced When the resultant is not equal to zero, the resultant is an unbalanced force

weight /weɪt/

• weight /weɪt/ noun INFLUENCE

[ U ] respect, influence, trust or importance

Her experience does give her opinions quite a bit of weight

• weight /weɪt/ verb [ T ]

to fasten something heavy to something

Paper tablecloths need to be weighted down or they tend to blow away in the wind

weight /weɪt/

• associate /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt/ /-ˈsoʊ-/ verb [ T ]

to connect someone or something in your mind with someone

or something else

Most people associate this brand with good quality

• payload /ˈpeɪ.ləʊd/ /-loʊd/ noun [ C ]

the amount of goods or people which a vehicle, such as an

aircraft, can carry, or the explosive which a missile carries, or the equipment carried in a spacecraft

weight /weɪt/

• freight /freɪt/ noun [ U ]

goods, but not passengers, that are carried from one place to another, by ship, aircraft, train or truck, or the system of

transporting these goods

The ship carries both freight and passengers.

• rotate /rə ʊ  ˈteɪt/ /ˈroʊ.teɪt/ verb

[ I or T ] to (cause to) turn in a circle, especially around a fixed point

Rotate the handle by 180° to open the door

• board /bɔːd/ /bɔːrd/ noun TRANSPORT

on board

on a boat, train or aircraft

• Weight is a force, and a force is a vector quantity

having both a magnitude and a direction associated

with it For an airplane, weight is always directed

towards the center of the earth The magnitude of this force depends on the mass of all of the parts of the

airplane itself, plus the amount of fuel, plus any

payload on board (people, baggage, freight, ) The

weight is distributed throughout the airplane, but we can often think of it as collected and acting through a single point called the center of gravity In flight, the airplane rotates about the center of gravity, but the

direction of the weight force always remains toward

the center of the earth During a flight the aircraft

burns up its fuel, so the weight of the airplane

constantly changes Also, the distribution of the weight and the center of gravity can change, so the pilot must constantly adjust the controls to keep the airplane

balanced.

weight /weɪt/

• overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/ verb overcame , overcome DEAL WITH

[ I or T ] to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with

something

Juventus overcame Ajax in a thrilling match

• revolutionize , UK USUALLY revolutionise /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃ ə n.aɪz/

verb [ T ] : cách mạng hóa

to completely change something so that it is much better

Newton's discoveries revolutionized physics

weight /weɪt/

• magnetic /mægˈnet.ɪk/ /-ˈnet  ̬-/ adjective OBJECT

with the power of a magnet

• levitation /ˌlev.ɪˈteɪ.ʃ ə n/ noun [ U ] : sự bay lên

• be opposed to sth

to disagree with a principle or plan

She's opposed to religious education in schools

• Flying involves two major problems; overcoming the weight of an object

by some opposing force, and controlling the object in flight Both of these problems are related to the object's weight and the location of the center of gravity The dream remains that, if we could really understand gravity, we could create anti-gravity devices which would revolutionize travel through the sky Unfortunately, anti-gravity devices only exist in science fiction Machines like airplanes, or magnetic levitation devices, create forces

opposed to the gravitational force, but they do not block out or eliminate the gravitational force.

the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of

gravity

what is pressure?

• pressure /ˈpreʃ.ə r / /-ɚ/ noun PUSH

[ U ] the force you produce when you press something

He put too much pressure on the door handle and it snapped

gas/water pressure

The new material allows the company to make gas pipes which withstand higher pressures

The gas is stored under pressure (= in a container which keeps it

at a higher pressure than it would usually have)

• pressure /ˈpreʃ.ə r / /-ɚ/ verb [ T ] MAINLY US

to strongly persuade someone to do something they do not want to

do

She was pressured into joining the club

• Pressure is defined as force divided by the area on which the force is

pushing (See the lesson on Pressure for details.) You can write this as an equation, if you wanted to make some calculations:

P = F/A where

• P = pressure

• F = force

• A = area

• F/A = F divided by A

• exert /ɪgˈzɜːt/ /-ˈzɝːt/ verb USE

[ T ] to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc in order to make something happen

If you were to exert your influence they might change their

decision

• sole /səʊl/ /soʊl/ noun [ C ] FOOT

plural soles the bottom part of a foot which touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe which

touches the ground, usually not including the heel

linear /ˈlɪn.i.ə r / /-ɚ/ adjective LINES

consisting of or to do with lines

a linear diagram

• momentum /məˈmen.təm/ /-t  ̬əm/ noun [ U ]

the force that keeps an object moving or keeps an event

developing after it has started

Once you push it, it keeps going under its own momentum

• perpendicular /ˌpɜː.p ə nˈdɪk.jʊ.lə r / adjective

FORMAL at an angle of 90° to a horizontal line or surface

Pressure due to gravity

• Since the weight of an object or material is equal to the

force it excerts due to gravity,

• An object can exert downward pressure due to its weight

and the force of gravity The pressure you exert on the

floor is your weight divided by the area of the soles of your shoes If the force is due to the weight (W) of the object, the equation is then: P = W / A

Water pressure

• The water pressure at the bottom of a lake is equal to the

weight of the column of water above divided by the area of that column.

Pressure and pascal ‘s law:

• Total Force = (pressure)(area)

• TF = pA

Amospheric pressure & barometer

• mercury /ˈmɜː.kjʊ.ri/ /ˈmɝː-/ noun [ U ]

a heavy silver-coloured metal which is liquid at ordinary

temperatures

• seal /siːl/ verb [ T ] COVERING

to close an entrance or container so that nothing can enter or leave it

• corresponding /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒn.dɪŋ/ /ˌkɔːr.ɪˈspɑːn-/ adjective

similar, or resulting from something else

Amospheric pressure & barometer

• atmospheric /ˌæt.məsˈfer.ɪk/ adjective AIR

[ before noun ] relating to the air or to the atmosphere

• breakdown /ˈbreɪk.daʊn/ noun FAILURE

[ C ] a failure to work or be successful